Real Women Research Articles

JUNG’S CONCEPT OF ARCHETYPES IN FEMINIST REVISIONIST MYTHOLOGY, IN THE CONTEXT OF M. ATWOOD’S PENELOPIAD AND M. MILLER’S CIRCE

The article deals with the concept of archetypes by K. G. Jung in the context of M. Atwood’s The Penelopiad and M. Miller’s Circe, which represent feminist revisionist mythology tradition. The study focuses on exploring the transformation of the Jungian archetypes of the figures of Penelope and Circe in Atwood and Miller’s novels. The author argues that while in original myths Penelope and Circe represent the archetypes of Mother and the feminine representation of Wise old man, in the novels Penelope’s archetype transforms into Mask, and Circe starts representing Mother archetype. The author comes to the conclusion that such transformation is a result of Atwood and Miller’s dealing with feminist agenda as well their attempt to present different sides of female experience, making mythological figures closer to real women.

Internal Savings and Lending Schemes (ISALS) and the empowerment of women in rural Shamva, Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT Lack of women’s empowerment is a reality for women in Zimbabwe, including rural Shamva women. This research presents findings from primary data collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The research departs from other studies by adopting an empowerment perspective to ISALS scholarship. Using the Sara Longwe Women Empowerment Framework, we explore the impact of ISALS on women’s socio-economic status. ISALS were found to contribute to improved financial wellbeing. As women’s economic fortunes improve, they gain respect and regard in the community. Despite these positive indicators, however, ISALS also was found to be a source of exclusion and polarisation.

A Map of the World에 나타난 여성의 재현

David Hare’s A Map of the World (1982) includes diverse themes such as the confrontation between the right-wing and left-wing over the aids for the third world, the relationship between reality and art, and the representations and transformation of reality in various art forms. One sign which connects these themes is a woman, which is represented and re-represented amidst the ideology battle between the right-wing and left-wing alpha males in the various forms of art—a novel, a play and a film. Most of this play enacts the film version of Mehta’s novel. The remaining parts show the actors’ interactions in the film studio. The play’s representations of women including both the film scenes and the studio scenes are not pro-woman despite the outbursts of feminist art and scholarship at the time when Hare wrote this play. The representation of Peggy, the early twenties jazz violinist, who is the main female character of the play, is stereotypical in that she is anti-intellect and pro-sensual. Peggy is the parody of a sexually liberated American woman of the 70s. Even though the real-life Peggy complains that the film sensationalises the one-night stand and claims that she outgrows the immature former self, she does not show much more emotional and intellectual maturity than the film version of Peggy. Even though real women can be distorted and misrepresented due to male writers and directors’ slanted perspectives, in A Map of the World, there is no evidence that positive female role models do exist in the world outside the novel and film. Even though Hare, a sharp critic of the dated British conventions and values, explores alternative values and dreams of the utopia through his plays, at least in this play, women have no place in his visions.

Challenging the Savarna Articulation of Gender Equality: The Rise of Dalit Feminist Viewpoint

The emergence of Dalit feminist viewpoint, as an autonomous force, in parallel to the dominant imagination of feminist politics in India led by the English-speaking upper caste/middle class savarna women, marks a paradigmatic shift in our doing of gender politics, which seeks to reformulate an alternative agenda of women’s emancipation by including the specificities of the lived realities of women belonging to marginalised social locations. It critiques the essentialist and monolithic imagination of the category of ‘woman’ and seeks to radicalise our approach to the question of women’s liberation by pluralising the personal experiences of women belonging to different socio-political backgrounds. It foregrounds the intersectionality of caste, class and gender locations of women as an analytic tool to diversify the ways in which women are oppressed and exploited on the daily basis. It demands broadening of the contours of feminist imagination by stressing on the role of family, community, education, sexuality in sustaining gender norms and caste hierarchies that keep women within the ascribed roles of childbearing and nurtures of families. The role of caste as the producer of social hierarchies, perpetuator of gender discrimination and material exploitation is examined from the inersectionality of caste, class and gender in order to formulate an inclusive feminist framework to provide a rightful space to the lost voices of marginalised Dalit women. The paper foregrounds and analyses the collective fight of Dalit women for restoring equality, subjectivity, autonomy and dignified identity from the interlocked points of the caste, class and gender locations, thus underscoring the need for launching a holistic critique of the social, political and economic structures that subordinate women and relegate them to the margins of society.

Performing the Female Alternative in Victorian Popular Drama: The “Girl of the Period” and the “Fast Girl”

During the nineteenth century, theatregoing became the favoured entertainment of both the lower and upper classes in London. As Davis (1994, 307) suggests, the plays were a “mirrored reflection” of society, and they had the ability to reflect important socio-political issues on stage, while also influencing people’s opinion about them. Thus, by turning to the popular stage of the mid-century we can better understand social issues like the Woman Question, or the tensions around imperial policies, among others. As such, this article scrutinises the ways in which Victorian popular drama influenced the period’s ideal of femininity by using stock characters inspired by real women’s movements. Two such cases are the “Girl of the Period” and the “Fast Girl”, protofeminists that would go on to influence the New Woman of the fin-de-siècle. We analyse two plays from the mid-century: the Adelphi’s Our Female American Cousin (1860), by Charles Gayler, and the Strand’s My New Place (1863), by Arthur Wood. As this article attests, popular plays like these would inadvertently bring into the mainstream the ongoing political fight for female rights through their use of transgressive female characters and promotion of scenarios where alternative feminine identities could be performed and imagined.

Feminist advocacy on international agreements for disaster risk reduction: From Yokohama to Sendai

For the past three decades, international norms about the responsibilities of governments with respect to disaster risk and resilience have been discussed and decided at world conferences led by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). Each of the three conferences resulted in a voluntary international agreement supported by member states, with the latest agreement adopted in Sendai showing more robust uptake of women's realities. One of nine civil society Major Groups within UNISDR, the Women's Major Group (WMG), constituted in part by a Japanese civil society-led delegation of women advocated for integration and key indicators monitoring the implementation of gender equality. This paper fills significant gaps in the international accounts of the Sendai Framework by tracking the specific policy demands of the WMG and member states in the lead up to the Sendai conference to reveal the areas of overlap and policy alignment among critical government and feminist civil society stakeholders. Albeit not a perfect document, we suggest that significant gains were won by the WMG in the language and approach taken in the new international agreement and in successfully creating a consensus on the importance of women's leadership in disaster risk reduction. The Sendai Framework for DRR is the first to name women as leaders and agents of change, rather than as essentialist victims.

Perception of Lima Women about the Representation of ‘Real Woman’ in the Advertising Discourse of Beauty and Feminine Care Products

Advertising has been present in people’s lives through strategies for the sale of products, satisfying their needs, and interacting with them. The advertising of beauty and feminine care products has been one of the most constant through the traditional formula of using stereotypical models of women highlighting their beauty and perfection. However, the evolution of advertising and the empowerment of women is generating new responses in consumers. Precisely, the purpose of this exploratory study is to identify the perception of Peruvian women on how advertising represents the ‘real woman’ in Peru in the field of beauty and personal care products. This study concludes that Peruvian women recognize that there is still a limited presence of ‘real women’ in advertising despite the widespread social demand for a change in the advertising discourse.

Buried Treasure: Contradictions in the Perception and Reality of Women's Leadership.

The impact of gender on assessments of leadership performance and leadership potential was examined through two clusters of leadership behaviors, one set related to traditional constructions of leadership labeled directing others and another associated with contemporary constructions of leadership labeled engaging others. Based on data collected from a sample of 91 senior leaders in one US financial services organization over a 3-year period prior to Covid-19, the results showed a negative relationship between directing others behaviors and leadership potential ratings for females and a positive relationship between these variables for males. A negative relationship between engaging others behaviors and performance assessments was also found for females. This study highlights the continuing bias in leadership assessments of women and explores the contradictions between the perception and the reality of women's leadership.

Mapping Muslim Moral Provinces: Framing Feminized Piety of Pakistani Diaspora

Over the last two decades we have seen a proliferation in the number of self-proclaimed Islamic scholars preaching piety to Muslim women. An emerging few of these scholars gaining prominence happen to be women, feminizing what is predominantly a patriarchal domain of dawah (missionary work) and proselytization. Traditionally speaking, Muslim missionaries have never been restricted to a particular moral province, perhaps due to the fact that Islam was never intended as a hierarchical religion with a mosque–state divide. This makes mapping Muslim moral spaces in a hyper-globalized world—one in which shared identities and ideologies transcend territorial boundaries—all the more challenging. Using the firebrand female Muslim tele preacher, Dr. Farhat Hashmi, and her global proselytizing mission (Al-Huda International) as a springboard for discussion, this paper seeks to map out the ways in which modern Muslim women in the post-9/11 British Pakistani diaspora navigate these moral provinces. By juxtaposing the staunchly orthodox impositions of niqab-clad Dr. Hashmi, with the revolt from within Muslim spaces, from practicing, ‘middle-path’ Muslims, this paper critically engages with Saba Mahmood’s concept of the ‘politics of piety’ and its various critiques. In so doing, we reimagine Muslim spaces, as well as the moralization versus multivocality debate surrounding them, and the importance of positioning agency and complex lived realities of women occupying these spaces at the center of our analysis on Muslim moral provinces.

Reading the Human through Robots

Reading the Human through Robots

Cihuātocameh (Spiderwomen) Weaving Twenty Years of Transformative Justice Work in Higher Education

While the student population in higher education has become more ethnically diverse the professoriate in universities remain predominantly of European descent. Reflecting this disparity of representation within the context of higher education in the United States, women faculty of color continue to experience tokenization, among other dissolutions. Within this inequitable context, we continue to find ways to resist these moments of fragmentation. We draw upon an analogy of spider weaving as a way to re-member the fragmented parts of being Women of Color scholar activists in the academy. In this paper, two Xicana Indigenous scholars highlight moments of resistance and transformation in the past 20 years of engagement with higher education. We begin with an undergraduate summer research experience and continue to the present moment as assistant professors. We share the context, our narratives of growth and resilience to unveil effects of the lived realities for Women of Color invested in social transformative justice. We offer a reflective opportunity for those who enter and continue struggling to survive and thrive within academia while navigating the shoals of privilege and marginalization. This awareness can offer a starting point for further discussions focused on the recruitment and retention of Women of Color faculty in the academy.

REPRESENTATION OF BANGKA BELITUNG’S WOMEN ON NOVELS WRITTEN BY BANGKA BELITUNG’S FEMALE AUTHORS: FEMINISIM STUDIES

The goal of this study was to break down gender issues and stereotypes towards women constructed in Bangka Belitung society from the perspective of female authors. In analyzing the data, researchers carried out a qualitative descriptive method with feminist theory. The researchers also conducted critical discourse analysis on writings that have been published by Bangka Belitung’s female authors. The results showed that there were still gender inequality and inferiority of women in society. The identity crisis faced by women when they are not married since marriage is seen as an ideal as well as a complement to their life as real women in society. On the other hand, the picture of how women had no rights over themselves was demonstrated in a situation when matchmaking and marriage were performed one-sidedly and suddenly, women did not have enough power to question these, even refused them. Besides, how strong a patriarchal system and culture was shaped by women, their closest people and the community was proven in the novels of the Bangka Belitung’s female authors.

일제하 항공계 내 여성의 현실과 해방 후 여자항공대의 창설

이 글은 공군의 여군부대였던 여자항공대의 창설 과정을 살펴보면서 그 성격과 한계를 도출하고자 했다. 여기서 그 리더였던 이정희(李貞喜)의 비중은 상당하다. 20세기 전반 항공의 발전 속에서 조종사가 된 한국인 여성도 있었다. 다만 그 수는 학비 부담과 생계 활동 불가 등 현실적 문제로 매우 적었다. 일제는 여성에 대해 상급 자격 취득과 종군 등을 제한해 여성의 도전을 억압하는 존재로 자리했다. 따라서 이정희 등은 해방을 여성이 항공계의 주역이 될 수 있는 계기로 여겼다. 이정희는 여성 조종사 양성에 대한 여성의 적극 동참과 국가적 지원을 주장하면서 그 주장에 부합한 여자항공대의 창설을 주도했다. 자원입대자로 조직된 여자항공대는 군사훈련과 항공기술교육에서 성과를 인정받았다. 그럼에도 불구하고 전쟁 발발 직후 여자항공대는 해산되었고, 잔류 병력은 이정희의 부재 속에서 후방의 보조인력으로 활용되었다. 신규충원은 이뤄지지 않았다. 결국 이들이 실망감으로 자원 전역하면서 여자항공대는 역사 속으로 사라졌다. 이 글은 그 요인으로 공군이 명확한 구상을 정립하지 못한 상황에서 리더의 부재와 전쟁 중 역할 수행 등의 문제가 갑자기 주어졌기 때문으로 보았다.

Transformasi Bentuk Pertunjukan Ronggeng Pasaman Grup Ganto Saroha Kecamatan Duo Koto Kabupaten Pasaman

This study aims to determine the transformation of the Ronggeng Pasaman performance of the Ganto Saroha group in Duo Koto District, Pasaman Regency. Ronggeng Pasaman is a performance art consisting of pantun, joget, and music, especially in Simpang Tonang, Pasaman, West Sumatra. The form of the Ronggeng Pasaman show is combining bouncing skills while dancing to the accompaniment of violin and drum music. The show starts at night, and ends until early morning. Currently Ronggeng Pasaman has undergone a transformation, people, especially young people, are less interested and begin to leave their regional arts, so the Ronggeng Pasaman show is rarely displayed. There was anxiety from the artists themselves, then initiatives emerged to attract the attention of the people. So it formed the Ronggeng Pasaman Ganto Saroha group, with the addition of keyboard music instruments in the show. Unlike the Pasaman Ronggeng Performance in general, the Ganto Saroha group does not show male singers with female appearance, but rather singers are real women or men. This study uses qualitative methods, is analytic description, observant participants. The results showed that the transformation carried out by the artists, made the Ronggeng Pasaman performance of the Ganto Saroha group well received and in great demand by all people in Pasaman, and was fully supported by the local government.

HUMANISM WITH EXPRESSIONISTIC VISION: A PRE-REQUISITE IN ANAND'S ART OF CHARACTERIZATION

Mulk Raj Anand,through his rare fruitful bold experimentation and aesthetic sensibility,has made immense contribution to Indian as well as world literature. His choice of uncommon subjects and characters has been determined by his Dickensian humanistic philosophy.His fictional world consists of characters from various starta of society,from the lowest to the highest rungs in the hierarchy.Anand has portrayed these characters,who were once-were real men and women, with exceptional psychological insight.Mulk Raj Anand 's aim is to help common man realize his existence in this world. Through his writings he suggests what he wants from his characters.That is why his fiction includes realistic portrayal of life with expressionistic vision. The purpose of this paper is to study Anand's Art of characterization in the light of his philosophy of humanism with expressionistic vision.

Shadow Men and Real Women: Shifting the Paradigms of the Chicana/o Family in Cherríe Moraga’s Shadow of a Man and Josefina López’s Real Women Have Curves

The works studied here illuminate the repression of Chicana/o women through their focus on family gender divisions. Hailed by Chicano writers as the bedrock of Chicana/o society and a refuge from the racism of US society, the family is re-imagined in these works and in the film based on López’s play. Although these works received very different critical analyses, I argue that they have much in common. I propose that rather than rejecting the family, they offer new role models to Chicanas that allow for fluid sexual identities and the pursuit of goals that do not accord with Mexican tradition.

Las mujeres, defensoras de la igualdad y el cuidado de la naturaleza

En el marco filosófico, jurídico y político del Estado de Derecho moderno las mujeres, la mitad de la humanidad, han sido excluidas, les ha sido negado el valor ético suficiente para ser portadoras de derechos, esto es, sujeto de derechos. Ello impulsó la acción de las mujeres para analizar su situación y defender su valor y sus derechos en condiciones de igualdad y no discriminación respecto a los hombres. El avance del movimiento feminista desde el siglo XVIII, cuando fueron expulsadas de la Asamblea política germen de la primera declaración de derechos humanos, hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX, cuando fueron reconocidas a nivel universal como sujeto pleno de derechos, muestra el continuo desarrollo filosófico-jurídico de la conciencia de la humanidad, de la ética y de los derechos humanos. Desde el desarrollo de la justicia social y ecológica, el pensamiento jurídico feminista actual reconoce la amenaza de la realidad ecológica y de la realidad de las mujeres e implica propuestas alternativas de la vida en la Tierra basadas, en la sostenibilidad social y ecológica, en la lucha contra la violencia, y en la participación de las mujeres en la toma de decisiones. Esta nueva perspectiva integradora superadora de la visión cartesiana de un mundo dividido es defendida por el ecofeminismo. In the modern origin of the Rule of Law, the Rechtsstaat formula, women were excluded from its philosophical, legal and political dimension, they were denied the value and sufficient ethical condition to be bearers of rights, that is, subjects of rights. This prompted action by women to analyze their situation and defend their value and rights in conditions of equality and non-discrimination with men. The advance of the feminist movement from the 18th century, when women were expelled from the political Assembly, the seed of the first declaration of human rights, to the second half of the 20th century, when they were universally recognized as full subject of rights, shows the continuous philosophical-legal development of the conscience of humanity, of ethics and of human rights. The current feminist legal thinking, from the development of social and ecological justice, recognizes the threat of ecological reality and the reality of women, it implies alternative proposals of life on Earth based on social and ecological sustainability, in the fight against violence and in the participation of women in decision-making. This new integrative perspective of a divided world is defended by ecofeminism.

Lady of the House: Augustina Meza (ca. 1758–1819), Print Publishing, and the Women of Mexican Late Colonial Art

Using archival records of the Sagrario Metropolitano and material analysis of extant prints, the paper presents the life and work of the only known woman printmaker in viceregal New Spain, María Augustina Meza. It traces Meza and her work through two marriages to fellow engravers and a 50-year career as owner of an independent print publishing shop in Mexico City. In doing so, the paper places Meza’s print publishing business and its practices within the context of artists’ shops run by women in the mid- to late-eighteenth century. The article simultaneously extends the recognized role of women in printing and broadens our understanding of women within the business of both printmaking and painting in late colonial Mexico City. It furthermore joins the scholarship demonstrating with new empirical research that the lived realities of women in viceregal New Spain were more complex than traditional, stereotypical visions of women’s lives have previously allowed.

Representation of Kashmiri Women in Naseem Shifaee’s Selected Poems

The paper undertakes examination of selected poems of Naseem Shifaee’s translated in English by Neerja Mattoo by focusing on female identity . Literature looks at humanity with a questioning as well as affirmative gaze, disapproving and approving at the same time, reaffirming stereotypes as well as breaking them. Throughout ages narratives in Kashmir have revealed the inbuilt discrimination and biases against women. Cultural space for women is highly restricted in Kashmir. In spite of their marginalized position Kashmiri women made themselves heard ,undeterred by established womanly restraints interrogated the patriarchal practices and refused to live in a culture of silence . Naseem Shifaee is a powerful women voice acclaimed internationally with the publication of her first poetry collection Darichi Matsrith (windows thrown open) highlighted the existing reality of women in contemporary Kashmir. The paper will explore the incongruity between the societal image of female poetic persona and her own instincts about her true nature .It will be argued how poetic persona is trapped in male allotted and confined space, persuaded to look at herself continually in terms of social conventions according to which women are denigrated by patriarchal supremacy .The bewildered state of mind leads her to undertake the obsessive search for her authentic self identity. She questions what if roles were reversed? In other two poems Naseem questions patriarchal traditions Naseem Shifaee assume the role of the medium in establishing female non being into self-realized person.

The Reality of Women’s Protection Services andGender Norms in the Implementation of Policy

The Reality of Women’s Protection Services andGender Norms in the Implementation of Policy