Women Face Discrimination Research Articles

Research on Female Fertility Discrimination in the Technology Industry

The technology industry has always been considered a male-dominated field and women face various challenges and discrimination in the industry. One of the major issues that women face in the tech industry is maternity discrimination, which not only hurts the tech industry such as brain drain, but also affects the image of this industry. Maternity discrimination refers to unfair treatment or discrimination against women because they are pregnant, giving birth, or raising children. This paper analyses the current situation of the tech industry, its characteristics, requirements for employees and case studies in order to propose solutions and implications for the tech industry, of this maternity discrimination. The significance of studying female fertility discrimination in the tech industry is to reveal the unfairness that this discrimination has caused to women's career opportunities, salary packages, and promotion opportunities, and to provide a basis for promoting a more inclusive and equal working environment in the tech industry.

Do women face discrimination under the Islamic law of succession? An examination of the male-preferential 2:1 rule of inheritance

There is a common belief that women's rights and Islamic Sharfah law (finding its basis in the Holy Qur'an and the Prophetic teachings) are intrinsically at odds with one another. The 2:1 ratio of inheritance in favour of the male, which is enshrined in the Holy Qur'an, is the subject of this article's investigation into whether the Islamic law of succession discriminates against women. The paper explores the justification for this controversial rule, and further indicates that it is merely a general rule, not an absolute one. To address the main query of this article, a range of primary and secondary sources that cover various facets of this rule and its implementation are relied upon. The article demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief and much beyond what "modern civilisation" has provided, Sharfah law grants women far more rights than might initially be thought to exist.

Empowerment and access to opportunities in South Africa: can gender equality be achieved?

The purpose of this paper is to examine the unequal and inadequate access to opportunities by both men and women in South Africa, as well as the progress made in achieving gender equality and promoting women's empowerment, which are embedded in the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, respectively. The paper is virtuously theoretical and relies upon literature to present its arguments, soliciting information from published journals, reports, and previous studies. Access is primarily a gendered phenomenon worldwide, pertaining to the subsets of, inter alia, access to information, rights, land, money, education, skills, political participation, and opinion. Gender equity and equality are high on the developmental agenda of women in almost every country. South Africa, being part of international treaties and conventions on gender equity, is obliged to advance the empowerment of women and eliminate all forms of gender discrimination. The development of women, their access to essential resources, and their participation in important positions of decision-making are still challenges in most countries. It is commonly known that everywhere in the world, women face constraints that limit their capacity to contribute to production, well-being, decision-making, growth, and most importantly, empowerment, which in turn promotes independence. Women face discrimination in access to productive resources such as land; they face wage inequality in rural labor markets; and they are also more likely to work part-time, seasonal, and/or low-paying jobs when engaged in wage employment. Despite the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 and the inauguration of the Annual 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children by the South African government, which are aimed at fighting the perpetual inequalities and abuse of women and children, gender inequality, women's disempowerment, and unequal access to opportunities are still predominant in the country.

Perspectives of Roma Women on Gender Equality: A Qualitative Study in Mersin

This research was conducted with the aim of examining the perspectives of Roma women on gender equality within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The study was designed based on the phenomenological approach, which is a qualitative research method. The study group was limited to ten Roma women residing in Mersin. The data for the research were obtained through individual in-depth interviews. In the analysis of the data, the content analysis technique was used. As a result of content analysis, the research findings were examined by forming themes within the sub-goals set for 'Gender Equality,' one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. These themes include: (1) Education, (2) Discrimination against women and girls, (3) Domestic violence, (4) Early or forced marriage, (5) Economic and social opportunity equality (6) Reproductive health and rights. According to the research findings, Roma community often adheres to traditional views, Roma women experience gender inequality, lack access to quality education, lack economic and social opportunities, and are not sufficiently involved in public spaces and the workforce. It has been revealed that Roma women face discrimination due to both their ethnic origin and gender, which causes double disadvantage in the context of intersectionality.

ANALYSIS OF FEMINISM ANALYSIS OF FEMINISM IN THE NOVEL “WOMEN AT POINT ZERO”

Abstract. Feminism is a movement of women who struggle against sexist oppression and exploitation by calling for equality and justice. The realization that women had equal rights to mine is what started the campaign. Women face discrimination in society due to norms and traditions. By all means, women cannot accept the social behavior that intimidates them. The study used descriptive qualitative approach. The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El- Sadawi details the difficult circumstances faced by Firdaus, a woman who fought for her rights both a woman and a human. Talked feminism and how women in the novel fought for their rights. Because Firdaus murdered a pimp who tried to price her before being hanged, she was forced to stoop. She didn't worry about dying, but rather, she felt liberated by being alone and without a man. She defends her right to be passive in the face of all accusations in an effort to uphold her femininity.

Discrimination against Working Women and Its Impact on Their Work Performance in District Sahiwal

Workplace gender discrimination comes in many forms: unequal pay, the disparity in promotions, incidents of sexual harassment, and fewer opportunities, which means that an employee is treated differently or less favorably because of their gender identity. Around the world, four-in-ten working women face discrimination on the job because of their gender. This research explored the issue of discrimination against working women at the workplace and its impact on their work performance in District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. The quantitative data were collected through a cross-sectional survey. A multistage random sampling technique was used for the data collection. A self-designed interview schedule was administered to 200 females of lower, middle, and higher category employees of public and private institutions of District Sahiwal. In the data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used. Research findings revealed that females were discriminated more than males in the private sector than in the public sector. The results indicated that 63% of women have adverse physical and mental effects due to discrimination at the workplace. In this regard, 60% of women believed that workplace discrimination increased stress and frustration and reduced job satisfaction, commitment, and motivation. The bivariate analysis also shows that gender discrimination decreases satisfaction and commitment and increases stress levels among working women. Therefore, this study suggested that the government should immediately strengthen legal protections against workplace discrimination based on gender.

Gender-Based Violence in Punjab: An Analysis of Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act, 2016

Pakistan still has a patriarchal and feudal social structure where women face violence and discrimination for being women in every sphere of their lives. Over the decades, to reduce the violence and discrimination against women, the government have taken several legislative measures to ensure an improved and equal status for women, but the situation has not been much improved. It is argued that the underlying reason lies in the lack of will at the implementation stage, where male-dominated government institutions support the patriarchal structures. However, the government of Punjab took legislative measures, in the form of the Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act (PPWVA) 2016, to protect women from violence and abuse, and to provide justice. The objective of this study is to analyse the situation of violence against women in Punjab and examine the formulation and implementation process of legislation in Punjab for the protection of women against violence, and suggest recommendations for effective implementation of the law.

Making sense of glass ceiling: A bibliometric analysis of conceptual framework, intellectual structure and research publications

In life and employment, women face discrimination. The glass ceiling prohibits women from obtaining top management and leadership positions in male-dominated sectors. This study has conducted bibliometric analyses to analyze and highlight the glass ceiling literature. Authors searched international conferences and journals for relevant papers. This study evaluates 1,199 publications from the Scopus database’s core collection between 1988 and 2021 to visualize the Glass ceiling. This research analyses co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling to discover the field’s most important subjects, authors, and works. The extent of the glass ceiling, current publication patterns, significant regions, key articles, and critical publications were also studied. This research reveals that the glass ceiling is evolving. This research delivers vital insights and conclusions on the glass ceiling’s future. Also, rich and developing nations have significant knowledge differences.

The relationship between fair skin and poor serum Vitamin D levels in Pakistani women.

Madam, the European beauty standard of fair skin has plagued Pakistan for centuries. Home remedies and formulated products promising white, youthful skin have increasingly infiltrated homes worldwide, particularly affecting women.1 However, regardless of creams and lotions, nothing guarantees white skin as effectively as avoidance of the sun does. Unfortunately, an unhealthy fear of sun exposure is commonplace in Pakistani homes, so much so, that their effects can be measured. As of 2020, 53.5% of Pakistani women are vitamin D deficient.2 Vitamin D deficiency is multifaceted due to poor diet, lack of vitamin D supplementation, and decreased sun exposure.3 It is important to note that society's treatment of women with tan skin is a possible underlying force that causes women to fear the sun. A cross-sectional study conducted in Pakistan explored how low self-esteem in Pakistani women is directly linked to their beliefs about the colour of their skin4. Millions of women face discrimination in their work environments and social circles because of their skin tone, pushing them to remain conscious of their colour, and further promoting their obsession with fair skin. In Pakistan, a fair skin complexion was found to be statistically significant (p=0.041) in contributing to poor serum vitamin D levels5. As Pakistan shows more hostility towards women with deeper complexions, they are forced to suffer vitamin D deficiency's mental and physical consequences. While the lasting stigma of dark skin cannot be undone overnight, Pakistanis must understand the dangers of fair skin. Women should be encouraged to celebrate their skin tone and be able to enjoy the outdoors, without the fear that doing so may change how society perceives them. Federal and local governments should encourage families to spend time in nature and advertise safe sun exposure while pushing for strict legislation against the marketing of whitening products. The Pakistani beauty industry must shift its focus from white skin to healthy skin. An interracial nation like Pakistan should have an equal representation of all skin tones and celebrate the diversity that comes with the vast geography of its country.

Francis as a Patriarchal Figure: Unpacking Power Dynamics in Buchi Emecheta’s “Second Class Citizen”

In many African societies, women face discrimination, power disparities, and significant barriers because of patriarchal systems. These circumstances restrict their agency, hinder their progress, and perpetuate gender inequalities. Thus, this study explores the role of Francis as a patriarchal figure in Buchi Emecheta’s novel, Second Class Citizen, and examines the impact of his actions on the protagonist, Adah. The study aims to deepen understanding of gender inequality and the oppressive nature of patriarchal systems by analysing Francis’s behaviour and attitudes. Findings highlight Francis as a symbol of patriarchal power, limiting Adah’s autonomy and perpetuating gender inequalities through dismissive behaviour, double standards, and reinforcement of gender stereotypes. The study identifies implications for Adah’s aspirations, self-identity, emotional well-being, and opportunities, emphasizing the far-reaching effects of Francis’s patriarchal influence. The study further highlights the implications of these findings. Overall, this analysis sheds light on the pervasive influence of patriarchy offering insights into the discrimination and power imbalances faced by African women in traditional and immigrant societies.

Compulsory Heterosexuality in Indonesia: A Literary Exploration of the Work of Ayu Utami

The fall of Suharto from the presidency in the Reformation of 1998 created space for greater freedom of expression, including for women, in the world’s largest Muslim-majority nation, Indonesia. Ayu Utami is an Indonesian writer whose first novel, Saman, was published at the time of the Indonesian Reformation to critical and commercial acclaim. Other women writers followed her lead, expressing their work on women and sexuality. Through her writing, Utami challenges a patriarchal culture which continues to marginalise women. This paper focuses on the two of Utami’s literary works, Si Parasit Lajang: Seks, Sketsa dan Cerita (The Single Parasite: Sex, Sketches and Stories) (2003) and Pengakuan Eks Parasit Lajang (Confessions of a Former Single Parasite) (2013). These two books have parallel themes, representing Utami’s challenges to dominant discourses on women and marriage. In the first book, Utami shows that women face discrimination if they remain single. Her political stance to remain unmarried is a way to show that women can choose alternative ways of life, rather than submit to the valorised option: to get married. Utami’s shift of position, as elaborated in the second book through the story of her autobiographical character A, who is a Catholic, has to do with a developing tendency of the Islamic conservatism in Indonesia to silence the expression of minority groups, including minority religious communities. This paper argues that to understand Utami’s shift in position on marriage, we must understand the ways in which her position as a member of a minority and, sometimes endangered, religious community shapes her position.

Role Of Law In Ameliorating The Conditions Of Women

The provisions of gender equality are defined in the Constitution of India through the Preamble, Part IV Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and DPSP (Directive Principles of State Policy). It not only provides for providing equality to women but also gives the power to the state for adopting measures and from the Laws, Rules & Regulations in their favor. However, even after the passing of 72 years since the constitution was enacted, women face discrimination from cradle to grave. In this paper, we will outline the provisions of the constitution that provide for equal status of women with men making positive discrimination in favor of women and for women empowerment. Thereafter, we will discuss certain important laws that have played a crucial role in securing the safety and dignity of women and empowering them.

Guides to Heavenly Mother

Guides to Heavenly Mother

Gendered experience of disaster: Women's account of evacuation, relief and recovery in Nepal

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of women earthquake survivors during and after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal by looking at women's experience of evacuation, relief, and recovery. In particular, it examines how gender intersects with socio-economic factors such as citizenship, caste, ethnicity, income, debt, and location to shape women's disaster experience. It concerns a real-time ethnography: one of the authors is an earthquake survivor who documented women's earthquake stories while living in the camps near her neighbourhood. The paper presents findings that contribute to the literature on gender and disaster. First, it shows how women's knowledge and actions helped save and protect their families during and after the earthquake. Second, it discusses how women face discrimination when accessing relief due to unequal citizenship and other legal rights. Third, the paper shows how the debt brought about by disaster is gendered. Fourth, the paper argues how disaster shifts patriarchal gender norms, provides opportunities to take up new roles, and develops new confidence. As a result, some women could utilize the disaster aftermath to break through ‘cultural gender taboos’ that discriminated against them.

Exploring Gender and Caste Intersectionality among Muslims: A Sociological Study

Aim Caste studies conducted among Muslims in India generally focus on establishing the existence of caste system among Muslims but they seldom talk about different types of oppression and inequalities faced byMuslim women.This empirical study exploreshow gender and caste identities and their mutual intersectionality impact education,occupation and income choices and actual attainments of Muslim women. Methods This study is part of a larger study conducted among Muslims of Kashmir in India.Primary datawas collected from 704 eligible respondents (Male=392, Female=312) using mixed methods. Three layers of ‘caste like’ and ‘caste’ groups existing in the research area are identified and gender situation within these groups are comparatively examined. Results Each of the ‘caste like’ and ‘caste’ groupshas patriarchal caste capital.Higher professions within the government and private services are largely acquired by upper caste male Muslims or other male and female Muslims having rich cultural and social capital. There is preponderance of lower caste male Muslims in low income self-employment but lower caste Muslim females seldom find say in family based business and compelled to join low paid private jobs. More than fifty percent educated Muslim females are unemployed. Conclusion Although patriarchy is the general rule here, not all women face discrimination and inequality in the same way. Upper caste Muslim women often witness so called benevolent restriction of choices whereas lower caste women are the most excluded and marginalised section of the society who face double discrimination due to patriarchy and interwoven caste positions which severely impacts their educational as well as employment choices and attainments.

Analysing the glass ceiling and sticky floor effects in Bangladesh: evidence, extent and elements

With deep-seated gender imbalances prevalent in Bangladesh, it is compelling to understand how those women, who do manage to get employed, are faring in terms of equity. A popular approach involves analysing the gender wage gap across the entire distribution. With the assistance of the latest data from QLFS 2016–2017, the gender wage gap is decomposed, with selection issues addressed by Buchinsky (J Appl Econom 13(1):1–30, 1998) method. The paper has then proceeded to posit the existence of a strong sticky floor effect and a weaker glass ceiling effect in Bangladesh, with discriminatory rewards to observed characteristics being the dominant feature of the observed wage gap across the entire distribution. Women face discrimination at the bottom end chiefly due to differences in returns. On the other hand, women at the top are subject to extensive discrimination despite being superior to men in terms of endowment. Consequently, low-earning women require access to jobs which reward their skills as much as their male counterparts; the same holds true for the high-income group. There is also evidence of selection bias for both genders. Policy prescriptions based on these findings and potential avenues for further scope concerning the paper are also mentioned in the end.

Viewing disaster resilience through gender sensitive lens: A composite indicator based assessment

Women face discrimination in many aspects of social and economic life, especially in a patriarchal society. Disproportionate behaviour of society towards women exacerbates the challenges of disaster for them. Hence, in different hazard studies, women are inevitably considered to be the most vulnerable. Though women's vulnerability to hazard is realized and often highlighted, their capability to absorb, recover and adapt to a disaster situation remains unclear, unrecognized, and less appreciated in the existing socio-economic condition of Bangladesh. This research intends to identify the potential socio-economic indicators of household disaster resilience that are sensitive to gender differences. These indicators represent the possible sectors of gender discrimination that are unavoidable while building household resilience. The study was conducted in four villages located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh, which continues to be impacted by hazards like floods, cyclones, thunderstorms, and salinity intrusion. Disaster resilience was assessed separately for men and women of the study areas considering the selected gender sensitive indicators. It is seen that women in these areas are still lagging behind men in terms of disaster resilience, but they are making notable progress in health, community engagement, education, and economy.

Assessment of women’s economic empowerment in the rice cultivation sector of the upper Punjab region, Pakistan

The present study was conducted to identify and discuss the social norms, perceptions, and expectations which shape or constraint men’s, and women’s economic empowerment. The current study was conducted in the rice cultivation sectors of Sheikhupura and Gujranwala districts of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. A qualitative (cross-sectional) study was designed to get responses from the respondents of the targeted area. One tehsil was purposively selected from each district and sixty-five respondents (both males and females) were invited from 13 different villages of the above-mentioned tehsils. Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) were held for data collection activity in collaboration with the Doaba Foundation. A pre-defined interview guide based on Oxfam’s Social Norms Diagnostic Toolkit and Rapid Care Analysis Toolkit was used to collect opinions from the respondents with the inclusion of various exercises. The major findings of the study revealed that most of the care work yielded by women ranging from the rice cultivation to the household chores go unacknowledged, because it is included in the total household income, and the rural women face discrimination in every sphere of life. The study concludes that to achieve women’s economic empowerment, adequate wages, and safe working conditions, where they are protected from sexual and gender-based violence, must be ensured. The government should devise policies for the protection of women regarding discrimination and implement it in true spirit to fulfil the dream of the economic empowerment of women in Pakistan.

Gender Violence, Gender Justice and Gender-Based Laws: An Analysis of Pattern and Policies in India and Indonesia

If we look at the status of women in a particular society, we can get a fair idea about its social organization and its standard. Violence against women is a challenge against the right to equality and an extreme form of violation of human rights. From ancient times to the modern era, women face discrimination, exploitation, and violence in every walk of their life, and this phenomenon is prevalent across all borders. Every civilized society tries to protect its members both in public and private spaces with the help of a set of laws and rights. Hosts of laws and beneficial legislation enacted to ameliorate women's condition have failed to achieve the desired purpose due to the presence of several factors. Thus mere enactment of laws will not serve the desired purpose until they are effectively implemented and assertively claimed by women. This paper presents an analysis of the various forms of violence that women face throughout their life and lacunas in the laws made for dealing with them. It analyses the extent to which the women favoring laws in India and Indonesia prevents the frequency of their occurrence along with some recommendations for bringing about changes on this situation.

Women Want an Answer! Field Experiments on Elected Officials and Gender Bias

AbstractAre elected officials more responsive to men than women inquiring about access to government services? Women face discrimination in many realms of politics, but evidence is limited on whether such discrimination extends to interactions between women and elected officials. In recent years, several field experiments have examined public officials’ responsiveness. The majority focused on racial bias in the USA, while the few experiments outside the USA were usually single-country studies. We explore gender bias with the first large-scale audit experiment in five countries in Europe (France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Netherlands) and six in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay). A citizen alias whose gender is randomized contacts members of parliament about unemployment benefits or healthcare services. The results are surprising. Legislators respond significantly more to women (+3% points), especially in Europe (+4.3% points). In Europe, female legislators in particular reply substantially more to women (+8.4% points).