Position Of Women Research Articles

Andal Priyadarshini's the Position of Women in the Working Class

Singing songs about God, the king, and upper castes are mostly found in Tamil literature. The singing of working class people is rarely found in a few pieces of literature like Pallu (Agriculture Songs) and Kuravanchi. Modern literature gives complete freedom to sing about the working class. In it, Andal Priyadarshini has created modern literature such as poetry, short stories, novels, etc. In it, the creators have made the lower class people aware of their life status by singing and creating characters. Her works frequently depict hustlers, roadside dwellers, scavengers, cremators, and transgender women and girls. They are the members of society. Some are working people, who have every right to live here, and are economically backward. People have continued their lives at the bottom of society for centuries. Mere pity for the working class will not lift them up. If individual value, castelessness, labour value, and non-discrimination come together, then a society called the working class will disappear.

Macro-level gender equality and women's depressive symptoms in South Korea: a longitudinal study.

In 2014, the Korean Government passed the Gender Equality Act, which was accompanied by policies to increase women's participation in the labour force and representation in positions of power in the public and private sectors. While Korea has witnessed modest progress in macro-level gender equality, little is known about the effects of these changes on mental health outcomes. Our study investigated the relationship between regional-level gender equality (as measured by women's economic and political power) and women's depressive symptoms from 2013-18, and whether the effects differed across women from different socioeconomic positions. To examine how change over time in political and economic power influences the severity of depressive symptoms, we applied a fixed-effect regression, using a nationally representative sample for women aged 19-64 (n = 9,589) from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (2013-2018, wave 4 to 6) residing across the 16 regions of South Korea. Our study found that increases in women's political and economic power led to moderate reductions in depressive symptoms (-0.25 and -0.23 points in CESD respectively). Sensitivity analyses indicate that economic power is more consistently associated with subsequent reductions in CESD. The effect of economic and political power on depressive symptoms did not differ by women's socioeconomic positions. Our findings suggest that even modest improvements in gender equality were associated with increases in women's mental health. Further progress to ensure gender equality, such as the anti-discrimination legislation, may lead to greater improvements in public mental health.

Controlling for What? Movements, Measures, and Meanings in the US Gender Wage Gap Debate

Abstract Studies of the political power of economic knowledge have tended to foreground the role of causal claims in the form of grand theories or more narrow findings produced by experimental methods. In contrast, scholars have paid relatively little attention to the role of economic experts' descriptions. This article highlights one category of influential, quantitative descriptive claim: stylized facts. Stylized facts are simple empirical regularities in need of explanation. Focusing on the example of the gender wage gap in the United States, this article showcases how stylized facts travel into political debates, and how the choices made in characterizing an aspect of economic life (such as controlling for full-time work, but little else) interact with social movement activism, and folk understandings of economic life. The gender wage gap was first calculated in the 1950s, but did not take on special importance until the 1960s–1970s, when feminists rallied around the statistic as a useful aggregate measure of women's economic disempowerment. Academics soon followed, and sociologists and economists began to publish studies documenting trends in the gap and trying to account for its sources. The comparable worth movement of the 1980s explicitly argued that the wage gap resulted from occupational segregation and the devaluation of women's work. As that movement faltered in the late 1980s, the gender wage gap became increasingly understood through the lens of women's choices and trade-offs between work and family, and occupational segregation dropped out of the narrative. Throughout this period, the gap was frequently misunderstood or misrepresented as reflecting the narrow sort of same-job, different-pay discrimination made illegal by the 1963 Equal Pay Act, adding confusion to the public debate over women's economic position. These dynamics showcase how technical choices made in the identification of stylized facts, such as statistical controls, are simultaneously deeply political choices.

Examining interests and goals as predictors of gender differences in engineers' pursuit of managerial roles

AbstractBackgroundGiven the gendering of engineering roles and competencies, the evidence that the skills required for engineering management are widely referred to as social, and the fact that men engineers are stereotyped as more technical, and women as more social, it might be theorized that (a) those that occupy managerial (vs. technical) roles in engineering are more socially oriented, and (b) that this will especially be the case for women. However, no research has empirically tested the relationship between having socially oriented characteristics and being in managerial roles within the engineering profession, nor have gender differences been examined.PurposeWe test whether social interests and communal goal strivings are linked to engineers' positioning in managerial roles and explore gender as a moderator of these relationships. Additionally, because enterprising interests and agentic goal strivings have been linked to managerial roles in other occupations, we test these as additional predictors of engineers' positioning in managerial roles.MethodIn a field survey of 274 industry engineers from multiple organizations and subfields, we tested the relationships described using hierarchical linear regression analysis.ResultsEnterprising interests and agentic goals, but not social interests and communal goals, were associated with being in managerial roles, and there were no gender differences in these relationships.ConclusionsOur findings challenge perceptions that managerial roles in engineering, and particularly women's positioning in these roles, are associated with socially oriented tendencies. Findings have implications for research on gender stereotyping and intraoccupational gender segregation in engineering and hold educational implications for curriculum, instruction, and advising.

Relationship Between Neck Pain, Disability and Head Posture in Women Six Months Post Delivery

Background: In pregnancy and post-partum period, there are different structural, hormonal and physiological changes occurring in women’s body. The musculoskeletal changes women undergo are ligamentous and collagenous connective tissue changes that lead to increased joint laxity and hypermobility. Usually, these hormonally mediated changes return to their normal pre-pregnant state by six months post-delivery. During the postpartum period, women have to deal with emotional and ergonomic stress due to increased responsibilities such as breastfeeding, nappy changing, maneuvering the baby causing a number of postural changes in them leading to pain which can cause disability and other musculoskeletal discomfort to perform daily activities. Aim and Objectives: To assess the relationship between neck pain, disability and head posture in women six months post delivery. Method: Sixty subjects were selected as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) Questionnaire was used to evaluate neck pain and disability. The forward head posture was measured via craniovertebral (CV) angle by using Marcus Brader (MB) Ruler Software. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between NPRS, NDI and CV angle were determined. Result: NPRS was positively correlated with NDI (r = 0.9072, p= <0.0001) and negatively correlated with CV angle (r = -0.3643, p=0.0036). No significant correlation was shown between NDI and CV angle. Conclusion: The present study concluded that women with small craniovertebral angle have a greater forward head posture, and the greater the forward head posture the greater is the pain and disability. Keywords: Correlation, neck pain, neck disability, craniovertebral angle.

Digital credit and the gender gap in financial inclusion: Empirical evidence from Kenya

AbstractFormal digital credit raises hopes to decrease the gender gap in financial inclusion. However, up until now, it remains unknown whether these hopes are justified. Using nationally representative household surveys from Kenya, the present study aims to fill this gap. We find strong indication that formal digital credit, contrasting to expectations, has led to an increase in the gender gap in financial inclusion. We further find indication that the pervasive gender gap in the formal digital credit market is largely attributable to gender differences in socio‐economic variables in combination with a lack of contract term heterogeneity in that market. The paper suggests that policies to strengthen women's position in society and/or to encourage contract term heterogeneity in the formal digital credit market could decrease the gender gap in financial inclusion.

Women's work and wages in the sixteenth century and Sweden's position in the ‘little divergence’

AbstractWe use a unique source from the Swedish royal demesnes to examine the work and relative wages of women in sixteenth‐century Sweden, an economic laggard in the early modern period. The source pertains to workers hired on yearly contracts, a type more representative of historical labour markets than day labour on large construction sites, and this allows us to observe directly the food consumed by workers. We speak to the debate on the ‘little divergence’ within Europe, as women's work and gender differentials in pay is a key indicator of women's relative autonomy and seen as a cause for the economic ascendency of the North Sea region during the period. We find small gender differentials among both unskilled and skilled workers, indicating that Sweden was a part of the ‘golden age’ for women. We argue that despite superficial equality, women's economic outlooks were restrained in many other ways – including their access to higher‐skilled work and jobs in the expanding parts of the economy – adding important nuance to the discussion about the relationship between women's social position and economic growth in the early modern period.

'DO I HAVE TO CHOOSE?' TWO CHILDREN VS FOUR CHILDREN IN BALI’S FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM

The Indonesian family planning program has been running for over five decades. Until the present, the implementation of this program still generates debate over important policy issues. On June 14th, 2019, the Balinese provincial government released a new pro-natalist family planning policy No.1545 (Keluarga Berencana Krama Bali) to respond to the concerns from the national family planning program two-child policy success. What are the implications for Balinese women's position in response to the political and cultural policies that impact their reproductive rights? This study analyzes the tensions between the national family planning program's two-child policy and the recent local Balinese Keluarga Berencana Krama model by focusing on Balinese women's perspectives. Ethnographic research was conducted from January to February 2020 in Bali. This study indicates that the women's fertility decisions were constrained by patrilineal structures, economic stresses, and government population policies. Krama Bali, which encourages a four children model according to the Balinese naming system, complicates the triple burden impacts on Balinese women's agency. The new pro-natalist provincial policy explicitly prioritizes cultural values and indirectly exacerbates the pressure to produce inheriting sons. Balinese women had to choose between cultural preservation and economic considerations, which intensified the tensions between their productive, reproductive, and customary (adat) obligations. Internal and external pressures imposed upon the Balinese women participants have forced them to navigate conflicting economic, political, and cultural demands with varying degrees of agency.

Creating diversification through hybrid identities and educational encounters: the power of a third space

PurposeThis paper explores the contextual factors that support the necessity of a diversified curriculum. The author draws on the findings of the author's doctoral research to consider the complexities underpinning the educational narratives of South Asian Muslim women. The paper critically examines South Asian Muslim women's position as migrant daughters and how South Asian Muslim women navigated colonial systems and the practices and behaviours inherent in these. Situated in a racialised inner-city area with a framing by policymakers as one that creates spatial anxiety, participants shared empowered and agentic narratives. These demonstrated a resistance to the othering and stigma that often ensues through stereotyping.Design/methodology/approachThe project adopted a feminist participatory approach and made use of hauntology as both a theoretical and methodological framework. In keeping with this, four participants who had grown up in the area and still lived there were spoken in the form of research conversations, a walking tour and photographs of significant sites.FindingsThe paper provides empirical insights into how these four participants encountered education. By frequenting both formal and informal educational settings, these spaces became a crucial third space which alleviated unsettlement though allowing a more embodied occupation with learning. Teachers played a critical role in cultivating appropriate and supportive environments and were described and inferred to be moral agents and figures who assisted participants' navigation of a space, often embodying a more mentor-like disposition. Teachers proved to embody a practical wisdom, acting as anchors for offering spaces in and outside of the classroom that invited occupation and construction. Such spaces at school enabled the encountering of difference through recognising first the similarities with peers. Whether these commonalities were cultural or otherwise, those commonalities provided a firm foundation from which to imagine and push the parameters of the space and identity, and so school was likely another crucial space for hybridity.Research limitations/implicationsThe research approach is specific to the context(s), narratives and migratory moment of the participants, and although participants' accounts have been re-storied to honour participants' voices, the accounts may lack generalisability. The paper raises two key implications: first, by recognising educational settings as a third space for students to create a hybrid identity, and second, through familial, community and navigational capitals which have the potential to shift the pedagogical approaches underpinning the conditions created for students.Originality/valuePointing out that hybrid identities without the frequenting of space are hauntological is crucial, and hybrid identities cannot reconcile cultural differences because hybrid identities are out of place, and without location, hybrid identities remain troubled and alienated. This is a situation that the author describes as cultural hauntology – a condition which draws on both hybridity and hauntology to illuminate unsettlement long after colonisation. The native culture is never fully banished or forgotten. The native culture exists behind the closed doors of homes, within communities and perhaps even within the demarcation lines of a given geographical area. Cultural hauntology comes about as a deep-seated internal colonisation that appears as traces, marks and murmurs that cannot be deleted. Perhaps what alleviated the extent of what might have been more extreme in cultural hauntology's dissonance, were the teachers, mentors and role models that participants repeatedly referenced as agents that bridged and enabled the participants.

A Deconstructive Reading of Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)

Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet) is a postmodern synthesis of Shakespeare's two most famous tragedies, Othello and Romeo and Juliet. It takes off where Shakespeare plays shockingly end. The experience of the protagonist Constance in with Desdemona and Juliet is essential to develop her character for the better when she realizes that Desdemona and Juliet are part of her personality. She has to drown in her unconsciousness to find her true self and change her determined identity through socially gender constructs. This study aims at identifying the representation of Shakespeare's women characters in MacDonald's play and their roles in developing the protagonist's character and consequently demonstrating her individuality. Moreover, knowing how Deconstruction helps re-evaluate women's position and create a new form of a woman. Thus the new version would constitute a complete updating of Shakespeare's plays within the contemporary culture and ideology. The results show the conventional interpretations; MacDonald utilizes Shakespeare's plays to raise current female issues and form her own story that allows the modern reader to develop a modern, conceivable understanding of Shakespeare's works, demonstrating that he is a feminist whose plays have prefigured postmodern women. Through Deconstruction, MacDonald draws the attention for a feminist reading of those Shakespearian plays, examining how the female characters are victims of the patriarchal society and how women are in need to feel they are liberated and able to make their own choice in life.

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelinde Bütçelemenin Siyasi Boyutu

Toplumsal cinsiyet algısının sosyo-ekonomik ve ekonomi politik bir tartışma alanı olarak ele alınması, toplumsal cinsiyet temeline dayalı bütçelemenin farklı uygulama biçimlerini değerlendirmek açısından önemlidir. Nitekim toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini siyasal karar alma süreci içinde görünür kılan politika aracı toplumsal cinsiyet temelli bütçeleme yaklaşımıdır. Toplumsal cinsiyet temelli bütçe yaklaşımlarında dikkate alınması gereken temel nokta, bütçe politikalarının kadınların özel alana hapsolma, kadın emeğinin görünmez kılınması gibi toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri sonucunda şekillenen yapısal sorunları çözümlemeye yardımcı olup olmadığıdır. Bu çerçevede temel amaç, cinsiyet rollerini dönüştürmeyi amaçlayan bütçe sistemleri oluşturabilmektir. Buradan hareketle çalışmada cinsiyet rollerini meşrulaştıran sosyal hizmet ağırlıklı bütçe politikaları toplumsal cinsiyete “duyarlı” yaklaşımlar olarak değerlendirilirken, cinsiyet rollerinin dönüşümünü içeren yaklaşımlar toplumsal cinsiyet “esaslı” bütçe politikası yaklaşımı olarak kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Böyle bir kavramsallaştırma demokrasi modelleri ile toplumsal cinsiyet bütçelemesi uygulamaları arasındaki ilişki çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Buradan hareketle her bir demokrasi modelinde toplumsal cinsiyet temelli bütçe politikalarının kadınların toplumsal konumu üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmekte ve sorgulanmaktadır.

Australia – A Land for Young Women? Exploring Young Women's Positioning in Contemporary Australian Family Violence Discourses

Young women in Australia experience serious risks from intimate partner violence (IPV) as a form of family violence. However, there has been a lack of attention to the impact of this on young women and, as a result, these risks are not well understood. This article critically examines existing literature, policy and research and in doing so, specifically explores the ways in which young women aged between 10 and 20 years old are represented and positioned in contemporary family violence discourses. Framed by a review of socio-political and cultural history, the paper highlights the early colonial, patriarchal foundations of Australia, which have specific implications for the challenges that contemporary young women experience in situations of IPV. With a particular emphasis on the Australian context, this article employs both an intersectional and critical feminist lens, with a key focus on the dimensions of adolescent development and youth social geographies. Focusing specifically on these dimensions, including development, gender and age, highlights the important role that feminist social work perspectives and practices can contribute to uncovering, understanding and responding to young women's experiences of intimate partner violence through policy and advocacy.

Intergenerational reforms in women’s right to inheritance in India

The evolution after the Hindu Code Bill, women's property ownership in India has improved. Women's position in old custom and their evolution in modern law from the colonial period to the Hindu Code Bill are the study's main focus areas. In ancient legal codes, such as Dharmashastras, Manusmriti, and Arthashastra, women were denied property rights and she always is dependent on their father, husband, or son. As per our constitution, every human being has the right to equitable treatment. Equal property rights for men and women are important for reducing the gender gap, to empower women in order to promote social and economic development and to ensure gender and social justice within the framework of Personal Laws and inform women about the areas of legislation that are most likely to affect and enhance their lives. So the focus of the article is on women's inheritance rights in old Indian laws and their development in modern laws with help of international conventions. As the status of women in India improves economically and socially, there is a need for more development and a single or uniform property rights for every sect of Indian females.

HAK DAN KEDUDUKAN PEREMPUAN DALAM HUKUM KELUARGA (Studi Atas Pemikiran Feminisme Amina Wadud)

Amina Wadud as a feminist activist is considered to widen the context of gender equality for women on the one hand. But on the other hand, she is labelled as having made a "new interpretation" of the Qur'anic texts relating to women. Her thinking and understanding eventually had an impact on the position of women in the context of family law. Where a woman has equality that is not much different from a husband. The study in this paper wants to know the extent of Amina Wadud's thoughts on the rights and position of women as wives. The study method used is descriptive qualitative with documentation data collection. Based on the results of the discussion and data findings, it can be concluded that every woman regardless of status has equal rights and position in family law. A woman as a wife is given the same opportunities such as filing for divorce, working, prohibiting her husband from polygamy, inheritance rights, testimony and so on. The gender equality offered by him lies in the position of men and women who are in the same condition or situation in order to fulfil their needs.
 Keywords: women's rights and position, family law, Amina Wadud

Cultural and Social Bias Leading to Prenatal Sex Selection: India Perspective.

Globally, 23.1 million missing female births have been documented, resulting in an imbalanced sex ratio at birth (SRB) between the late 1990s and 2017, with India accounting for almost half of this missing women population. While the country is progressively taking measures to enhance women's position in society and implementing policies toward augmenting the value of a girl child, some deeply rooted cultural and social beliefs propel a strong son preference, resulting in active daughter discrimination. The continuance of patriarchal norms and inequitable gender roles, resulting in son preference, fertility decrease, and reduction in preferred family sizes, and technical breakthroughs that allow for the identification of the sex of the fetus, is all connected to distortions in the sex ratio at birth. Son preference is a well-documented phenomenon in India, and its implications for skewed gender ratios, female feticide, and higher child mortality rates for girls have piqued researchers' and policymakers' interest. The fundamental factors of son preference as an ideology are less widely investigated. With this objective, an extensive secondary review was conducted of the socio-cultural norms and biases leading to increased prenatal sex selection in India despite the laws against it. The study findings suggest that it is imperative to emphasize the necessity for consistent and collective efforts from all stakeholders: changing the social perception of the value of girls requires collective effort and the equal participation of all stakeholders, including civil society organizations and the local community.

Women’s Empowerment Without Power: Strategic v. Practical Interests in SDGs and the Voluntary National Reviews

AbstractThis study examines country's voluntary national reviews (VNRs) to assess global commitment to gender equality in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While the SDGs promise realisation of gender equality, progress data indicate that gender equality will not be achieved in the next century, let alone by the SDGs target date of 2030. This study posits two explanations for slow progress on gender equality: (i) countries selectively pursue gender equality, as evidenced by our finding that country VNRs demonstrated commitment to achieving only 31% of extant gender equality gaps;and (ii) countries are more committed to achieving gender equality on ‘practical’ dimensions (i.e., relating to basic needs, such as maternal health and education) than ‘strategic’ dimensions which seek to challenge unequal power relations and women's subordinate position within society (e.g., income, land, political power). Whether via refinements to the SDG/VNR process, or through well‐established gender platforms such as the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index and Equal Measures 2030 SDG Gender Index, gender equality advocates must push for pursuit of the entirety of the holistic gender equality agenda as hard‐fought for and agreed by the seminal Beijing Platform for Action. Without greater attention to strategic dimensions, women will be stuck in a vicious cycle of ‘empowerment without power’ and gender equality will elude women for yet another century.

Mechanisms for community prevention of violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A realist approach to a comparative analysis of qualitative data

Growing evidence suggests that community-based interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can effectively address harmful social norms that promote or sustain gender inequality and drive violence against women (VAW). However, understanding what actions communities are already taking to address harmful social norms and prevent VAW is an essential first step for intervention development. Towards this goal, drawing on collective action theory, we conducted a realist analysis of secondary qualitative data collected with communities in India, Afghanistan, Peru and Rwanda. We coded interview and focus-group data from 232 participants to identify the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes (CMO) relevant for community action. We synthesized CMO configurations from each dataset into a conceptual framework composed of three middle-range theories of mechanisms driving community action to prevent VAW in LMICs. Our results highlight the importance of dedicated spaces for discussing VAW, VAW leaders as positive role models, and community perceptions of VAW as a problem worthy of intervention. In Rwanda and Peru, there was strong evidence to support the operation of these mechanisms. Contextual factors, including national and local policy and programmes targeting VAW, activated mechanisms that led to community action. In India and Afghanistan, evidence for the presence of these mechanisms was weaker, with social norms about women's position and violence being a private family matter preventing communities from addressing violence. Despite contextual differences, our data demonstrated communities in all four settings were somewhere along a pathway of change towards VAW prevention. This supports the need to build future prevention interventions on pre-existing mechanisms that trigger community action, rather than implementing existing interventions without local adaptation. Our conceptual framework serves as a tool for assessing these mechanisms of community action as part of intervention development research, centring community knowledge and fostering local ownership for more relevant and sustainable VAW prevention interventions.

Sexist Socialization Experienced by Female Protagonists in Anthology Short Story Translated by Dayla

Sexism over women is deeply entrenched in society. It becomes a worldwide issue evinced by multiplicity of literary works narrating discriminations of society against women where women's position is often exploited, humiliated, and even cornered. This article is designed to analyze the sexist oppressions experienced by female protagonists in Anthology Short Stozy Arab Women Writer translated by Dayla Cohen-Mor, the sexist socializations in the short stories as well as their responses towards the sexism. In analyzing this data, the writers scrutinize ten short stories selected and apply feminist theory: from margin to center by bell hooks (1984). The result imparts that sexism is socialized through behaviour andculture in society.

Speaking up versus standing one's ground: The role of women's social networks in confronting street harassment

AbstractStreet harassment against women is an understudied form of gender‐based violence that severely limits women's safety and freedoms. One potential way of addressing street harassment is directly intervening against it, that is, the woman experiencing harassment confronts the perpetrator. However, this may be difficult to do in contexts where harassment is pervasive. In the context of a grassroots women's empowerment organisation in Dhaka, Bangladesh, I examined the relationship between women's positions in the social network structure of a group that espouses a norm of speaking up against street harassment, and their levels of displaying this behaviour. I hypothesised that an individual's network centrality would be associated with their engagement in behaviours that are prescribed by the group social norm; specifically, speaking up against street harassment. This hypothesis was not supported. However, exploratory analyses indicated that network centrality was a significant (negative) predictor of the participant's tendency to remove herself from the situation when harassed and a significant positive predictor of self‐efficacy for intervening against street harassment. This indicates that position in the network may play a role in confronting street harassment, though not through originally hypothesised mechanisms. Theoretical and pragmatic implications of these findings for engaging in intervention against street harassment are discussed.

Information Technology and Women's Liberation: Feminism in the Serial Story “Broken Kite”

The woman in the film kite breaking up, which is the subject of this article, is Kinan. Kinan is the main character in the series Layangan Putus which airs on WeTV, telling a love triangle story. Kinan is played by Putri Marino, a woman who can use information technology to reveal the behavior of her cheating husband and then decide to separate. This study uses television program serial media that are trending topics as part of women's position in the household and women's ability to act and speak with their information technology capabilities. The method used in this research is critical discourse analysis or CDA, which is strengthened by a literature study. The results of this study indicate that the film kites break up has accommodated the point of view of women or the female gaze in telling their experiences. Women who are represented in the figure of Kinan are described as active subjects who have choices in determining their behavior and actions. Women use information technology to get out of unhealthy relationships in marriage. Women are better able to show their identity even though they collide with the values that develop in society