Integration Of Women Research Articles

Stress Management Training on Reducing Anxiety and Promoting Happiness and Sexual Integrity in Women with Breast Cancer

Stress Management Training on Reducing Anxiety and Promoting Happiness and Sexual Integrity in Women with Breast Cancer

WOMEN'S INTEGRATION INTO THE POLICE: AN EXAMINATION OF GENDER PERCEPTIONS IN THE FIELD OF LAW

This study focuses on women's integration in "male" (perceived) professions, and seeks to determine whether affirmative action also affects the way members of the Police Legal Unit perceive one another. The research examine whether the legal profession has become gender indistinct at the personal, perceptive level. 
 The findings show no gender differences in professionalism. The conclusion is important for women in the Police force in particular, and women professionals in general. However, what is of equal significance is that it is also of value for male professionals, as outdated stereotypical myths are exploded. One implication of the findings is that given identical roles, women and men are perceived as professionally similar.

Reproductive Health and Bodily Integrity in Tanzania.

Several policy initiatives support the empowerment of women to improve their reproductive health. Little is known, however, about the inverse effect that reproductive health might have on women's empowerment. Women are pressured to conform to their reproductive role, and an inability to do so might affect their empowerment, including control over their own body. Using a panel dataset of 504 married women in Northern Tanzania, we find that women who experienced a pregnancy loss show more tolerant views of partner violence and that child mortality lowers their perceived control over the sexual relationship with their spouse. The number of living children did not affect bodily integrity. These results confirm that women's bodily integrity is partly dependent on the ability to fulfill their reproductive role. They strengthen the case for policies and programs that improve women's reproductive health and underline the importance of counselling after pregnancy or child loss.

Feminist Epistemology: A Reconstruction and Integration of Women's Knowledge and Experiences

Epistemology is the study of knowing. It is the basis for knowing and how it is that people come to know what they know (Johnson, 1995, p. 97). Originating from philosophy, epistemology seems to come to us from a number of disciplines, i. e.: sociology, psychology, and political science, among others (Duran, 1991, p. xi). These fields have all contributed to what is known as feminist epistemology. This occurred with the emergence of materials that professed to spelling out what feminist accounts of knowledge entail and what is implied by ways of knowing pertaining to women (p. xi). The term feminist epistemology does not have a single referent. Feminist theorists have used the term variously to refer to women's "ways of knowing," "women's experiences," or simple "women's knowledge" (Alcoff Potter, 1993, p. 1). Therefore, the term feminist epistemology is a means of summarizing, to some extent, and integrating women's knowledge and experiences. Inherent in feminist epistemology is the "multiplicity of women's voices" (Duran, 1991, p. xiii).

La violencia contra las mujeres en Albania: medidas preventivas adoptadas en la lucha contra este fenómeno

La violencia contra las mujeres incide sobre su personalidad, su integridad moral y su libertad física, y lo hace a través de acciones específicas y de opresión social. Este tipo de violencia incluye todas las formas a través de las cuales nuestra sociedad convierte a las mujeres en objetos y las reprime. La mujer albanesa siempre ha estado a la sombra del hombre, tanto del padre como del marido. Paulatinamente se han tratado de hacer pequeños cambios, pero lo cierto es que todavia no se ha logrado la igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer. La mujer es estereotipada como "sexo débil" y siempre ha estado subordinada al hombre. Estra realidad es la que más afecta a la violencia doméstica, pues la misma responde a normas culturales y tradicionales. Por esta razón, para prevenir este tipo de violencia en Albania, es preciso analizar las formas en las que se manifesta, sus causas y sus consecuencias.

Mothers, Morality and Abortion: The Politics of Reproduction in the Formation of the German Nation

Introduction The nation is, among other things, a symbolic community that is held together by powerful figures of belonging, as well as through an imagined code of shared values built through the repetition of specific historical narratives about key events and people. The ways in which women feature in national discourses as social and biological reproducers is fundamental to understanding the social and cultural renewal of the national community. As Foucault has stated, sexuality has always been the forum where the future of our species, and at the same time our 'truth' as human subjects, are decided (1991:111). Building on this theoretical backdrop, this essay will use images from political campaigns, public discourses on abortion, childcare and women's integration into the labour market, to illustrate how reproduction and gender figured as structuring elements in imagining nationhood in East and West Germany between 1949-1990, as well as in the reunited Germany after 1990. Rather than providing a fixed definition of gender (equality), I will trace the ways in which its meaning was reframed and/or reproduced within these shifting contexts. After World War II, Germany was divided into the American-guided Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Soviet-led German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and thus became grounds of the East/West political and economic contestations in the context of the Cold War (1949-89). While a majority of academic studies have analysed the emergence of different political and economic identities in the East/West divide, I will focus on how politicians in East and West Germany mobilised distinct gender identities in East and West Germany to assert their respective political system as superior and progressive in the Cold War battle of ideas. The different political and economic systems of East and West Germany constructed diverging notions of an ideal worker and a model family, which were framed in diametrically opposed ways in the East and West German family and labour market policies. In West Germany, the notion of gender equality was closely tied to that of the US, and was measured in terms of the attainment of the housewife- breadwinner model, which was anchored in the industrial capitalist system of the West. East Germany, in contrast, orientated its social policies on the Soviet project of socialism, which mainly defined gender equality in terms of women's labour force participation. Both in the context of East and West Germany's gender regimes discourses of gender were mobilised to promote and legitimise the respective political and economic systems. The West's emergence as the winner of the global contestation of liberal capitalism against Soviet socialism meant that the normative Western framework of change would shape the discourses of reunification and transition in Germany after 1990. The emergence of this unequal power relationship between East and West shaped gender discourses in such a way that they gave expression to the hierarchical relationship between East and West and reaffirmed a type of otherness that categorised the East as past and the West as future. The ways in which gender and reproductive policies play an integral part in the national agenda can be observed to the present day. This essay will suggest that while nation-building is a deeply gendered process, this process must by no means be temporally linear or follow previously established patterns. Rather, looking at some reproductive policies like the extension of the childcare system in Germany today, it seems that politicians have forgotten about their once-antagonistic stance on East German notions of gender roles. I will thus finish by illustrating the importance of forgetfulness in the construction of national imageries on reproduction. The Gendered Construction of the Nation It is quite rare for the analysis of national imaginaries to make explicit reference to their highly gendered and sexualised uses of history, narrative and genealogy. …

“Too Numerous to Be Controlled”

Abstract The integration of women into the French Army as civilian employees during and after the Great War triggered a redefinition of military identity that opened new opportunities for women on a large scale and revealed the strength of antirepublicanism within the French Army. This article traces the process of women's integration into the army by examining how officers resisted giving women a military identity and then examining the surprising ways in which the demobilization process helped to consolidate women's places within the army. Officers ultimately accepted women as part of their institution to the extent that by the mid-1920s, after politicians threatened to give French soldiers the right to vote, senior generals looked to disenfranchised women to help them reduce the number of voters in the army. Officers welcomed women because, like soldiers, they could not vote and thus were seen as being less contaminated by the republican political system.

The Bundeswehr and Female Soldiers: The Integration of Women into the Armed Forces (2000–2015)

Gerhard Kümmel *IntroductionThe turn of the new millennium represented a caesura for the Bundeswehr (German armed forces), because the composition of its personnel was to change quite dramatically following a decision by the European Court of Justice in J

Gender, Constructed Masculinities, and Recruitment in the US Military

Enlisting Masculinity: The Construction of Gender in US Military Recruiting Advertising During the All-Volunteer Force. By Melissa T. Brown. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 229 pp., $74.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-984282-7). Melissa T. Brown's Enlisting Masculinity offers a welcome contribution to feminist international relations scholarship through her examination of the recruitment strategies of the four branches of the US military. Given that the United States relies on an all-volunteer force (AVF), how does the military recruit new members? Brown argues that the military continues its traditional focus on masculinity to attract new recruits, but at the same time, each branch also utilizes different “constructions of masculinity,” of which conventional warrior masculinity is one type (p. 5). In the Introduction (Chapter 1), Brown posits two research questions. First, “when the military appeals to potential recruits, does it present service in masculine terms, and if so, what form or forms does that masculinity take?” And second, “how do recruiting materials construct gender as they create ideas about soldiering?” (p. 10). She draws attention to three main issues related to her research questions. The first relates to the actual “nature of military occupations.” The military is faced with the challenge of masculinizing noncombat jobs (for example, nursing and technical occupations). It does so by making the connection with combat and what it means to be a warrior. The second issue revolves around “women's place in the military's gendering of service.” This relates to women's integration into the services, while avoiding “disrupting the association between military service and masculinity that might draw in men.” The third issue concerns the differences between the branches (histories, “institutional culture,” and “specific personnel needs”). Each service employs “different constructions of masculinity” or uses “gender in their recruiting materials in significantly different ways” (p. 11). To answer her research questions …

“The Impure Outsider”: Ritual Exclusion and Integration of Women in Maale, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract Especially in patrilineal and virilocal societies, women have long been considered to be “in between” the paternal and affinal patrilineages. For this reason, women occupy a liminal status and are considered dangerous or impure outsiders in many societies. Moreover, their assumed impurity is the basis of taboos for women and requires certain rituals of incorporation to be carried out for them at certain times during their life cycle. The present article focuses on the supposed impurity of women among the Maale of southern Ethiopia. Trying to find explanations for the impurity attributed to women in this part of the world, it shows the complex connections between ideas of “foreignness,” mobility, and “impurity,” their manifestation in women's taboos, and their overcoming through rituals of integration.

Attitudes toward women in policing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare Taiwanese male and female cadets’ attitudes toward women in policing. Specifically, this study assesses whether female and male recruits differ in: their assessment of women in policing; and their preferred roles of women in policing. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys were conducted with 438 cadets (229 males and 209 females) who received recruitment training at the Taiwan Police College in 2011. This methodology provided a rich sample to explore police recruits’ attitudes toward women in policing. Findings – Although male cadets had reservations about females’ capability and physical strength in handling certain aspects of police work, they supported women being assigned to equal or similar duties as men upon entry into the police force. Compared to male cadets, female cadets were more likely to perceive females as being competent as males and thus adequate for police work. Nevertheless, female cadets were reluctant to embrace women's integration into police work, which might require them to perform duties similar to or the same as those of men, such as patrol. Research limitations/implications – It should be noted that the survey in the current study was conducted while recruits were going through training at the police college. The authors cannot rule out the possibility that surveys conducting under this type of circumstances may result in socially desirable responses. Future study should include surveys with cadets at different stages of their training (before, between, and at the end of the training) to further examine if the levels of recruits’ receptiveness to gender integration change over time. Practical implications – This finding highlights the importance of equipping female recruits with mental preparation and physical skills. The training at the academy should prepare cadets with the required skills to serve as patrol officers to boost their confidence. Equally important is to provide suitable training to help cadets raise stress awareness and develop coping mechanisms. Originality/value – Most studies conducted in the past have mainly focussed on police officers’ perceptions of women in policing. Only a handful of studies examine future police recruits’ attitudes toward women in policing, and most of these studies are conducted in western countries. A better understanding of police recruits’ attitudes toward women in policing in a non-western cultural setting can provide insight into theoretical and policy perspectives related to these issues.

Beyond a man's world: Contributions from considering gender in the study of bus drivers' work activity

Bus driving is a typically male occupation undergoing a process of feminization. Although men remain a majority, women's integration has raised some questions, namely, related to work organization or its impact on health. This paper focuses on the contributions of assuming a gender perspective in the analysis of the bus driving occupation and the conditions under which it is performed. Twenty female and 158 male bus drivers. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were combined. Ergonomic work analysis and individual interviews were used, as well as INSAT (Work and Health Questionnaire). Difficulties inherent to the work activity were highlighted, in terms of working hours and management of "peripheral tasks", with implications for the balance between professional and personal life. These difficulties were reported differently by men and women, although both made themselves clear about the impact on their career and health. Taking gender into consideration has enabled an enrichment of the questions that guide the analysis of this work activity, and contributed to a new perspective on the work performed by this occupational group as well as a new approach to study the history of the transport industry by proposing as focus of analysis issues related to "gender mobility".

Labor Market Regimes, Family Policies, and Women's Behavior in the EU

Using the EU-SILC database (2005–06) for twenty-four European countries, this article develops a comparative perspective on labor market situations of women and mothers with very young children in relation to labor market institutions and policies (especially childcare and leave schemes). Using multilevel multinomial logit models, our results show firstly the heterogeneity of national arrangements of women's labor market integration in Europe (including among new member states). Secondly, our results show the links between some national policy variables and women's behavior, despite the fact that individual factors explain labor market situations the most. Women's employment is positively related to formal childcare and to characteristics of national labor market regimes. The use of informal childcare is associated with lower women's employment rates, which might be explained by a substitution effect. The employment rate of mothers with very young children is positively related to public childcare and negatively to parental leave.

The Scrutinized Priest: Women in the Church of England Negotiating Professional and Sacred Clothing Regimes

This article examines the integration of women priests in the Church of England through the lens of dress. Clothing is a salient dynamic in occupational cultures, particularly in relation to the regulation of gendered bodies. Women's ordination to the priesthood was only sanctioned in 1992. Complex clothing regimes are negotiated, for ordination bestows upon the priest certain clothing rights and responsibilities. However, such attire has traditionally been associated only with the male body, creating tension in relation to women's appropriation of this sacred and professional dress. Based on in‐depth interviews with 17 Anglican clergy women, this article will focus both on the scrutiny the women experienced in relation to their clothing choices, as well as the relationship the women themselves negotiated with their clothes. It will be argued that as representatives of both a sacred and professional domain, clothing had to be carefully managed by clergy. Dress functioned as a key test in women's integration into the organization, often operating as a constraining and exclusionary mechanism.

Women and combat in Canada: continuing tensions between ‘difference’ and ‘equality’

Tensions between ‘difference’ and ‘equality’ have shaped and continue to shape women's integration into the Canadian Forces (CF). While women's presence has increased and taken new forms such as co...

The Integration of Women and Minorities into the Auditing Profession since the Civil Rights Period

ABSTRACT:Following the Civil Rights Movement and the “quiet revolution” in women's work over the years from 1950 to 1970, women and minorities increasingly joined the auditing profession while the profession ramped up efforts to encourage integration. The purpose of this study is to rigorously examine how the integration of auditors has evolved since the civil rights and quiet revolution period. The primary distinctive feature of this study is that it evaluates the auditing profession's integration by comparing it to samples of occupations similar to auditing for the purpose of isolating auditing-specific forces influencing integration. I find that the pay structure in auditing is unusually equal, consistent with “equal pay for equal work.” The results for women, Hispanics, and miscellaneous minorities are consistent with members of these groups responding as one might expect to equal pay in auditing: groups that are poorly paid in other occupations select into auditing at higher rates, and groups that are well paid in other occupations select out of auditing at higher rates. The results for blacks are anomalous in that their pay in auditing has been good relative to many comparable occupations, but they have nevertheless been poorly represented in auditing. There are a number of theories that could potentially explain why blacks may be anomalously underrepresented in auditing. To begin to test them, I perform an exploratory analysis of the representation of women and minorities among college freshmen, college graduates, and young auditors. The results suggest that accounting is a popular degree among black college freshmen and that a relatively high percentage of accounting graduates are black. However, although they are well represented in the pool of potential new auditors, black accounting graduates enter the auditing profession at very low rates relative to other occupations requiring levels of education similar to auditing. The results suggest that black underrepresentation in auditing is not due to a lack of awareness among, or role models for, young blacks.Data Availability: Data used in this study are available in the IPUMS-CPS database, which is compiled and distributed by the Minnesota Population Center at the University of Minnesota; the National Survey of College Graduates, which is available from the National Science Foundation; and the Freshmen Survey of the Higher Education Research Institute, which is available to registered users of its website.

Women in Governance and Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria, 1999-2012

Democracy is a system of government that abhors gender segregation in politics. Also, it has been observed that contribution to development in any society is not gender discriminatory. Utilizing secondary data, the paper shows that although female of ages 20 and above constitute 50.10 percent of the nation’s population; their appointment into positions of authority is infinitesimal compared to their male counterpart of the same age. It reveals further that the dominance of male in the nation’s politics, and the low involvement of women in the election participation and their appointment into positions of authority have created the politics of “near-exclusion” of women in favour of their male counterpart in the past. It therefore recommends among others the integration of women into the political process in terms of their actual involvement in public policy formulation and implementation as basis for sustainable democracy and development in Nigeria

Gender and Judging

Introduction: Gender and Judging: Overview and Synthesis Ulrike Schultz and Gisela Shaw PART 1: PIONEERS AND EMINENT WOMEN JUDGES 1.1. Becoming the First Women Judges in Ontario: Women Lawyers, Gender and the Politics of Judicial Appointment Mary Jane Mossman 1.2. Profiles in Leadership: Eminent Women Judges in the United States Elaine Martin 1.3. The Entry and Integration of Women into Judicial Positions in Israel Eyal Katvan 1.4. First Female Judges in the Weimar Republic in Germany: Reflections on Difference Marion Rowekamp PART 2: WOMEN JUDGES' WORK AND CAREERS 2.1. Feminisation of the French 'Magistrature': Gender and Judging in a Feminised Context Anne Boigeol 2.2. 'I was noticed and I was asked ...' Women's Careers in the Judiciary. Results of an empirical study for the Ministry of Justice in Northrhine-Westfalia, Germany Ulrike Schultz 2.3. Women Judges and Magistrates in Kenya: Challenges, Opportunities and Contributions Winifred Kamau 2.4. The Impact of Women on the Administration of Justice in Syria and the Judicial Selection Process Monique C Cardinal 2.5. Skills for Judicial Work: Comparing Women Judges and Women Magistrates Kathy Mack and Sharyn Roach Anleu 2.6. Professional Stress, Discrimination and Coping Strategies: Similarities and Differences between Female and Male Judges in Switzerland Revital Ludewig and Juan LaLlave PART 3: GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN JUDGING 3.1. Gendered Experiences of a Judge in Germany Ruth Herz 3.2. Women Judges in the Netherlands Bregje Dijksterhuis 3.3. Gender and Judging in Traditional and Modern Societies: A Comparison of Two Case Studies (Ivory Coast and Italy) Maria Rita Bartolomei 3.4. Gender Arguments and Gender Perspective in Legal Judgments in Argentina Andrea L Gastron, M Angela Amante and Ruben Rodriguez 3.5. Do Women on South Africa's Courts Make a Difference? Ruth B Cowan PART 4: GENDERED CONSTRUCTION OF JUDGES 4.1. 'May it Please the Court'. Forming Sexualities as Judicial Virtues in Judicial Swearing-in Ceremonies Leslie J Moran 4.2. Let History Judge? Gender, Race, Class and Performative Identity: A Study of Women Judges in England and Wales Hilary Sommerlad PART 5: FEMINIST JUDGES AND FEMINIST ADJUDICATION 5.1. Must Feminist Judges Self-identify as Feminists? Beverley Baines 5.2. Justice Marcia Neave: Case Study of a Feminist Judge Rosemary Hunter 5.3. What's in a Label? Argentine Judges' Reluctance to Call Themselves Feminists Beatriz Kohen 5.4. A Feminist Adjudication Process: Is There Such a Thing? Reg Graycar PART 6: QUOTAS AND DIVERSITY 6.1. Which Judicial Selection Systems Generate the most Women Judges? Lessons from the United States Sally J Kenney 6.2. Gender Quotas for the Judiciary in England and Wales Kate Malleson 6.3. Rethinking Judicial Diversity Erika Rackley PART 7: GENDER AND JUDICIAL EDUCATION 7.1. Gender and Judicial Education in India Ann Stewart 7.2. Gender and Judicial Education in Japan Kayo Minamino 7.3. Engendering the Judiciary-Lessons from the Philippines Atsuko Miwa 7.4. Gender Training for the Judiciary in Cambodia Keiko Sawa 7.5. Do German Judges Need Gender Education? Ulrike Schultz

Violence: Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 12

In Sweden and in other countries, it has become increasingly common to view violence from a public health perspective. This chapter presents a description of interpersonal violence with an emphasis on violence in close relations, particularly in partner relationships. According to the Swedish Crime Survey 2010, approximately one in ten inhabitants was exposed to violence, threats or harassment of some kind in 2009. Young people and single mothers with small children are particularly vulnerable to violence. According to Statistics Sweden's ULF surveys (Survey on Living Conditions) for 2004-2005, 17 per cent of men and 12 per cent of women aged 16-24 years reported having been subjected to violence or serious threats at some time in the previous 12 months. Boys and men are more frequently subjected to lethal violence and to violence resulting in hospitalisation than girls and women. Similarly, men also make up a majority of the victims of assaults reported to the police. On the other hand, domestic violence and work-related violence more often involve women than men, and sexual violence is chiefly directed at girls and women. Most women and children who are subjected to assault are acquainted with the perpetrator, while this only applies to a minority of male victims. Women are four to five times as likely to be killed by a partner as men. Partner assaults against women, rapes, and gross violations of a woman's integrity account for a fifth of all reported crimes of violence (against women and men combined). Violence in partner relationships has significant consequences for physical and mental health; between 12,000 and 14,000 women seek outpatient care each year as a result of violence committed by a partner. Violence can also have serious social repercussions: isolation, financial difficulties, sick leave from work, unemployment, etc., and women subjected to this form of violence can be prevented from seeking medical or other assistance. Children are often involved. Approximately 10 per cent of all children have experienced violence in the home and 5 per cent have experienced it frequently. Many children who witness violence are also beaten themselves. In 2006, the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare estimated the annual socioeconomic cost of violence against women to be between SEK 2.7 and 3.3 billion, SEK 38 million of which were direct medical costs. Factors affecting the risk of violence in partner relationships are related both to the social structure and individual character of the perpetrator. Trends in violence have moved in different directions. Today, more people in all age groups, with the exception of the most elderly (aged 65-84), report that they have been exposed to threats or violence than in the 1980s. In recent years, however, the increase has halted; there has even been a decline among young people aged 16-24. Crimes of violence reported to the police are growing in number, and the number of reports of work-related violence, for example, has more than doubled since the mid 1970s. The number of rapes reported to the police has also risen significantly in recent year, and the victims are on average becoming younger. Furthermore, rape and gross violation of a woman's integrity (combined) are now almost as common as robbery. This increase is probably due to a combination of greater willingness to report crimes, a lower tolerance threshold for violence, legislative changes and an increase in the number of violent acts committed. The rise in violence represented by crime statistics is not reflected in the proportion of people who have suffered serious physical injuries as a result of violence. Over the past ten years, the number of deaths resulting from violence has declined among women and men. Hospital statistics also show that although the percentage of people receiving treatment has remained relatively stable, more people are now seeking hospital treatment following a sexual assault.

Trends and social divisions in maternal employment patterns following maternity leave in the UK

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the social divisions in maternal employment patterns post‐childbirth, recorded by earlier studies have persisted for a later cohort of mothers that had a pregnancy in the early 2000s, in the context of an expansion of childcare and other improvements in reconciliation measures.Design/methodology/approachLongitudinal data from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study are analysed using logistic regression.FindingsIt was found that mothers are more likely to be employed, and employed full‐time, when their child is aged three if they were employed during the pregnancy and resumed employment within nine months of the birth. The mothers' occupational class, ethnicity, household composition and the working hours of a partner also have independent associations with the probability of maternal employment once the child is aged three.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors would expect these results to be modified – but not overturned – in a different national setting, for example where childcare services are more extensive or part‐time employment is less common.Originality/valueThese new longitudinal survey results for a recent cohort of mothers in the UK demonstrate that resumption of employment following maternity leave is pivotal for women's subsequent employment integration. Yet maternal employment trajectories remain shaped by social inequalities. Both results are important for informing debates about reconciliation policy for the pre‐school years, including monitoring the impact of the recession on the employment integration of women following childbirth.