History Of Women Research Articles

Feminism and activism across borders: A roundtable

AbstractThis roundtable explores women's and feminist activism and advocacy across borders over the past century. Invited by Peace & Change, the participants are experts in women's, gender, diasporic, transnational, and global history, and they bring their recent and current research to bear on the following questions.

Women and the Labour Party: Gender and the Writing of British Political History

AbstractThis article takes stock of the state of women's political history in the twentieth century and suggests new lines of enquiry, drawing on the authors’ own work on the Labour Party. It identifies a number of key themes which have enriched histories of women and gender in the nineteenth and early twentieth century and considers how these might be developed. Firstly, it examines the significance of the local, and more particularly, the neighbourhood, in women's political lives. Secondly, it asserts the value of focussing on the membership, including the economic, social and cultural shifts that shaped their lives, the intersection of gender with factors such as age or ethnicity, and their own political identities. Finally, it stresses the importance of interrogating masculine cultures to understand how gendered dynamics played out. It concludes with a reminder that inserting women into established political narratives is insufficient: the point is to transform those narratives.

The Rich History of Women in Tech [Women in Microwaves

My January “Women in Microwaves” (WIM) column, “IEEE MTT-S MGA WIM Subcommittee: Who We Are and What We Do,” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> introduced the amazing women serving on the WIM Subcommittee and talked about our goal of building a network of women in microwaves that attracts, scales, and connects and how we are working to achieve that goal. I mentioned two promotional videos inspired by Prof. Rhonda Franklin, chair of the WIM IMS2021 virtual event.

Brenda Elsey and Joshua Nadel. Futbolera: A History of Women and Sports in Latin America.

The 2022 victory of the US women’s national soccer (also known as football or association football) team players to achieve equal pay as male players is the culmination of many years of organizing to construct a thriving women’s soccer culture. Similar achievements have not been replicated in Latin America. In Futbolera: A History of Women and Sports in Latin America, Brenda Elsey and Joshua Nadel explain why Latin American women have not enjoyed the success of their North American counterparts in consolidating national soccer cultures despite several attempts to do so. Futbolera fills a major gap in the historiography of Latin American sport by focusing on the trials and tribulations of women’s soccer in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico from the late nineteenth century to the present day. This process is no easy task, as historians of sport often rely on periodicals, which tend to celebrate the achievements of male athletes much more than female ones. Despite this challenge, Elsey and Nadel thoroughly document Latin American women’s soccer’s many starts, which often then dissipate from the public record. When the flame rekindles, there are often expressions of shock and amazement at this new phenomenon, despite evidence to the contrary. Aside from soccer, the authors also analyze discourses and developments in women’s physical education, which played a key role in steering women away from playing rough sports like soccer and boxing in favor of sports like volleyball and basketball. Elsey and Nadel argue that a variety of actors, such as government bureaucrats, feminists, and entrepreneurs, have promoted and in some cases hindered the development of women’s soccer in the region. This uneven support continues in the present day.

Interstitial Ectopic Pregnancy: Laparoscopic Cornuostomy

To demonstrate and discuss the technique of cornuostomy for surgical management of interstitial ectopic pregnancy. Stepwise demonstration of the technique with narrated video footage. Tertiary referral center in Manchester, United Kingdom. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are rare but are associated with a higher mortality rate than other ectopic pregnancies [1,2]. It occurs when the fertilized embryo implants in the interstitial portion of the fallopian tube traversing the vascularized myometrium. When undiagnosed they present late in the second trimester associated with rupture and catastrophic bleeding, with a mortality rate of 2% to 2.5%.2 Diagnosis requires a degree of vigilance from the ultrasound operator because it is commonly misdiagnosed as intrauterine pregnancies. Surgical management options include laparoscopic cornual resection or cornuostomy. There is no consensus on the optimal surgical technique but cornuostomy is a more conservative approach associated with less disruption to uterine anatomy and loss of myometrium [3,4]. A 22-year-old gravida 4 woman presented at 7 weeks' gestation with right iliac fossa pain. Initial serum human chorionic gonadotropin was 18136 IU/L. Transvaginal ultrasound scan showed an empty endometrial cavity and an echogenic "donut"-shaped mass within the right interstitial space, within the uterine serosa but outside the endometrial cavity (Supplemental Video 1). At laparoscopy the diagnosis of a right interstitial ectopic pregnancy was confirmed (Supplemental Video 2). Vasopressin 20 IU diluted in 80 mL of normal saline was injected around the base of the ectopic pregnancy. Monopolar diathermy was used to incise the overlying serosa followed by hydrodissection to separate the ectopic gestational sac from the myometrial attachment. The resulting defect was inspected and closed in 2 layers. Total operating time was 46 minutes. Although there is no clear evidence to guide the management of all interstitial ectopic pregnancies, an individualized approach taking into account the woman's previous history and future fertility plans and wishes is essential. In this case, given the woman's previous contralateral salpingectomy and her wishes for a conservative approach, a laparoscopic cornuostomy was likely the best option.

Introduction

Introduction Katherine Jellison (bio) As Midwesterners know all too well, Americans who live in other parts of the United States frequently refer to the Midwest as "flyover country." For many travelers, the vast twelve-state region is simply a geographic impediment between themselves and their ultimate destination. An airline passenger suffering through an uncomfortable flight might even curse the Midwest's very existence: "Why does New York have to be so damned far from Denver, anyway?" Before air travel became commonplace, however, Americans both inside and outside the Midwest viewed the region very differently. Far from being a place to fly over, it was a place to come together. Historically, the Midwest was the nation's crossroads, a place where people of diverse backgrounds were on the move and crossing paths. First traveling on the region's waterways and trails and later its railroads and highways, Indigenous fur traders, White farm families, enslaved Blacks and their descendants were among the varied groups who spent time in the Midwest. Even those who merely passed through the region without becoming permanent residents developed a very different perspective from today's air passenger. Their on-the-ground interactions with persons from different locations and cultural backgrounds had an impact on the ways travelers and residents in the Midwest thought about themselves, their communities, and their relationships with the midwestern landscape. As the articles in this special issue of the Middle West Review demonstrate, women were particularly affected by their experiences at the nation's crossroads. Building on important studies that have emerged in the past two decades, the articles in this issue center on the experiences of women of diverse backgrounds as they lived, worked, and traveled in the Midwest. In addition to issues of cultural diversity and geographic mobility, a third [End Page 15] major theme surfaces in these articles: political engagement. The politics of historical memory, women's educational and economic rights, women's citizenship, and racial justice receive significant examination in this issue.1 As Cynthia C. Prescott notes in the issue's opening article, Midwesterners initially failed to commemorate the diversity of their region even as they celebrated its identity as the nation's crossroads. In the late nineteenth century, when Midwesterners began to tell their history in the form of public sculpture, they remembered it almost exclusively as the story of White families crossing the region on their way to the Far West or perhaps settling to farm in the Midwest itself. Sculptures reflected the era's manifest destiny ideology as well as its White gender role prescriptions. Sculptors typically portrayed male figures as active conquerors of the frontier and women as docile helpmates and mothers. Examining sculptural tributes to midwestern history throughout all corners of the region, Prescott records the greater accuracy of commemorative statues in the twenty-first century. In contrast to public artwork of an earlier period, today's monuments are more likely to portray women of color—particularly Native American women—and to represent midwestern women as active participants in the history of their region. Following Prescott's overview of the midwestern landscape and its sculptural representations of women's history, Jenny Barker-Devine takes readers to a particular place and time in midwestern history—Jacksonville, Illinois, in the 1830s and 1840s. Here, middle-class Northeasterners promoted women's education as a means for controlling the chaos of frontier life. Like Prescott, Barker-Devine focuses her essay on the themes of movement and transition. She notes that White women from New England and the Mid-Atlantic initially sought to maintain their Yankee identities and values when they relocated to the former Northwest Territory. Over time, however, their educational mission in the Illinois wilderness caused them to adopt a distinctive new guise. They increasingly defined themselves as midwestern women. In her contribution to the special issue, Debra A. Reid reminds readers that midwestern women's history took place in cities as well as on the region's open prairies and plains and in its small towns. Reid examines the experiences of women who sold food at the central market in nineteenth-century Detroit. With its strategic location on the Detroit River and ready access to...

Online Biographical Dictionary of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the United States

The 2020 centennial of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment inspired an impressive array of books, articles, museum exhibits, and public humanities projects encouraging us to revisit, revise, and, in some cases, revolutionize our understanding of women's long (and ongoing) fight for the vote. At the forefront of the new digital projects stands the Online Biographical Dictionary of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the United States (Obd), edited by Thomas Dublin and Kathryn Kish Sklar. The Obd is connected with the Women and Social Movements Database (Wasmd), launched by Sklar in 1997 and published by Alexander Street Press. What makes the Obd so useful, however, is that Dublin and Sklar negotiated with the publisher to offer the resource both as part of the subscription-only Wasmd and as a stand-alone Web site available for free to anyone with an Internet connection. The result is a monumental biographical database comprising what will soon be more than 3,700 women suffragists. Most of these women were engaged in suffrage and other reform efforts at the local and state levels, so their names will be new to historians and laypeople. For user convenience, more well-known national leaders are also included in the database via links to their biographical entries in Notable American Women (1971), in partnership with the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America at Harvard University. The entries are organized into three parts, mirroring the suffrage movement's divisions: Militant Women Suffragists—The National Woman's Party (Nwp); Black Women Suffragists; and Mainstream Suffragists—The National American Woman Suffrage Association (Nawsa).

Female Hucksters and Produce Markets in the Great Lakes Region, 1830s–1890s

Female Hucksters and Produce Markets in the Great Lakes Region, 1830s–1890s Debra A. Reid (bio) Mary Judge had seen a bit of the world by the time she became a vendor at Detroit's City Hall Market. She remained a market fixture until her death. For over thirty years, newspaper reporters linked her, more than any other individual, with one cause célèbre, the city's public market. Judge catered to journalists, no doubt, but her entire cohort of female growers and hucksters found themselves in the news often. The media did not recognize them for bringing food to market, daily, between April and November. Instead, journalists often linked market women to the problems that the city hoped to solve if it closed the market. Vendors' wagons clogged downtown streets and created a public hazard, while their boisterous tactics and perceived unladylike behavior allegedly bordered on abuse. The media went even further by stressing the private challenges that individual women faced as evidence of the familial and social risks that resulted when women operated their businesses outside the bounds of patriarchy. This perpetuated the argument that the only good woman was a dutiful wife or ward working selflessly for a family's economic solvency. Judge's market story fits patterns well-documented in women's history. She became part of a sixty-year-old formal economy when she opened her stand in 1863. Yet, she selectively complied with regulations or outright defied them as need arose. Serena Zabin has documented comparable tactics among "poor white women" in colonial cities, women that she describes as "the linchpins" of informal economies. These women conducted business at a time when few women operated businesses outside the home, and most kept house and tended families under patriarchal authority. These informal economies continued into the early national period. Zabin argues, however, that informal trade and the poor White women who conducted it became [End Page 51] increasingly marginalized as common law perpetuated White male authority over commerce, earnings, real and personal property, and over the welfare of White men's wives, families, and wards.1 In Detroit, males authorized, regulated, administered, and managed the public market from its beginning. The first authorization coincided with Detroit's incorporation as part of the Old Northwest Territory in 1802. Then, city trustees established a market at the Detroit River and authorized appointment of a clerk to manage it. Little detail about this market exists, but in 1816, trustees approved construction of a market house in the center of Woodward Avenue below Jefferson Avenue (on the Detroit River side), financed with tax revenue. The markets in St. Louis, also a French-influenced midwestern city, followed a similar pattern with a market in the center of a wide avenue. Male clerks appointed by an elected common council administered the market.3 Growers, hucksters, and customers alike reflected Detroit's multi-ethnic population, with Indigenous, French, British, and Black and White Americans often crossing the fluid border between Detroit and Windsor, Canada. Antiquarian Silas Farmer romanticized this as he described the "black-eyed, olive-skinned maidens … from the Canada shore" who brought "garden-sauce and greens" to the earliest markets in little carts pulled by French ponies. In contrast, a newspaper account indicated that little demand for garden produce existed. Instead, many residents raised what they needed, and elderly men hauled surplus to the city markets in wheelbarrows. Only a few stands operated regularly, and they sold "celery, beets, lettuce, and similar vegetables, poultry and the like."4 Each ethnic group brought different perceptions of female status and authority to market operations, but the legal status of the women at the market resulted from a transfer of English common-law procedures to the new midwestern context. Elizabeth Brown has concluded that justices in the Wayne County court of Michigan Territory did not improvise, nor did they deviate from precedent. Instead, they followed English common-law procedures, as had justices in the eastern seaboard states. Changing situations prompted additional analyses, however, especially in the case of women, commerce, and property law. Justices cited two books in their decisions addressing the legal status of married women (femme covert) and single women...

Minds and Hearts: The Story of James Otis, Jr. and Mercy Otis Warren by Jeffrey H. Hacker

Reviewed by: Minds and Hearts: The Story of James Otis, Jr. and Mercy Otis Warren by Jeffrey H. Hacker Rachel Tamar Van (bio) Mercy Otis Warren, James Otis Jr., American Revolution Minds and Hearts: The Story of James Otis, Jr. and Mercy Otis Warren. By Jeffrey H. Hacker. (Amherst, MA: Bright Leaf, an Imprint of the University of Massachusetts Press, 2021. Pp. 216. Paper, $22.95; cloth, $90.00.) "Siblings," wrote C. Dallett Hemphill, "are humanities' great shock absorbers, especially in times of accelerated change."1 Of the siblings that might provide a test case for such a dynamic, James Otis, Jr. and Mercy Otis Warren certainly fit the bill. Otis and Warren were two of the leading voices of the American Revolution in Massachusetts. James Otis, Jr. is best known for his 1761 denunciation of writs of assistance before the Massachusetts Superior Court. The writs case rendered Otis an "instant hero with restive Bostonians" (17). He served in the state legislature and became renowned for his oratory against imperial overreach. Unfortunately, Otis's career shined bright, but short. By 1773, Otis's listing as a founding member of Boston's Committee of Correspondence was seen as a tribute to previous service (134). For modern readers, Mercy Otis Warren, more than James and even nephew Harrison Gray Otis, might well be the most notable figure of the Otis political dynasty. Warren's prolific publication of satirical plays gave [End Page 181] voice to frustrations common to leading Massachusetts patriots. In 1805 she published her three-volume History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution. The books proved influential from the start. A first customer? Then-president Jefferson purchased volumes for his own library and for the members of his cabinet. In 1850, in The Women of the American Revolution, Elizabeth Ellett touted Warren's influence. "Seldom," Ellett wrote, "has one woman in any age, acquired such an ascendancy over the strongest, by the mere force of a powerful intellect."2 The first full-length biography of Warren appeared in 1896 with Alice Brown's Mercy Warren, but scholarly interest flourished with the field of women's history. In a new dual biography, independent scholar Jeffrey Hacker analyzes the pair with a focus on "the mutually inspiring bond between James and Mercy—fraternal, political, and intellectual" (3). This is no small task, as Hacker is well aware. In 1783, James burned many of his personal documents. According to letters between John Adams and Otis's daughter, Otis may have destroyed papers earlier as well (179). Similarly, much of Mercy's correspondence comes from the 1770s and later, from her forties on. Rosemarie Zagarri notes in her biography of Warren that the ostensibly prolific writing between the two were casualties of these burnings.3 Pairing the siblings allows for a gendered story of the American Revolution and the Otis family's personal travails. Hacker traces Mercy's publications to suggest that she wrote not just for the cause, but also to exorcise the demons that befell her family. James in particular prevails as the figure of "Brutus" in The Adulateur in 1772 and in numerous mentions in her History volumes (128, 211). Warren's repeated defense of her brother's reputation underscores Hacker's argument of the importance of the sibling bond. To Hacker, Warren continued her brother's legacy. But it may be more apt to say that Otis shaped her thinking than that they shared a trajectory. Otis's advocacy was revolutionary in ways that Warren's was not. In the Rights of the British, Otis embraced Parliament's prerogatives, but with limits—such as taxing unrepresented subjects. But he also denounced slavery in unequivocal terms, as contrary to natural law: "Does it follow that [End Page 182] 'tis right to enslave a man because he is black? . . . Nothing better can be said in favor of a trade that is the most shocking violation of the law of nature." And at another point, "Are not women born as free as men?" (81). Hacker's treatment explicitly analyzes Warren as a woman. He builds on Rosemarie Zagarri's framing: Warren's activism battled with her faith and embrace...

U.S. History as Part of a Core Curriculum

U.S. History as Part of a Core Curriculum Megan Birk (bio) It never occurred to me that I would write a Texas-centered piece for The Middle West Review, but desperate times call for additional information. Much of the emphasis on the "civics crisis" in the U.S. over the last ten years focused on K-12 curriculum, and the startling lack of historical and governmental knowledge attained before high school graduation. But the problem runs deeper than K-12, with increasingly fewer institutions of higher education including U.S. history in their core curriculum. Texas is among the states that continues to require U.S. history as part of a public college education. Added in 1955, the relevant section of the Texas Education Code reads in part: "A college or university receiving state support or state aid from public funds may not grant a baccalaureate degree or a lesser degree or academic certificate to any person unless the person has credit for six semester hours or its equivalent in American History."1 In the middle of the Cold War, these six credits joined the six already required in Government/Political Science that were included by the Texas Legislature in 1929. Among the others states with such a mandate are California, which has "American Institutions" graduation options, and Georgia's universities which must include U.S. history with state content. Texas's requirement is not static. Recent adjustments to this law included adding equivalent surveys in Mexican American History, Native American History, African American History, U.S. Women's History, and others. At a time when departments across the country, but particularly in the Midwest, are facing death by a thousand cuts, these six hours help keep departments in Texas open. However, the shrinking campus cores, the diminishing number of degree plans allowing electives and minors, and the limitations on financial aid that cover only what is in the degree plan are affecting us all. Some [End Page 177] of us have the added issue of eyeing each legislative session with no small amount of concern about the future of tenure and the academic freedom to teach accurate U.S. history. Each time the administrative positions on campuses change hands there is worry about the ratio of full-time to contingent faculty. The six hours of required history are stabilizing to a degree. There is, however, a caveat. While history core classes provide a solid foundation of funds to colleges and departments as steady sources of Student Credit Hours (SCHs) and enable faculty to advertise and recruit for other history classes, this is by no means a monopolized system for four-year institutions. Students in Texas have been pushed into dual enrollment classes, which allows qualified students to take "college classes" in high school and earn credit prior to graduation. More and more students are arriving on campuses "core complete" because of this program designed to save the state, and ostensibly some parents, tuition money, but it comes at the cost of diminishing credit hours for departments and serious concern about the quality and content of dual enrollment classes in high school buildings. Texas also has a robust system of community colleges that are often partnered with their local university. The faculty at these institutions teach a wide array of U.S. history offerings that can be transferred to four-year schools, and many of them employ faculty with PhDs. Ironically, this surge of dual enrollment enthusiasm provided short term boosts to graduate programs across the state, as local teachers worked nights to earn the hours needed to teach those classes in high school. According to the accrediting standards of SACS (Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges), eighteen hours of graduate credit are the minimums required to teach core curriculum history courses for college credit. In other words, someone doesn't even need to earn a master's degree to hypothetically qualify. A temporary increase in graduate students with the potential result of fewer undergraduates down the road was a brutal catch-22 for many departments. At my university of thirty-thousand-plus students, our history department is staffed by approximately twenty tenured and tenure-track...

From saving to survivance: Rethinking Indigenous Papuan women's vulnerabilities in Jayapura, Indonesia

Racism, sexism and gendered violence disadvantage Indigenous Papuan women, yet government responses often focus on individual interventions like ‘raising awareness’ or training. In this article, we build on efforts to challenge these narratives about women's vulnerabilities. We draw on life history interviews with older Papuan women in Jayapura to rethink vulnerabilities and everyday struggles in the context of structural inequalities. We interpret their stories as forms of ‘survivance’ and argue that contrary to dominant perspectives, Papuan women are not economic novices or passive victims. Rather, opportunities have narrowed over time, and women's long history of activity, strategy, persistence and resistance has largely been forgotten. Women's life histories shed light on urban colonialism and Indigenous survivance in Jayapura since the 1940s, when Jayapura was still a Dutch colonial capital and not yet an Indonesian frontier. In a time dominated by concerns about Papuan demise, their experiences are provocative for rethinking vulnerabilities.

Wabi-sabi Style: the Collision of the East and West, the Combination of the Fashion and the Nature

In the past fifty years, Japanese fashion as one of the most prosperous Asian fashions has become a legend in the world fashion field through its special oriental design that breaks the fashion aesthetics with the West as the mainstream in the past. In recent years, wabi-sabi style has become a new fashion trend. As sustainable fashion is advocated by more and more people, the ecological concept wabi-sabi aesthetic holds also accords with the eco-fashion tendency. This paper aims to study the wabi-sabi style in the fashion field, which includes its power to collide with the fashion world dominated by the West, and its ecological function. First of all, this paper compares the aesthetic, religious, and women's fashion history of the wabi-sabi style and the western style. Then, it investigates the fashion collision between the East and the West in terms of design concepts and analyzes the inspiration for the wabi-sabi fashion style. What is more, this paper also integrates the wabi-sabi style and eco-fashion to analyze its positive impact on the environment. Ultimately, this study suggests that although the wabi-sabi style has a minimal influence in the fashion field, it will have a promising future for its sustainability and the comfort it renders to the secular life. The result helps to promote the wabi-sabi style, making more people know about this style and think deeply about their attitude to their lives, and grabbing more attention to wabi-sabi fashion for its environmentally friendly function.

Women’s Activism in Twentieth-Century Britain: Making Difference across the Political Spectrum. By Paula Bartley

Women’s Activism in Twentieth-Century Britain introduces a wonderfully diverse range of campaigns, protests, and political engagement women undertook as they sought to bring about change at a local, national, and international level during the twentieth century. Activism occurred through formal and informal organizations or even individually, like Mrs Roberts, a mother of two who in the 1960s chained herself to a noticeboard at the council offices because she needed a council house. The many areas discussed in the book are a real indication not only of Bartley’s research but also of the seismic growth of women’s history and resources available to historians of women in the last 40 years. Taken as a whole, this book thus broadens the reader’s understanding of the scope of women’s activism and makes an argument for its importance to twentieth-century British political history. The introduction opens with a discussion of the Anglo-Indian social reformer Olive Malvery, whose writing exposed the: ‘lives of women and the sharp end of exploitation: factory and ship workers, waitresses, barmaids, costermongers and seamstresses’. [P1] She is one of the many women who lifted the lid on the unseen exploitation women experienced in the workplace. Indeed, this volume has a strong focus on Labour and working-class histories, including women’s industrial action during the First and Second World Wars. This is to be expected from a historian whose recent publications have included books on Ellen Wilkinson and Labour Cabinet Ministers. However, as Bartley explains there were multiple different reasons why women took action such as redressing injustice, creating a better world, or even a response to loss. Thus, this book’s scope is not limited to campaigns around women’s issues; for example, Women against Pit Closures and Lilian Bilocca, who led a huge protest again poor safety standards on Hull trawlers in which her sons and husband worked. Overall, these women’s campaigns for the lives and livelihoods of their men also find a place in the text.

Study of Obstetric and Somatic History in Women with Discharge of Amniotic Fluid

A large number of scientific studies have been devoted to the study of the problem of premature discharge of amniotic fluid, which addresses the issues of etiopathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and methods of induction of labor. Studies of hemostasiological, biochemical, microbiological disorders observed in this pathology, hemodynamic disorders in the uterus and placenta, the role of growth factors in predicting miscarriage, the effect of infection on the development of premature discharge of amniotic fluid were carried out

The Capital of Free Women: Race, Legitimacy, and Liberty in Colonial Mexico

The Capital of Free Women: Race, Legitimacy, and Liberty in Colonial Mexico

Cosmetics Use and Mammographic Breast Density (MBD) in Iranian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Since breast cancer is increasing worldwide and previous risk factors cannot justify such an increasing trend, investigating new environmental factors is necessary for each population. Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer as well as a biomarker for the effect of chemicals on breast tissue. Objective: Given limited data about the association between breast density and cosmetic products containing endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cosmetic products on MBD in Iranian women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, women who attended two university hospitals for breast screening mammography and who had been living in the capital city of Iran for the last 3 years or more were recruited. We asked women to fill out a questionnaire containing two parts; the first part was about the women's characteristics and medical history and the second part consisted of cosmetic use. The frequency of cosmetic use was measured using the Likert scale in four scales. One expert radiologist in each center reported the MBD on a four-category scale. Results: The mean age of 813 participants was 50.16 ± 7.65. Three hundred-seven (37.8%) women had low breast density and 506 (62.2%) had high breast density. Based on our results, heavy use of moisturizers, sunscreen, nail polish, eye products, makeup products, and lipstick was associated with increased breast density. In multivariable analysis after adjusting for menopause, excessive use of nail polish, sunscreen, and moisturizing cream was associated with increased MBD. Conclusion: Our study shows a probability of an increased MBD with the excessive use of cosmetic products. Since a small increase in the risk of breast cancer may lead to a considerable public health impact, thus further studies are needed to find new prevention strategies.

Analysis of Poetic Personality- “Sarojini Naidu” Nightingale of India was a Poet and Politician”

Sarojini Naidu was a student who excelled academically, a renowned freedom fight activist in India, and a poet who wrote sonnets. She is popularly known as the "Nightingale of India" and has been given this title for many years. She was the first lady to hold the position of President of India in our country, she was a notable person in Indian women's history, and she was the first Governor of Uttar Pradesh after the state of Uttar Pradesh gained its independence. She was one of the most well-known figures of the 20th century, and her presence on our planet as a powerful figure is celebrated annually on the holiday that is known as "Women's Day." The significant achievement that has been set in the field of poetry is the topic that will be discussed in this paper. Her sense of poetry is centered on an extraordinary bank of words that are so culturally specific that they can be sung with genuine feelings. In the year 1905, she had the poem "Bull Bule Hind" published; this was the beginning of her exploration into the literary realm. The Pardah Nashin, The Village Song, Lotus, and The Bird of Time are the primary focal the points of this paper's analysis.

Female Sexual Dysfunction in Association with Sexual History, Sexual Abuse and Satisfaction: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hungary.

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) has a negative impact on women's quality of life, self-esteem, and physical health. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and the factors associated with FSD using an online questionnaire. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults (18-35 years old) in Hungary using the DSM-5 criteria. The participants (n = 5942) were divided into three major groups: FSD (20.3%), an intermediate group (43.9%), and a control group (35.6%). Most of the women showing FSD were affected with female orgasmic disorder (9.2%) and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (4.6%), while female sexual interest/arousal disorder was found in altogether 100 women (1.7%); 4.8% of women were affected by more than one definite disorder. The occurrence of female sexual dysfunction was related to the women's previous sexual history (first sexual experience, sexual education, early encounter with pornographic content, and sexual abuse), their self-satisfaction (with their own body, genitalia, and sexual attraction), and their sexual orientation. Sexual dysfunction showed a strong association with abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and self-esteem. The present study identified the relationship between sexual dysfunctions and other health conditions, which can be the basis for some form of screening and early assistance programs for FSD.

한국 태권도 연맹 발전사

This study specifically examines the development history of Women's Federations and Industry Federations among the five federations that have had a significant impact on the development of Taekwondo. This study was conducted with the goal of finding out through this and leaving a documentary trace on the development history of Taekwondo. Through the study, the following results were confirmed. First, the establishment of the Korean Women's Taekwondo Federation provided an opportunity to have a wider perspective on women's sports participation in Korea, and based on the establishment of the Women's Federation, it served as an opportunity for further development of Korean Women's Taekwondo. Second, the establishment of the Korea Industry Taekwondo Federation was established to help Taekwondo players continue their activities after graduating from college and discharged from the military. This is thought to be a stepping stone for diversification of the age group of Taekwondo players.

Gender, Christianity, and Peace in Chinese Women's International Thought 1914–1953

AbstractThis paper uncovers the various understandings of peace formulated by Chinese Christian women in the period from the First World War to the Korean War Armistice (1914–1953). In both the literature on Christianity in China and the histories of the national and international women's movements, Chinese Christian women have been subjected to multiple exclusions based on their race, class, gender, and religious identity. Drawing on the memoirs and writings of key Chinese Christian women thinkers active in international women's and Christian networks such as Deng Yuzhi 鄧欲志 and Zeng Baosun 曾寶蓀, as well as all less well-known female students writing in missionary school yearbooks, I dissect how Chinese Christian women variously constructed and deployed their own understanding of peace. How did they appropriate, adapt, or reject the rhetoric of “sisterhood” and maternalist arguments about women's supposed peace-making faculties circulating in the international women's movement for their own purposes? How did they fuse Christianity with early twentieth-century interpretations of Confucian ideas about peace and racial harmony? In what ways did Chinese Christian women active in Communist and Nationalist networks seek to deploy their own understanding of a “Just Peace” during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Korean War? Chinese Christian women's formulations of peace can help us to critically rethink European-centered chronologies of the women's movement and history of women's international thought.