Health Status Of Women Research Articles

Socio-Demographic and Health Status of Women in Nepal

Health is the primary responsibility of the government of every nation. A country with healthy citizens achieves success in the socio-economic development of the nation. The development of the nation does not mean the development of one class but the development of all classes. This study, tries to describe the socio-demographic and health status of women in Nepal. This study is completely based on secondary data sources and the data has been taken from various reports. The sex ratio of Nepal according to preliminary reports of census 2021 is 96. Currently literacy rate of women is 57 percent. Still, the practice of early marriage of women is culturally rooted in Nepal. Women get married earlier than men. Around 16 percent of women have children before the age of 20 years. Similarly, 17 percent of women are underweight and 22 percent are overweight. This indicates the problem of malnutrition is a serious problem in Nepal. Iron deficiency or anemia is a serious health problem for women in Nepal. The Nepal demographic and health survey 2016 has shown that 41 percent of women aged 15-49 years are anemic. Approximately 6 percent of pregnant women do not receive antenatal care, and 41 percent give birth at home, which can be dangerous for both the mother and the child. Women’s participation is essential for overall development. The government should pay attention to the development of the country by improving the overall health condition of women and coordinating every aspect of development.

The Empowerment of Women in Tamil Nadu: A Multi-Dimensional Approach

The advancement of women's political, social, economic, and health status, together with their increased autonomy and empowerment, is a very significant goal in and of itself. Furthermore, achieving sustainable growth depends on it. Every aspect of productive and reproductive life, including shared responsibility for the upkeep of the home and the care and rearing of children, requires the full participation and partnership of both men and women. Because of their excessive workloads, lack of authority, and influence, women over the world are threatened with losing their lives, their health, and their general well-being. Women typically obtain less formal education than men around the world, yet at the same time, their own skills, knowledge, and coping techniques are frequently undervalued. Power dynamics that prevent women from leading healthy and satisfying lives exist at all societal levels, from the most intimate to the most visible. To effect change, policy and programme actions are required that will increase women's access to stable employment and financial resources, lessen their heavy domestic burdens, remove any legal barriers to their participation in public life, and increase social awareness through efficient education and mass communication campaigns. The position of women also affects their ability to make decisions at all levels and in all areas of life, particularly in relation to sexuality and reproduction. To ensure the long-term effectiveness of population programmes, this is also crucial. Experience has shown that initiatives aimed at advancing women's position have the greatest impact on population and development programmes.

Hubungan Berat Badan, Lila Dan Tekanan Darah Pada Ibu Terhadap Kejadian BBLR Di PMB Lina, Menteng Atas, Jakarta Selatan Tahun 2021

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight of less than 2500 g regardless of gestational age. It is an important marker of maternal, fetal and nutritional health.3 Globally, it is estimated that 15% of all births are LBW, representing more than 20.5 million births a year.4 Most LBW births occur in low- and middle-income countries. WHO in 2020 there are 2.4 million children who die in the first month of a child's life. Around 6,700 babies die at birth every day, even 47% of them die before the age of 5 years. Sub-Saharan Africa has a neonatal mortality rate of 27 (25-32) deaths per 1000 live births. The prevalence of low birth weight is estimated at 15% worldwide with a range of 3.3 to 38% and mostly occurs in developing countries. Disability in infancy, childhood, even morbidity and even death is one of the factors of Low Birth Weight. LBW can even have a long impact on health into adulthood. The consequences of poor nutritional status and inadequate nutritional intake for women during pregnancy not only directly affect women's health status, but also have a negative impact on birth weight and early development. Lack of nutritional intake in mothers during pregnancy, can be one of the causes of births in babies with a baby's birth weight. Low Birth Weight (LBW) is the highest contributor to infant mortality. Methods: This research is descriptive using cross sectional method which aims to obtain information about the relationship between body weight and blood pressure of pregnant women with the incidence of LBW by using medical records with samples using a total sampling of 120 pregnant women. Results: Statistical test results obtained p value 0.007, known p value > 0.05, which means that there is no significant relationship between weight gain and the incidence of LBW. LILA and LBW also have no relationship with the p value of 0.296, and the statistical test results obtained a p value of 1,000. It is known that the p value > 0.05, which means that there is no significant relationship between blood pressure and the incidence of LBW. Discussion: Although the results do not show a relationship between the three variables with low birth weight, this is because there are factors that help, namely the mother's adherence to taking 120 tablets of Fe during pregnancy, thus helping the mother in maintaining physical health for pregnant women.

Ideal cardiovascular health and women's health characteristics in middle aged women free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease. The Polish Norwegian study

Abstract Background Women's reproductive history has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor and risk enhancer. Purpose To compare ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics across multiple women's health conditions: parity, breastfeeding, hormonal contraceptive use and menopause status. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from 7034 women, age 45 to 64 years, free of CVD. Using the 7 American Heart Association criteria, we defined CVH as ideal, intermediate or poor if 6–7, 3–5 or 0–2 ideal metrics were met, respectively. We calculated the CVH score, ranging from 7 (all metrics poor) to 21 (all metrics ideal). Reproductive history was self-reported. We categorized parity in four categories (0, 1–2, 3–4 and 5 or more births). We used general linear models and proportional odds regression models to adjust for covariates and to assess mediation by age, education, income and urban/rural residence. Results Women had a mean age of 55.1 years (SD 5.3). The prevalence of nulliparity was 8.4%, menopause 75.49% and ever use of oral contraceptives, 12.8%. Among non-nulliparous, 88.9% breastfed for a median cumulative duration of 10 months. The prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors was high (obesity 27.6%, uncontrolled blood pressure 39.8%, poor diet 38%). The prevalence of ideal, intermediate and poor CVH was 0.1%, 41.7% and 58.2% respectively. None of the participants had all 7 cardiovascular health metrics at ideal level. Average CVH score was 14.1 (SD 1.9). The prevalence of intermediate CVH scores was highest among nulliparous (27.6%) and decreased with parity (26.72%, 19.87% and 11.42%). There was a statistically significant gradient in mean age-adjusted CVH score across the four parity categories, increasing from multiparous of 5 or more births (13.36, 95% CI 13.13–13.60) to nulliparous (14.24, 95% CI 14.08–14.39). Nulliparous women had 2.9 times greater odds (95% CI 1.91–4.54) of higher CVH scores than multiparous of 5 or more births, after adjusting for age, menopause and use of hormonal contraceptives. Similarly, for women who gave birth 1–2 times and 3–4 times, the adjusted relative odds were 2.65 (95% CI 1.78–3.94) and 1.80 (95% CI 1.2–2.71), respectively. Further adjustment for education, rural residence, personal and/or household finance status attenuated these relations, suggesting a mediating effect. Among non-nulliparous, neither ever breastfeeding or cumulative duration of breastfeeding were associated with CVH scores. Premenopausal women had 1.56 (95% CI 1.33–1.84) times higher odds of higher CVH scores then postmenopausal ones, after full adjustment. Conclusion Women's reproductive history, particularly parity is associated with middle-age cardiovascular health, and part of the association is explained by socio-economic status. These findings suggest the need for early screening and intensification of preventive cardiology interventions in women, especially among vulnerable subgroups. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The Polish-Norwegian Research Fund (PNRF-228-AI-1/07)

Health Status of Women in Kerala

Health Status of Women in Kerala

Health Status of Women in Border Areas of Jammu and Kashmir with Special Reference to Maternal and Reproductive Health: An Analysis

World Health Organization defined “Health refers to be complete social wellbeing of an individual”. If we see in every society, women’s maternal and reproductive health is always a matter of concern. The factors that are more important for women’s health are nutritional status, education, age, social status, and geographical location. History revealed that there is a political disturbance in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir since the partition between the two nations India and Pakistan in 1947, which impacts the lives of people residing there. In the case of women (who) are sensitive at one end and their health is affected by these circumstances. To acquaint the civil right of all individuals is said to as gender equality. Particularly, in remote border areas of Jammu and Kashmir women’s concerning a lot of suffering and challenges regarding health. Overall, they are disadvantaged in all spheres and become prone to any change. However, they are not getting proper health care in specific. Almost they are under restrictions and not allowed to make social interactions. There is no sign of mobility has been observed concerning their socioeconomic conditions. Although there is a dearth of proper health infrastructure and there is no evidence of primary health care centers. Nevertheless, structural, and contextual circumstances signify a major role to decide the health of women such as early marriages, malnutrition, anaemia, reproductive, and oral health issues, and psychological problems, which this all-lead fuel to women’s woe. Admittedly, it is to be said that due to all these challenges women are at risk of morbidity and mortality. It is reported that in the border regions there is a high rate of maternal mortality. To maintain the authenticity of my objective, I explore literature related to maternal and reproductive health and the impact of turmoil on the socio-economic life of women. This work is based on secondary sources and primarily addresses the issues of women’s health in the border areas in Jammu and Kashmir. Secondary information has also been collected from various sources such as Books, Reports, Journals, Articles, Census, and Online sources. Articles reviewed for this paper revealed the deteriorating condition of border areas of Jammu and Kashmir and how women are living under deprivation. The paper put forth recommendations to ensure that there should be civil rights for every female and inclusion in every institution which make them empowered and provide a better direction for improving the health of women.

Sexual abstinence as a reproductive health-promoting behavior for women: A perspective.

This article is intended to provide an appropriate context for adopting sexual abstinence from a health-promoting behavioral perspective that can be applied to women of reproductive age worldwide to improve reproductive health, maintain well-being, and prevent health problems in women. The topics related to women's health status, sexual abstinence definitions, benefits, and application, as well as sexual autonomy and efficacy, including family collaboration, are discussed. This article will provide health care providers, especially nurses and midwives, with new ideas for integrating sexual abstinence into nursing and midwifery practice.

Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Sub-Saharan African Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BackgroundAmong sub-Saharan African women, cervical cancer is steadily increasing with more than 75,000 new cases and 50,000 deaths annually. Due to the vast ethno geography variation, Africa harbors heterogeneous genotypes of HPV. High-risk HPV [hr HPV] genotypes such as hr HPV-16,−18,-35, and−52 are abundantly reported in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to generate an evidence on the prevalence and the genotype distribution of hr HPV among sub-Saharan African countries.MethodsThe review was conducted by following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-analysis. PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, Heath Technology assessment and Cochrane Library databases were used to retrieve published original studies between 2001 and 2021. It included studies that used PCR-based or hybrid testing to assess the presence of HPV DNA in a cervical biopsy, cervical swelling, and vaginal swelling. Statistical software for data science (STATA V16) software using a random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence and type-specific distribution of HPV with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The I-squared statistic was used to describe the level of heterogeneity. The study protocol is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42022311157.ResultsThe review included 27 studies conducted in 19 sub-Saharan countries. A total of 16,506 study participants from 27 studies were included in a systematic review and 5,303 of them were infected with the hr HPV infection. Out these, only 3,075 of them were eligible for meta-analysis. The incidence proportion of estimatesof hr HPV infection among study participants with different health conditions ranges from 10.7 to 97.2% while the pooled incidence proportion of estimates is 34% (95%CI: 29–39). Among 3,075 women, 424 (13.8%), 305 (9.9%) and 279 (9%) were infected with HPV-16,−52 and−18, respectively. HPV-16 and−52 are the main genotypes causing the hr HPV infection in the Eastern and Southern African sub-contents, whereas HPV-16 and−35 are the main genotypes in the Western African countries.ConclusionsDepending on several factors, especially women's health conditions, the high rate of hr HPV infection with inconsistent genotype distribution shows that it is a growing public health challenge in sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, to implement a vaccination-based prevention strategy and be effective, considering factors associated with hr HPV infection is crucial.

Effects of parity on nutrition and health status of Chinese women of childbearing age

Objective: To analyze effects of parity on women's nutrition and health status. Methods: This study was based on the data bank of "Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 years old and Lactating Mothers from 2016 to 2017". Using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method, 17 771 women at 0 to 24 months postpartum from 31 provinces in Mainland China were included in this study. Questionnaires were used to collect data on women's general demographic characteristics, parity, mode of delivery, pre-pregnancy weight, pre-delivery weight, diseases before and during pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage. Current body height, body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Blood hemoglobin, blood glucose and blood lipids were detected. Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention, postpartum BMI, the rates of anemia, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were calculated. Survey sample weights were calculated according to the sampling design and number of children under 2 years old from the sixth population census data of China. Effects of parity on the observational indicators after adjusting for confounding factors were analyzed by multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The age of 17 771 women was (29.5±5.0) years old, 12.2% (2 172) were over 35 but less than 40 years old, and 3.2% (563) were over 40 years old; the women with one parity, two parities, and three parities accounted for 47.3% (8 413), 48.5% (8 620) and 4.2% (738), respectively; urban women accounted for 49.9% (8 875), and rural women accounted for 50.1% (8 896). The results from multivariate linear regression showed that the pre-pregnancy BMI of women with two and three parities was 0.55 kg/m2 and 0.76 kg/m2 higher than women with one parity, respectively; the results of multivariate logistic regression showed that the OR(95%CI) of pre-pregnancy anemia was 1.45(1.04-2.02) for women with three parities compared with women with one parity, and the OR(95%CI) of anemia during pregnancy for women with two parities was 1.20(1.06-1.35) compared with women with one parity. Conclusion: Parity is associated with pre-pregnancy BMI and risk of anemia before and during pregnancy in women of reproductive age.

Management Of Improving Reproductive Healthy Lifestyle In Students' Environment Subang District Junior High School

The Maternal Mortality Rate in Indonesia is still high, the number of cases of maternal mortality in Subang Regency is also still far from the achievement target. One of the causes of maternal death in Subang Regency is in the adolescent phase. Lack of knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health becomes an important point and has a widespread impact on women's health conditions in the future. This study aims to determine and analyze how the management of improving reproductive healthy lifestyles at SMPN 1 Subang, SMPN 2 Subang and SMPN 4 Subang. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, the sample is determined purposively with key informants the principal, vice principal of curriculum, science subject teachers, PMR coaches and students. The research location is at SMPN 1 Subang, SMPN 2 Subang and SMPN 4 Subang. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews, document materials, and participant observation. The findings of this study are: 1) Goals and Programs for Improving Reproductive Healthy Lifestyles among students in 3 locations of SMP Negeri Subang, starting with the science education curriculum for grade IX students; 2) Implementation of the Reproductive Healthy Lifestyle Improvement Program in 3 SMP N Subang in the form of implementing learning activities in science subjects. In its implementation, the program to improve reproductive health is carried out through science learning, in collaboration with local health centers for the program of giving blood-added tablets, in collaboration with the health office in providing reproductive health counseling; 3) Problems in implementing the program to improve reproductive healthy lifestyles are teaching materials that are less relevant to the goal of reducing maternal mortality, consumption of blood-added tablets is not monitored properly, health education is not routinely given. 4) Solutions to problems in implementing programs to improve reproductive healthy lifestyles: adding teaching materials, monitoring and evaluating adherence to consuming blood-added tablets, and increasing reproductive health counseling activities. The product of this research is the adolescent reproductive health module for junior high school students.

Narrow distance inter-pregnancies increase the incidence of Post-Partum hemorrhage

Background and Aims. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is the parameters of women's health status in community. The single most common cause of maternal mortality is obstetric haemorrhage, generally occurring postpartum. Most postpartum haemorrhage cases are caused by uterus atony, myometrium tonus loss, placenta retention, and clotting disorders. Short pregnancy intervals can cause threefolds of anaemia than normal pregnancy intervals. Pregnant women who suffer from anaemia has the possibility experiencing a postpartum bleeding caused by atonia uteri. This research aims to acknowledge the effect of narrow distance interpregnancy on a postpartum haemorrhage.
 Methods. This study uses an observational analytic study with a cross"‘sectional design. The data used is secondary data of pregnant women based on medical record to calculate the distance of interpregnancy with the incidence of postpartum bleeding during childbirth at Budhi Asih General Hospital of East Jakarta. The inclusion criteria are women who underwent childbirth during 2017"‘2018, multiparity, and postpartum women between 20"‘35 years old. The exclusion criteria are women with a history of postpartum haemorrhages caused by placental retention, tear of the reproductive tract or blood coagulation), gemelli parturition, macrosomia, assisted childbirth, grande multiparity, induction childbirth, and dystocia.
 Results. The number of samples used in this study amounted to 111 people. Postpartum haemorrhage are significantly associated with short interpregnancy intervals (p=0,000).
 Conclusion. Narrower pregnancy interval will leads to postpartum haemorrhage. To prevent this, it is important to consider contraception utilization, to improve iron consumption for pregnant women, and to provide decent antenatal care.

Social Inequalities and Health among Older Immigrant Women in the Nordic Countries: An Integrative Review.

IntroductionThe Nordic countries have a surprisingly strong relative socioeconomic health inequality. Immigrants seem to be disproportionately affected due to their social economic position in the host countries. Healthcare professionals, including nurses, have a professional obligation to adhere to fairness and social equity in healthcare. The aim of this review was to identify and synthesize research on health status and the impact of social inequalities in older immigrant women in the Nordic countries.MethodsWe conducted an integrative review guided by the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review method. We searched multiple research databases using the keywords immigrant, older, women, socioeconomic inequality, health inequality, and Nordic countries. The results were limited to research published between 1990 and 2021. The retrieved articles were screened and assessed by two independent reviewers.ResultsBased on the few studies on older immigrant women in the Nordic countries, the review findings indicate that they fare worse in many health indicators compared to immigrant men and the majority population. These differences are related to various health issues, such as anxiety, depression, diabetes, multimorbidity, sedentary lifestyle, and quality of life. Lower participation in cancer screening programs is also a distinctive feature among immigrant women, which could be related to the immigrant women's help-seeking behavior. Transnational family obligations and responsibilities locally leave little room for prioritizing self-care, but differing views of health conditions might also contribute to avoidance of healthcare services.ConclusionThis integrative review shows that there is a paucity of studies on the impact of social inequalities on the health status of older immigrant women in the Nordic countries. There is a need for not only research focused on the experiences of health status and inequality but also larger studies mapping the connection between older immigrant women's economic and health status and access to healthcare services.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND PARITY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ANEMIA INCIDENCES IN MAYANGREJO

Maternal mortality cases in Indonesia are still high. The Population Survey Census Rates or Survey Penduduk Angka Sensus (SUPAS) data in 2015 found a total of 305 maternal deaths per 100,000 births. Maternal mortality cases can be caused by complications of pregnancy. The age of the pregnant women are linked to their risk for complications during pregnancy. Parity can also affect pregnant women's health conditions. Health problems that can be faced by pregnant women of a risky age and parity are bleeding, which can cause pregnant women to experience anemia. Several studies have found a significant relationship between age and parity with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Therefore, it is important to test the relationship between age and parity on the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in Mayangrejo, Bojonegoro. The purpose of this study was to find the relationship between age and parity in the incidences of anemia in pregnant women. The result showed that there is no relationship between age and parity in the incidences of anemia in pregnant women in Mayangrejo, Bojonegoro. This result may be due to the fulfillment of nutritional needs and good knowledge about the risks of pregnancy.

Design and methods of the Apple Women’s Health Study: a digital longitudinal cohort study

Prospective longitudinal cohorts assessing women's health and gynecologic conditions have historically been limited. The Apple Women's Health Study was designed to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship among menstrual cycles, health, and behavior. This paper describes the design and methods of the ongoing Apple Women's Health Study and provides the demographic characteristics of the first 10,000 participants. This was a mobile-application-based longitudinal cohort study involving survey and sensor-based data. We collected the data from 10,000 participants who responded to the demographics survey on enrollment between November 14, 2019 and May 20, 2020. The participants were asked to complete a monthly follow-up through November 2020. The eligibility included installed Apple Research app on their iPhone with iOS version 13.2 or later, were living in the United States, being of age greater than 18 years (19 in Alabama and Nebraska, 21 years old in Puerto Rico), were comfortable in communicating in written and spoken English, were the sole user of an iCloud account or iPhone, and were willing to provide consent to participate in the study. The mean age at enrollment was 33.6 years old (±standard deviation, 10.3). The race and ethnicity was representative of the US population (69% White and Non-Hispanic [6910/10,000]), whereas 51% (5089/10,000) had a college education or above. The participant geographic distribution included all the US states and Puerto Rico. Seventy-two percent (7223/10,000) reported the use of an Apple Watch, and 24.4% (2438/10,000) consented to sensor-based data collection. For this cohort, 38% (3490/9238) did not respond to the Monthly Survey: Menstrual Update after enrollment. At the 6-month follow-up, there was a 35% (3099/8972) response rate to the Monthly Survey: Menstrual Update. 82.7% (8266/10,000) of the initial cohort and 95.1% (2948/3099) of the participants who responded to month 6 of the Monthly Survey: Menstrual Update tracked at least 1 menstrual cycle via HealthKit. The participants tracked their menstrual bleeding days for an average of 4.44 (25%-75%; range, 3-6) calendar months during the study period. Non-White participants were slightly more likely to drop out than White participants; those remaining at 6 months were otherwise similar in demographic characteristics to the original enrollment group. The first 10,000 participants of the Apple Women's Health Study were recruited via the Research app and were diverse in race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and economic status, despite all using an Apple iPhone. Future studies within this cohort incorporating this high-dimensional data may facilitate discovery in women's health in exposure outcome relationships and population-level trends among iPhone users. Retention efforts centered around education, communication, and engagement will be utilized to improve the survey response rates, such as the study update feature.

Hormone therapy in the postmenopausal years: considering benefits and risks in clinical practice.

Menopausal symptoms can be very distressing and considerably affect a woman's personal and social life. It is becoming more and more evident that leaving bothersome symptoms untreated in midlife may lead to altered quality of life, reduced work productivity and, possibly, overall impaired health. Hormone therapy (HT) for the relief of menopausal symptoms has been the object of much controversy over the past two decades. At the beginning of the century, a shadow was cast on the use of HT owing to the concern for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks, and breast cancer, arising following publication of a large randomized placebo-controlled trial. Findings of a subanalysis of the trial data and extended follow-up studies, along with other more modern clinical trials and observational studies, have provided new evidence on the effects of HT. The goal of the following paper is to appraise the most significant clinical literature on the effects of hormones in postmenopausal women, and to report the benefits and risks of HT for the relief of menopausal symptoms. A Pubmed search of clinical trials was performed using the following terms: estrogens, progestogens, bazedoxifene, tibolone, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tissue-selective estrogen complex, androgens, and menopause. HT is an effective treatment for bothersome menopausal vasomotor symptoms, genitourinary syndrome, and prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Women should be made aware that there is a small increased risk of stroke that tends to persist over the years as well as breast cancer risk with long-term estrogen-progestin use. However, healthy women who begin HT soon after menopause will probably earn more benefit than harm from the treatment. HT can improve bothersome symptoms, all the while conferring offset benefits such as cardiovascular risk reduction, an increase in bone mineral density and a reduction in bone fracture risk. Moreover, a decrease in colorectal cancer risk is obtainable in women treated with estrogen-progestin therapy, and an overall but nonsignificant reduction in mortality has been observed in women treated with conjugated equine estrogens alone or combined with estrogen-progestin therapy. Where possible, transdermal routes of HT administration should be preferred as they have the least impact on coagulation. With combined treatment, natural progesterone should be favored as it is devoid of the antiapoptotic properties of other progestogens on breast cells. When beginning HT, low doses should be used and increased gradually until effective control of symptoms is achieved. Unless contraindications develop, patients may choose to continue HT as long as the benefits outweigh the risks. Regular reassessment of the woman's health status is mandatory. Women with premature menopause who begin HT before 50 years of age seem to have the most significant advantage in terms of longevity. In women with bothersome menopausal symptoms, HT should be considered one of the mainstays of treatment. Clinical practitioners should tailor HT based on patient history, physical characteristics, and current health status so that benefits outweigh the risks.

Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as an indicator of female general health status: a cross-sectional study

Research questionTo evaluate the correlation between clinical and hormonal parameters and comorbidity burden in Caucasian women presenting for fertility treatment. DesignMonocentric cross-sectional study including a cohort of 3163 Caucasian women seeking medical care for fertility treatment. All patients underwent centralized laboratory testing for hormonal assessment. Complete clinical and laboratory data from the entire cohort were retrospectively analysed. Comorbidity burden score was assessed by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; categorized as 0 versus 1 versus ≥2). ResultsDescriptive statistics and regression models tested the associations between clinical and laboratory parameters and CCI. Among the entire cohort of patients, a CCI = 0 was found in 2977 women (94.1%), and CCI = 1 and CCI ≥2 were found in 113 (3.6%) and 73 (2.3%) patients, respectively. Age (P = 0.009), gravidity (P = 0.001), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH, P < 0.001) and TSH (P = 0.003) values were significantly different among CCI groups. In regression models, age at presentation and AMH emerged as independent indicators of CCI ≥ 1. Age at presentation <36 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.742, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.284–2.364) and an AMH concentration ≤2.3 ng/ml (OR 1.864, 95% CI 1.29–2.69) were the most informative cut-off values for CCI ≥ 1 in the study population. ConclusionsA younger age at presentation and lower AMH concentrations are significant independent indicators of decreased general health in women requiring clinical evaluation for fertility treatment. As observed for sperm parameters in men, AMH might serve as a proxy of women's general health status.

Female sexual dysfunction in the postpartum period: the role of pelvic physiotherapy

Background: Female sexual dysfunction in the puerperium is a prevalent condition, where part of the problem is functional failure, making room for a possible intervention through pelvic physiotherapy. Aims: Raise and discuss the effectiveness of physical therapy resources in the recovery of sexual function in postpartum women. Method: A literature review was carried out from 2006 to 2015, using the following databases: Academic Google, Scielo and Lilacs. Randomized and controlled studies in Portuguese were included, as well as clinical trials that evaluated the role of physical therapy in the treatment of female sexual dysfunctions in and out of the puerperium. Articles related to female sexual dysfunctions related to other women's health conditions were excluded. Results: 14 articles were included according to eligibility criteria for analysis. Conclusion: Pelvic physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment and possible solution of female sexual problems related to the puerperium, proving to be an option with good efficacy, low cost and easy acceptance by women.

Women’s Mental Wellness: Coping and Responding to Covid -19

The COVID 19 pandemic greatly creates impact to the women in the education sector, specifically in their mental health. Quantitative in nature, this research assessed how the 200 women – teachers and students - reacted and adjusted with the varying mental adversities amidst the crisis brought about by the pandemic. To better understand the respondents' coping mechanisms and responses, a comprehensive survey, as a research instrument, was conducted. The study revealed that feeling unsafe, less calm, worried, apprehension, being immersed in information confusion, and being in a high emotional state are the most dominant mental adversities experienced by the research participants. To cope with such mental adversities, the respondents exercised health compliance, engaged in open communication, and immersed in entertainment activities, and active campaign against COVID-19. This research highlights the importance of women's mental health status identification amidst a pandemic crisis for academic institutions and the government to introduce intervention programs addressing women's mental adversities during crises.

The Correlation Between Nutritional Status And Urine Glucose With Estimated Fetal Weight In Trimester III Pregnant Women At Prima Husada Hospital

The nutritional status of a pregnant woman can be seen from several things, including the Body Mass Index and the diameter of the upper arm circumference. Urine glucose describes the state of glucose in urine. The well-being of a baby in the womb can be measured through the estimated fetal weight according to the gestational age. This study aims to determine the relationship between nutritional status and urine glucose on the estimated fetal weight. Using a cross sectional research method with a sample of 30 respondents taken at the Prima Husada Hospital Sidoarjo during May-July 2020. The results of the analysis of body mass index and estimated fetal weight obtained p value = 0.337 (&gt; 0.05), on the upper arm circumference and estimates fetal weight obtained p value = 0.03 (&lt;0.05) and in urine glucose and fetal weight estimates obtained p value = 0.19 (&gt; 0.05). In conclusion, there is no relationship between body mass index and estimated fetal weight. There is a relationship between the circumference of the upper arm and the estimated fetal weight. And there is no relationship between urine glucose and estimated fetal weight. Women must prepare physically from before pregnancy to optimize future baby growth. Midwives must also regularly provide health education to improve women's health status

Mental Health Conditions and Coping Strategies In Women With HIV and AIDS: A Systematic Review

In terms of mental health, people who know that they have AIDS will experience prolonged mental suffering. Purpose: This systematic study aims to review the mental health conditions in women with HIV/AIDS and how coping strategies are used. This systematic study has inclusion criteria, namely women with HIV/AIDS, where the articles used in English and Indonesian from 2015 to 2020, were carried out a systematic review using five databases (Scopus, Proquest, Science Direct, CINAHL, and Pubmed). Articles are written systematically based on the PRISMA protocol. The review results showed that women with HIV use coping focused on emotional problems and strategies. Various changes were experienced by women with HIV/AIDS. One of which can cause mental health problems. Implementing coping strategies will reduce anxiety and improve mental health