Women's Suffrage Movement Research Articles

A Woman's War: Southern Women, Civil War, and the Confederate Legacy.

Addresses the role of Southern women during the Civil War; topics include the experiences of female slaves, the lives of rural and non-elite refugee women, the effects of the post-war era on African-American women and the legacy of the Civil War in women's suffrage movements.

‘To defend the oppressed, to fight for the defenceless, not counting the cost’: The History of the Women's Suffrage Movement

Gender & HistoryVolume 10, Issue 2 p. 312-315 Thematic Reviews ‘To defend the oppressed, to fight for the defenceless, not counting the cost’: The History of the Women's Suffrage Movement Maroula Joannou, Maroula JoannouSearch for more papers by this author Maroula Joannou, Maroula JoannouSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00104AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume10, Issue2July 1998Pages 312-315 RelatedInformation

Late Modern

Catholicism in Britain and France since 1789. Edited by Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin. The Pamphlet Debate on the Union between Great Britain and Ireland, 1797–1800. Edited by W. J. McCormack. Rebels and Informers: Stirrings of Irish Independence. By Oliver Knox. On the Road to Rebellion: The United Irishmen and Hamburg 1796–1803. By Paul Weber. Europe under Napoleon 1799–1815. By Michael Broers. Nineteenth Century Short Title Catalogue. Series I and II. Edited by Gwen Averley. Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth‐century England. By Kevin Gilmartin. Re‐reading the Constitution: New Narratives in the Political History of England's Long Nineteenth Century. Edited by James Vernon. Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain since 1820. Edited by Jon Lawrence and Miles Taylor. Documents on the French Revolution of 1848. Edited by Roger Price. Brighton College, 1845–1995. By Martin D. W. Jones. Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage. By Lee Ann Banaszak. Suffrage Days: Stories from the Women's Suffrage Movement. By Sandra Stanley Holton. Gender Relations in German History: Power, Agency and Experience from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Edited by Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Harvey. Dancing to History's Tune: History, Myth and Politics in Ireland. By Brian Walker. T. M. Healy. By Frank Callanan. Lord Linoleum: Lord Ashton, Lancaster and the Rise of the British Oilcloth and Linoleum Industry. By Philip J. Gooderson. Independent Spirit: Essays by Hubert Butler. Edited by Elisabeth Sifton. 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy. By Tom Garvin. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Edited by Richard Pipes. Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 1931–1933. By R. W. Davies. Propaganda and the Role of the State in Inter‐war Britain. By Mariel Grant. Britain, France and Appeasement: Anglo‐French Relations in the Popular Front Era. By Martin Thomas. Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France. By Zeev Sternhell. Translated by David Maisel. French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti‐Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture. By David Carroll. To Tilt at Windmills: A Memoir of the Spanish Civil War. By Fred Thomas. Prisoners of War and their Captors in World War II. Edited by Bob Moore and Kent Fedorowich. Living with Defeat: France under the German Occupation, 1940–1944. By Philippe Burrin. France since 1945. By Robert Gildea. The Federal Republic of Germany since 1949. Edited by Klaus Larres and Panikos Panayi. Understanding Contemporary Germany. By Stuart Parkes. The Origins of the Present Troubles in Northern Ireland. By Caroline Kennedy‐Pipe.

Suffrage days: stories from the women's suffrage movement

Suffrage days: stories from the women's suffrage movement

Transforming Women, Transforming Politics: The U.S. Woman Suffrage Movement

Until recently historians have not treated the U.S. woman suffrage movement very kindly. After Eleanor Flexner published her groundbreaking, comprehensive study in 1959, scholars either heaped criticism on the movement or else they deemed it unworthy of historical scrutiny. Historians lamented that women failed to use the vote for feminist purposes; they argued that women exercised as much-or more-influence through voluntarism and a separate political culture before the Nineteenth Amendment as they did after its passage; and they decried the racism, nativism, and elitism displayed by leaders and members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) as they struggled to obtain the vote.1 There were exceptions to this tendency. Ellen DuBois's Feminism and Suffrage (1978), while not uncritical of suffrage leaders, asserted the monumental significance of the emergence of the independent women's rights movement in the 1860s. A handful of scholars began to examine suffrage on the state level, and several activists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Alice Paul, found their-mostly celebratory-biographers. These works too, along with Nancy Cott's The Grounding of Modern Feminism (1987), claimed the importance of suffrage in women's and U.S. history. Yet, what is most striking about suffrage historiography is the scant amount of

Late Modern

The Oxford Companion to British History. Edited by John Cannon Charity, Self‐interest and Welfare in the English Past. Edited by Martin Daunton Land and Society in Britain, 1700–1914: Essays in Honour of F. M. L. Thompson. Edited by Negley Harte and Roland Quinault The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy. Edited by D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty. By Peter D. G. Thomas Modern Europe, 1789–1989. By Asa Briggs and Patricia Clavin Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England, 1800–1930. By Barry Reay Europe after Napoleon: Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism, 1814–1848. By Michael Broers Escape from the Market: Negotiating Work in Lancashire. By Michael Huberman Powers of the Press: Newspapers, Power and the Public in Nineteenth‐Century England. By Aled Jones Before the Famine Struck: Life in West Clare, 1843–1845. By Ignatius Murphy A Starving People: Life and Death in West Clare, 1845–1851. By Ignatius Murphy The Essential Mayhew: Representing and Communicating the Poor. Edited by Bertrand Taithe Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain, 1860–1939. By Steven Cherry The Austro‐Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866. By Geoffrey Wawro Disraeli: A Brief Life. By Paul Smith Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad‐Doctoring Trade. By Andrew Scull, Charlotte MacKenzie and Nicholas Hervey A New History of Ireland, Volume VI: Ireland Under the Union, II: 1870–1921. Edited by W. E. Vaughan The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914. By E. H. H. Green Britannia's Children: Reading Colonialism through Children's Books and Magazines. By Kathryn Castle Suffrage Days: Stories from the Women's Suffrage Movement. By Sandra Stanley Holton The Politics of Pessimism: Albert de Broglie and Conservative Politics in the Early Third Republic. By Alan Grubb French Revolutionary Syndicalism and the Public Sphere. By Kenneth H. Tucker The Agony of the Russian Idea. By Tim McDaniel Poverty is not a Vice: Charity, Society and the State in Imperial Russia. By Adele Lindenmeyr Histoire du Royaume‐Uni au XXe siècle. By Fran¸ois‐Charles Mougel A History of Conservative Politics, 1900–1996. By John Charmley France and Britain, 1900–1940: Entente and Estrangement. By P. M. H. Bell Wilhelm II. Volume 2: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941. By Lamar Cecil The Health of the Schoolchild: A History of the School Medical Service in England and Wales. By Bernard Harris Sylvia Pankhurst: Sexual Politics and Political Activism. By Barbara Winslow Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe 1914–1940. By Anthony Adamthwaite Aspects of British Political History 1914–1995. By Stephen J. Lee Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War. By Gerard J. De Groot Tickled to Death to Go: Memoirs of a Cavalryman in the First World War. Edited by Richard van Emden Republican and Fascist Germany: Themes and Variations in the History of Weimar and the Third Reich 1918–1945. By John Hiden Feminism and the Third Republic: Women's Political and Civil Rights in France, 1918–1945. By Paul Smith The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition. Edited by Mike Cronin Personalities and Power: Stanley Baldwin and the Search for Consensus. By Duncan Watts Red Tempest: The Life of a Surgeon in the Gulag. By Isaac J. Vogelfanger Anthony Eden: A Life and Reputation. By David Dutton Britain in the Second World War: A Social History. By Harold L. Smith Voices of D‐Day: The Story of the Allied Invasion, Told by Those Who Were There. Edited by Ronald J. Drez The War for the German Mind: Re‐educating Hitler's Soldiers. By Arthur L. Smith The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Edited by David S. Wyman Britain and European Integration since the Second World War. Edited by Sean Greenwood The Great Alliance: Economic Recovery and the Problems of Power 1945–1951. By Jim Phillips The Conservative Governments 1951–1964. By Andrew Boxer Winston Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War 1951–1955. By John Young Spain: Democracy Regained. Second Edition. By E. Ramón Arango Britain in the 1970s; The Troubled Economy. Edited by Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward

Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy

American suffragists of the late-19th and early-20th centuries worked in a political climate that was hostile to the extension of democratic rights. This study investigates how the woman suffrage movement achieved its goal through a pressure group, the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Feminist Campaigns for Quotas for Women in Politics, 1936–1947

From Gender Equality to Gender Difference: Feminist Campaigns for Quotas for Women in Politics, 1936-1947 by Louise Edwards In the decade from 1936, Chinese women's rights activists waged a successful campaign to win a set minimum quota of seats for women in the national legislative bodies. This little-known campaign is a pivotal part of the history of women's participation in politics in the Republic of China (ROC), since it reflects the strategic shift in the feminist struggle for improvements in women's political rights from activism premised on gender equality to that premised on gender difference. It was a direct extension of the Chinese women's suffrage movement of 1911-1936; moreover, the legislative changes effected are still upheld in current Taiwan, ROC electoral laws. This article explores the campaign through which. Chinese women lobbied for this special quota with the intention of demonstrating that, contrary to common perceptions, an independent feminist movement did engage in distinct activism on women's political rights during the "conservative" periods of Nationalist Government rule and the Anti-Japanese War. The feminists active at this time were much reduced in number and were far more cautious than had been the case in the mid-1920s, but they nonetheless campaigned to further women's political rights and opportunities . Their efforts were rewarded with the inclusion of a ten percent minimum quota in the national constitution of 1946-1947. WHAT 'QUOTA CAMPAIGN'? There are several distinct reasons why previous scholarship has been uninterested in exploring the quotacampaign. Apart from the fact that histories of the Chinese women's movement have been generally scarce until recent years, one reason for the campaign's failure to draw scholarly attention is that it falls between the histories of the women's programs· of the two dominant partiesthe Nationalist Party (GMD) and the Communist Party (CCP)-thathaverightly attracted more attention. Many of the women involved in the quota campaign were aligned with neither party ~Instead they occupied the middle-ground between the two and, in some cases but not all, joined smaller democratic groups Twentieth-Century China, Vol. XXIV, NO.2 (April 1999): 69-105 70 Twentieth-Century China such as the Federation of Chinese Democratic Parties (FCDP). Feminists active in the two majorparties did participate, some taking leading roles, and there is no doubt that support and leadership from GMD women contributed greatly to the eventual success of the campaign. Nonetheless, the two major parties did not directly sponsor the issue and the vitality of the campaign during a difficult decade originated from the alliance of feminists with disparate political perspectives . In the decade after 1936 when the quota campaign was waged, both major parties had moderated their interest in feminist issues. As Christina Gilmartin has pointed out, "After 1927, feminist programs lost their political backing as neither party was willing to repeat the full-scale assault on patriarchal social controls over women that had occurred in the 1920s."1 Thus, scholars inter;.. ested in the history of the women's movement have tended to focus on the years when the major parties took more proactive roles on women's issues. The quota campaign reflects a far more complex array of political interests, and has thus tended to be ignored. A further reason explaining scholarly silence on the quota campaign is that there has been a tendency to regard women's activism surrounding access to political participation as mere· "bourgeois" feminism, and hence the concern of only a narrow, conservative elite. In her discussion of the scholarship on the international suffrage movement, Ellen Carol DuBois argues that there has been a "tendency to dismiss woman suffrage as a conservative development, especially with respect to issues of women's sexual and social freedom. From this perspective, the campaign for political equality appeared to be the least interesting and most narrow aspect of women's efforts for self-liberation."2 In the case of China, middle and upper class women's activism was often regarded as tangential and frivolous when compared to the more urgent needs of peasant and working class women. The sympathy of scholars for the left-wing women's movement has been amplified by...

“The Woman at the Wheel”: Marketing Ideal Womanhood, 1915–1934

What changes a dozen years have wrought in motoring! proclaims a 1915 Scribner's Magazine article extolling engineering and mechanical advances that made it possible for to take wheel in ever-increasing numbers. Now, essay continues, we see driving motor-cars for all world as if they belonged at wheel. Young girls, most of them hardly out of their teensthey meet you everywhere, garbed in duster and gauntlets, manipulating gears and brakes assurance of veterans. Not always in little lady cars, either. If you visited last summer a resort blessed good roads, whether East or West, you saw sixes of patrician fame and railroad speed, Big Sister sitting coolly at wheel, pausing at post-office on their way for a country spin. And you wondered if callow youth seated beside competent pilot would ever have gumption to handle a real car himself! (214) Although advent of motorized, mechanized and mass-produced personal transportation occurred almost concurrently women's quest for suffrage in United States, what not coincidental impact each movement upon other. Henry Adams posited in Education of Henry Adams (1901) that the typical American man hand on a lever and eye on a curve in road and his living depended on keeping up an average speed of forty miles an hour, tending always to become sixty, eighty, or a hundred. Still, according to Adams' lament, He could not run machine and a woman too; he must leave her, even though wife, to find her and all world saw her trying to find her way by imitating him (445). Robert Grant, writing in Scribner's Magazine in 1916 explicitly notes that woman indeed, found her own way, and that her progress was seemingly unstoppable. The position of modern woman, Grant declares, is parallel to that of automobile; we meet her at every turn and, whether we like her or not, if we get in way we are likely to be run over (742). Some of first major sociological studies to examine impact of new technologies on social structure-such as President Hoover's Commission of Social Trends and Robert and Helen Lynd's Middletown studies, credited car, according to cultural historian Gerald Silk, with greatly expanding roles of women by freeing them from home and providing opportunities to increase their outside social contacts (95). Nowhere this influential exchange between automobile industry and roles and expectations of more apparent than in automobile advertisements that appeared in popular magazines during early decades of twentieth century. As Cecilia Tichi writes in Shifting Gears, the burgeoning, successful American magazines like Cosmopolitan, Harper's Weekly, Collier's, Saturday Evening Post, Ladies' Home Journal, and Literary Digest brought images of technological values and accomplishments into middle-class American living rooms weekly and monthly (19). By early 1910s, according to Tad Burness, these popular magazines had apparently become one of two most effective means of conveying motormaker's message to public (26). Analysis of these advertisements yields a variety of advertising techniques, clever and not-so-clever writing, stylish photographs and clear differences in both appearance and written message depending upon for whom ad was intended. These obvious differences in advertisements are important not only as artifacts of young automobile industry or historical documents of print advertising. Given that they appear at same time that U.S. woman suffrage movement was causing tumult traditional sex and gender expectations, message of advertisements becomes even more pronounced, and contrary to sociological studies that interpreted auto's positive influence on women. Instead, male-dominated automobile and advertising industries created ideal woman by reinforcing same traditional sex and gender roles that much of society feared been irretrievably lost en route to women's enfranchisement in 1920. …

The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain

This article examines the extent to which vegetarianism was found in the militant and non-militant strands of the women's suffrage movement, and looks at some of the other movements contributing to vegetarian and suffrage thinking. The arguments linking the two movements are discussed, ranging from the psychological identification of women with animals as victims of male brutality, to the empowering idea that women confined to a homemaker's role could still help to create a new and more compassionate world by adopting a vegetarian diet. Vegetarianism and the women's movement are seen as linked with each other, and also with theosophy and socialism, as complementary ways of creating that longed-for new world.

The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in britain

Abstract This article examines the extent to which vegetarianism was found in the militant and non-militant strands of the women's suffrage movement, and looks at some of the other movements contributing to vegetarian and suffrage thinking. The arguments linking the two movements are discussed, ranging from the psychological identification of women with animals as victims of male brutality, to the empowering idea that women confined to a homemaker's role could still help to create a new and more compassionate world by adopting a vegetarian diet. Vegetarianism and the women's movement are seen as linked with each other, and also with theosophy and socialism, as complementary ways of creating that longed-for new world.

A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland. By Leah Leneman. Pp. 304. Revised edition. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. 1995. £14.99.

<i>A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland</i>. By Leah Leneman. Pp. 304. Revised edition. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. 1995. £14.99.

Votes for Women! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation.

A unique collection of scholarly essays and primary documents, Votes for Women! brings into sharp focus the suffrage battles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Not only does the book examine the struggle at the national level but it looks in depth at how the drama played out in the South and in Tennessee, which in 1920 became the pivotal thirty-sixth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment - thereby making woman suffrage the law of the land.

Votes for Women! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation.

Votes for Women! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation.

“A Star Chamber of the Twentieth Century”: Suffragettes, Liberals, and the 1908 “Rush the Commons” Case

The suffragette in the dock at Bow Street police court is one of the emblematic scenes of the “votes for women” agitation. She usually stood alone in the prisoners' box, facing the magistrate, flanked by tables lined with lawyers and police officials and backed by benches full of friends and supporters, newspaper reporters, and ordinary spectators. Notwithstanding the state's claims of legal equality and judicial impartiality, she seemed to be engaged in an unequal contest speaking truth to unbending masculine authority. She was powerless to alter the outcome, a guilty verdict and a spell of imprisonment. This scene, like those of the protester arrested in the streets and the hunger striker being forcibly fed in prison, underlines the spectacular nature of suffrage militancy. Yet its very power to seize and hold our attention can obscure the complex interactions and effects that made militancy such a profoundly ambiguous moment in the intertwined histories of the women's suffrage movement and the Liberal-ruled Edwardian state.Recent research has displaced the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) from its once central place in suffrage history. Jill Liddington, Jill Norris, and Jo Vellacott have recovered the very important contributions of radical and democratic feminists to the movement. In recounting the efforts of moderate women's suffragists, Claire Hirshfield, Leslie Parker Hume, and others have helped to paint a much more complex picture of the high politics of franchise reform. Historians have also begun to examine the distinct experiences of the movement in Ireland and Scotland.

Introduction

Introduction Darlene Clark Hine Twenty-five years ago such a session would have been impossible, for southern women's history as such was still in the birthing stage. The pubUcation of Anne Firor Scott's The Southern Lady was, however, a harbinger of things to come. It has since been reissued with a new afterword by the University of Virginia Press and is weU worth the re-reading. Now as we stand on the threshold of the twenty-first century it is fair to say that southern women's history has come of age. The impressive scholarship of our and my generation of white and black women historians has created an intellectual revolution of far-reaching significance, not only in southern history but in United States history as a whole. Whether you subscribe to Marxist theory, structuralist /functionaUst theory/Freudian psychoanalytic theory, ferninist theory, or call yourself a postmodernist, aU would agree that intersectionaUty concepts of compounded identities, oppositional consciousness, and multiple reaUties have forever altered the landscape of southern historiography. One area of interest and concern to me has been the impressive work in black women's history. Within a span of thirty months at least a dozen monographs, biographies, and anthologies of original articles by and about black women will enrich our arsenal of revolutionary scholarship. Due to appear in 1996 are books by Stephanie Shaw on black professional women workers; Tera Hunter on black working-class women Atlanta washerwomen, in the post-Reconstruction South; Brenda Stevenson on black and white women in famines of antebeUum Virginia; and NeU Irvin Painter on Sojourner Truth. In addition, there are two anthologies: Discovering the Women in Slavery, Patricia Morton, editor; and More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas, David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, editors. Two recently published monographs include Susan Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired about black women and the black health movement, and Kent Anderson LesUe, Woman of Color, Daughter of Privilege: Amanda America Dickson, 1849-1893. To these riches wiU soon be added Deborah Gray White, Black Woman Clubs and Feminism; Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Black Women and the Woman Suffrage Movement; Wanda Hendricks, Black Women in Illinois; and Linda Reed, Biography of Fannie Lou Homer. © 1996 Journal of Women's History, Vol. 8 No. 3 (Fall) ...

Nationalism and Suffrage: Gender Struggle in Nation-Building America

HE DEVELOPMENT OF gender relations in the modern era is never free from the influence of nations and nationalism (McClintock 1993); nations reflect the impact of gender strug­ gles as well. In this article I examine the white women's suffrage movement from 1848 to 1918 and conclude that a core within the suf­ frage leadership practiced a nationalism based on exclusive citizenship that was conditioned on whiteness. I see these politics as nationalist­ embedded within the women's experience and conceptions of America­ as well as racist. This nationalism was realized through an alliance between white American women and men that subordinated gender con­ flict-even as suffrage leaders sought to improve their position as women. In the process, these leaders advanced the cause of women's suffrage while furthering the exclusion and oppression of nonwhite women and men. Aldon Morris observes that social scientists have tended to underempha­ size the political consciousness of dominant groups (1992, 363). In this article I attempt to explain some of the unmarked political consciousness of the dominant American group-what I term its nationalism-and how gender struggles both affected and reflected that nationalism. I begin with a brief review of literature on the relationships between white and nonwhite women, then offer a conception of national identity that undergirds the gender argument, before presenting a historical case. I focus on the mainstream of the suffrage movement and the leaders of its core organizations: the trend within the movement that was most success­ ful in achieving the explicit political goals of suffrage. 1

Gender, Metaphor and the State

The neo-liberal upsurge of the last twenty years and the neo-liberal case against the welfare state has gained much of its emotional force from a sub-text which is highly gendered. Whereas social liberalism had contained the promise of more autonomy within the private sphere and more caring values in the public sphere, neo-liberalism depicts the results of social liberalism as a loss of self reliance – through ‘over-protection’ by the state in the public sphere and usurpation of male roles in the private sphere. The identification of the welfare state as female (the ‘nanny state’) helps fuel resentment on the part of those already confused by rapidly changing gender roles. This paper tracks the sex change which took place in the image of the liberal state as it evolved out of the night watchman state – the link between the women's suffrage movement and social regulation, maternal principles of distribution and demands for the public organization of caring. It examines the neo-liberal rejection of the breast and neo-liberal claims that the maternal state is incompatible with ‘self-reliance’ and a barrier to competitiveness in the world market.

Silk dresses and lavender kid gloves: the wayward career of Jessie Craigen, working suffragist

Abstract Occasional references to Jessie Craigen occur in the literature on the nineteenth-century women's suffrage movement, generally emphasizing her importance as a working-class suffragist. Previously unknown material throws more light on her career, revealing the eddies of love and exasperation which flowed around her. This paper discusses the various representations of Jessie Craigen to be found in letters among her friends, representations which served to paint her – sometimes warmly, sometimes dismissively – as odd, eccentric, undisciplined. It also examines the more positive sense of herself which she attempted to convey in letters to several of her middle-class promoters – as a romantic authentic in the grip of unbrookable, passionate conviction. Her story confirms the existence of a current of radical-liberal opinion within the nineteenth-century women's movement, and the difficulties which confronted those who found themselves among its paid employees

The Power and Passion of M. Carey Thomas.

Best known as the second president and primary architect of Bryn Mawr College, M. Carey Thomas was also a founder of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, a leader in the women's suffrage movement, and the preeminent spokeswoman for education around the turn of the century. Brilliantly capturing all sides of the life and personality of this strong and influential woman, Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz details Thomas's accomplishments as an educator and feminist and her intimate relationships with women, as well as her manipulative and duplicitous side, her racism, and her anti-Semitism.