Care For Women Research Articles

Factor Analysis of Antenatal Care in Women of Fertilizing Age in Nepal

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>The high maternal and infant mortality rate in Nepal is a global problem. Antenatal Care (ANC) services are an effort to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. This study aims to analyze factors in the utilization of antenatal care among women of childbearing age in Nepal. This research method The Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was carried out in the new era with official approval from the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), and the data collection period lasted from January 5 to June 22, 2022. The study population was women aged 15 to 49 years. who have given birth or experienced a stillbirth in the previous two years and have attended at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit. Data collection using questionnaires interviewed after they were discharged from the facility that provides delivery services. Data analysis using the JASP version 18 application to see the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Bivariate data will be analyzed using chi-square analysis, and multivariate data will be analyzed using the logistic regression test. The research results showed that there was a relationship between age (p<0.001), place of residence (p<0.001), zone of residence (p<0.001), economy (p<0.001), education (p<0.001), number of children (p<0.001) women of childbearing age in Nepal with ANC visits. These factors greatly influence women of childbearing age in utilizing ANC services. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen ANC service policies and remind women of childbearing age to make at least 4 ANC visits during pregnancy so that examinations and visits for pregnant women can be carried out completely.</em></p><p><em> </em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keywords : Antenatal Care, Women of childbearing age, Nepal</em></strong>

Existential concerns and supports. An investigation into vulnerability

Within the framework of the defence of a sociology of the relationship to the world, this article seeks to analyse the existential discomforts and concerns experienced by individuals in situations of vulnerability, as well as the socio-existential supports that enable them to sustain themselves when the support of work is lost or weakened. To this end, the article mobilises empirical material from research carried out through in-depth interviews and discussion and feedback groups. Specifically, this research focuses on three groups: young people, unemployed people aged over 45, and family network women carers, all of them in a situation of vulnerability. We offer a differentiated analysis of the main existential discomforts and concerns experienced by each of these groups, as well as the main socio-existential supports that allow them to sustain themselves in their daily lives. This article thus aims to make a theoretical and empirical contribution to the development of both a sociology of the relationship to the world and a sociology of supports.

Facilitating childbirth choice for positive postnatal mental health well-being among women: a Namibian case study.

Childbirth affects women in a myriad of ways including feelings of tiredness, being overwhelmed, stressed, and having baby blues, and if not attended to, this can lead to postpartum depression, which is a mental condition that can have disastrous effects. Childbirth can affect the mental and physical status of a woman and having supportive midwives who guide women by giving adequate information is an issue of critical concern for a positive birth experience. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has emphasised the need to facilitate childbirth choices for women as a means of having a safe and memorable experience as the experience in childbirth affects the psychological status of a woman. Some women may experience worry and anxiety during labour and childbirth, which may be exacerbated by bias and a lack of childbirth choice facilitation during pregnancy. A negative childbirth experience may lead to negative psychological distress and postpartum depression, which will interfere with the bond between the mother, baby, and family. Midwives, thus, need to understand the emotional aspects that are attached to childbirth and be able to facilitate and support the emotional as well as the psychosocial needs of women under their care. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence within the Namibian context that can provide direction and context-specific solutions to the present challenge. The current study followed a qualitative research design with an exploratory approach with one-on-one interviews with 10 midwives who were purposively selected. The midwives' experiences in this study depicted their zeal towards the issue at hand; however, what stood out were some barriers in the facilitation of childbirth choices (theme 1) as they expressed the shortages of staff, the timing of information, information sharing, and cultural influences as some of their experiences in facilitating childbirth. Furthermore, midwives shared a lack of provision for childbirth choice (theme 2) as the rights of women were not observed, and a lack of women-centred care despite protocols and guidelines being there, and yet they are not adhered to. In conclusion, midwives as primary caregivers actively need to provide unbiased childbirth information to achieve positive postpartum health. Initiating childbirth choices early in pregnancy gives women the time to weigh options and clearing of any misconceptions relating to childbirth types as well as reducing anxiety and fear of birth, which could lead to postpartum depression and by extension, the mental well-being of the women. Facilitating childbirth choices is critical in positive birth experiences and the management of childbirth as well as crafting guidelines and policy formulation that ensure a mentally healthy woman and society.

Perception and Experience of Pregnant Women Toward Midwife-Led Perinatal Care in Abua-Odual Health Facilities, Rivers State, Nigeria

Globally, the obstetrician-led and the midwife care are the two skilled science-based maternity care models available for pregnant women. Midwife-led care is maternal and children healthcare approach in which the midwife takes the lead role in planning, organizing, and providing perinatal care to pregnant women. This study examined pregnant women’s perception and experience toward midwife-led perinated care in health facilities in Abua-Odual, Rivers State, Nigeria. This study adopted the interpretive phenomenology design. The study was conducted at Five (5) health facilities in Abua-Odual. A convenience sample of 30 percent women completed the study. In-depth interview were done using a non-structured interview guide. Collected data were analyzed using the Hsieh and Shannon s 5-step systematic content analysis technique. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the University of Port Harcourt Institutional Review Board. The six themes that emerged under perception were: affordability of midwifery services, personalized midwife-client relationship, empowerment of women to make decision, improved continuum of care, improved women-centered care, and improved satisfaction of care. The respondents reported positive experiences and showed a willingness to receive midwifery-led perinatal care. The study revealed that women were satisfied with the financial cost of midwifery services, appreciated the midwifes expertise in providing maternity care, acknowledge the personalized relationship with the midwife, and shared that they were empowered to make decision about their health and wellbeing. This study recommends more research in this subject matter to enhance the delivery of women-friendly maternity care.

Maternity Service Professionals’ Perspectives of “the Good, the Bad, and the Possible” in Australian Maternity Services: A Content Analysis

OBJECTIVE:In 2019, the Australian government released a strategy for maternity care:Woman-centred care strategic directions for Australian maternity services(WCC Strategy), with mixed responses from providers and consumers. A public lecture and expert panel held in March 2021, titled “The Good, the Bad, and the Possible,” facilitated critique and feedback on the WCC Strategy and the Australian maternity system. The aim of this article was to report the findings of a qualitative analysis of participants’ views regarding the current perceptions of Australian maternity care.METHODS:A content analysis of responses to questions posed during the lecture and the commentary provided by participants was undertaken, utilizing a predetermined framework of “the Good, the Bad, and the Possible.”RESULTS:Approximately 700 participants, mainly from Australia, attended the event. The majority were midwives. Under the guiding framework, the category “When it works well” captured “the Good” aspects of maternity care. Under “the Bad,” major categories included “the system is broken,” “roadblock to maternity service reform,” and “not being seen or heard.” Suggestions for improvement, and hope that these will be enacted, were encompassed in “the Possible” categories: “what is needed” and “we’re in this together.”CONCLUSION:Participants identified widespread maternity system issues resulting in women’s needs not being met. Midwives indicated feeling invisible, as their repeated attempts at improvement were thwarted. Hierarchical power imbalances and medical privilege were suggested to be obstructions to respectful partnerships and expansion of midwifery models of care, preventing women from accessing safe birth options of their choice.

Operationalizing the Women-Centred HIV Care Model for trans women and persons with transfeminine experience living with and affected by HIV: a qualitative study

Background The Women-Centered HIV Care (WCHC) Model and associated toolkits were created to address the health care barriers and disparities that women and gender diverse people living with HIV experience. Since trans women and transfeminine people experience disproportionately high rates of HIV acquisition (in comparison to their cisgender peers) amidst biologic, social, political, and historical factors that affect their general care experiences negatively, more research is needed. Aim We aimed to obtain feedback on the WCHC Model regarding the acceptability, applicability, usability, gaps, and potential adaptations needed to meet the needs of trans women and gender diverse people with transfeminine experience. Methods Our study was grounded in community-based research principles and intersectionality frameworks. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 trans women and transfeminine people residing in Ontario, Canada. We analyzed the data using a descriptive qualitative content analysis approach. Results Participants were largely satisfied with the WCHC Model. However, participants were concerned with the model’s implementation due to a lack of knowledge among healthcare providers regarding trans women’s experiences within broader social contexts. Simultaneously, participants affirmed the need for care providers to offer person-centered care – a central component of the WCHC Model. Lastly, participants spoke to the healthcare system limitations and failures that disproportionately affected trans women and posed significant barriers to WCHC access and engagement. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that trans women perceive successful healthcare delivery as combining holistic care frameworks – like the WCHC Model – with healthcare providers’ understanding of individual and community needs. There is a need for policy reform to improve the healthcare system. We offer reflections and recommendations for improving healthcare for trans women.

Drivers of Disrespect and Abuse in Obstetric Care: An Integrated Review

Pregnancy and childbirth are pivotal moments in a woman's reproductive journey, demanding compassionate and respectful care to ensure safe motherhood. Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) upholds the dignity and rights of women during labor and childbirth, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to safeguard against mistreatment. Despite global attention, obstetric violence, encompassing mistreatment, disrespect, and abuse, persists worldwide. This integrative review explores the drivers of disrespect and abuse (D&A) within obstetric care, focusing on antenatal, intra-partum, and postnatal settings. The study synthesizes evidence from diverse literature sources, revealing socio-demographic factors as key drivers, particularly affecting women of lower social status. Structural deficiencies, provider biases, and cultural barriers exacerbate mistreatment, underscoring the need for comprehensive reforms. Findings emphasize the urgent need for patient-centered approaches, cultural competence training, and systemic improvements to ensure equitable and respectful maternal care. Recommendations include prioritizing woman-centered care, enhancing healthcare provider training, fostering supportive environments, and empowering communities to report instances of mistreatment. Stakeholders are urged to address workforce challenges, prioritize training, and enhance support for marginalized mothers. This review contributes to the discourse on maternal health and human rights, advocating for dignified maternity care as a fundamental component of comprehensive maternal healthcare services.

Defining woman-centred care: A concept analysis

ProblemIn midwifery a shared definition of woman-centred care is lacking, and this remains an identified gap in the evidence underpinning midwifery practice. BackgroundWoman-centred care is an underpinning philosophy used in midwifery practice both nationally and internationally. AimTo analyse the practice of woman-centred care to clarify its meaning and comprehension and subsequently advance an evidence-based definition of the concept. MethodsUsing an adapted theoretical and colloquial evolutionary model a three-stage concept analysis was conducted to identify attributes, antecedents, and consequences of woman-centred care and subsequently construct an evidence-based, internationally informed definition. FindingsAntecedents of woman-centred care are education, models of care and midwife characteristics. Attributes are choice and control, empowerment, and relationships. Consequences are shared and informed decision making which supports the woman in navigating complex health systems, and improved health outcomes. Whilst important to midwifery practice and midwifery-led models of care, continuity of care is not a core essential element of woman-centred care. DiscussionAnalysis, synthesis, and re-examination of the data on woman-centred care facilitated deep immersion, exploration and clarification of this concept that underpins midwifery philosophy and practice. The constructed definition can be used to inform health policy, midwifery research, education, and clinical practice. ConclusionAn evidence-based definition of woman-centred care is necessary for conversion of this essential concept to practice. Regardless of model of care all women should receive woman-centre care improving the health outcomes of both the woman and neonate.

‘I don’t want to be a guinea pig’ - Swedish women’s experiences of breast abscess treatment

BackgroundIt is well known that breastfeeding plays an important role in the health of women and children. However, women are not always given optimal support and most do not reach their breastfeeding goals. About one in five, breastfeeding women report mastitis and a small proportion of these develop a breast abscess. Our aim was to describe the experiences of a group of Swedish breastfeeding women who developed a breast abscess.MethodsA qualitative cross-sectional study with 18 study participants was undertaken in Sweden in 2017–2018. Potential participants were identified through electronic medical records at a university hospital and invited to participate in audio-recorded telephone interviews. Women were between 2 and 24 months postpartum at the time of the interview, on average 8 months. We conducted a thematic analysis in six steps according to Braun and Clark.ResultsOur analysis identified two themes: 1) Seeking care and receiving treatment was long and unpleasant, and 2) Importance of adequate professional care. Women who experienced a breast abscess were uncertain about where to ask for professional help. They often had a long wait for the right time to undergo the unpleasant and painful procedure of draining their breast abscess. The women felt it was important to receive professional care with respectful communication, continuity of care, and to receive adequate information, but they did not always receive this level of care.ConclusionsWomen with puerperal breast abscesses often fall between medical specialty areas. No longer under the care of obstetricians and maternity services, their problem is too complicated for general practitioners or emergency departments, but not regarded as serious by breast surgeons. Healthcare professionals urgently need adequate training in order to deal with breastfeeding problems and be able to offer women-centred care.

Midwifery of the Future: A Widening Field of Competences

The field of midwifery has been developing rapidly, reflecting the changing landscape of healthcare and the different needs of anticipating mothers and their classifications. Midwifery, which formerly generally guided labor, has expanded into an inclusive rule of competence that extends far beyond the delivery room. This conversion is designed to meet the complete healthcare needs of mothers throughout their generative journey from prejudice to postpartum. Modern midwives are progressively being acknowledged as basic healthcare providers who offer care continuation. They carry an extended collection of competencies, encompassing not only reproductive support but also gynecological care, birth control, intercourse well-being education, and menopausal support. Midwives have adapted to different educational circumstances, forging alliances with obstetricians, nurses, and additional healthcare professionals to ensure logical woman-centered care. In terms of mathematical health, midwives influence electronics to support telehealth duties, monitor high-risk pregnancies by chance, and offer approachable instruction and support through traveling apps and platforms. This enlarging field of competencies involves a powerful emphasis on mental well-being, as midwives play a critical role in labeling perinatal mood disorders and providing psychological support to wives. Furthermore, midwifery has taken up evidence-based practices, fostering an education of research and novelty. Midwives help with the implementation of best practices, ensuring first-rate care of their cases. They undertake constant education, stop next to new healing advancements, and maintain their guidance abilities to advocate for mothers' well-being and reproductive rights. As midwifery continues to progress, cooperation with healthcare providers, policymakers, and society is essential. By admitting the extending competencies of midwives, we can ensure that girls endure inclusive, sympathetic, and mankind’s welfare and competent care during the whole of their generative journey, forming the future of midwifery as a necessary component of modern healthcare.

Midwives' stress and burnout during the Omicron wave in Italy: An observational survey.

To evaluate midwives' level of stress and burnout during the COVID-19 Omicron phase in Italy. Secondary aims were to explore the impact of the pandemic on midwives' personal dimensions and professional activities and potential supporting strategies. A mixed-methods study was undertaken from July to December 2022. Data were collected using a national online observational survey. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed to evaluate stress, burnout and the impact of the pandemic on personal and professional dimensions. A deductive qualitative approach was used to analyse open-ended responses, that were merged with quantitative data following a convergent mixed-methods approach. A total of 1944 midwives participated in the survey. The stress summary score mean was 10.34, and 562 midwives (28.91%) experienced burnout. The intention to reduce working hours was reported by 202 midwives (10.39%), with 60.40% (n = 122) of them experiencing burnout. The intention to leave clinical practice within the following 2 years was reported by 239 (12.29%), with 68.20% (n = 163) of them experiencing burnout. All the personal dimensions and professional activities considered were defined by more than half of midwives as being impacted 'Moderately' or 'To a great extent' by pandemic. Stress and burnout frequencies increased when the midwives' perception of the pandemic effects was higher. Potential supporting strategies described by midwives as the most important in increasing their ability to cope with the pandemic were 'Women's awareness of the midwives' role' (n = 1072; 55.14%) and 'Family and friends' emotional support' (n = 746; 38.38%). Our findings suggested strategies to support a positive and safe working environment for midwives during a pandemic emergency, with potential transferability to similar contexts when human resources are lacking. It is recommended that maternity services provide the necessary resources for a safe and supportive working environment to prevent high stress levels and chronic burnout. Studies conducted during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave showed an increased level of stress, anxiety, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression experienced by healthcare professionals; moreover, midwives experienced drastic changes in care pathways and policies with struggles identified when providing high-quality woman-centred care following pandemic restrictions. Although it is recommended, there is lack of knowledge about long-term psychological effects of COVID-19 for midwives. Our study highlights that during the Omicron wave midwives experienced a high level of stress and burnout with an impact on individual dimensions and professional activities. Their stress and burnout were influenced by several factors, including restrictions in place, lack of organizational acknowledgement, work overload and need for extra childcare cover. Maternity services should provide the necessary resources for a safe and supportive working environment to prevent high stress levels and chronic burnout. Recommendations on how to facilitate this are suggested. During the writing process, we referred to 'The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies Epidemiology Statement', the guidelines for reporting observational studies from the Equator network. No patient or public contribution. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER CONTRIBUTE TO THE WIDER GLOBAL CLINICAL COMMUNITY?: Work overload conditions negatively impacted on the quality of maternity services. Improving organizational aspects, reducing working hours, promoting family and friends' emotional support and improving women's awareness of midwife's role were the main strategies reported by midwives. These suggestions for ensuring a positive and safe working environment for midwives during a pandemic emergency could potentially be applied to similar situations where human resources are lacking.

Strengthening woman-centred care for pregnant women with female genital mutilation in Australia: a qualitative muti-method study.

Woman-centred care is a collaborative approach to care management, where the woman and her health provider recognise one another's expertise and interact based on mutual respect to provide adequate information and individualised care. However, woman-centred care has not been fully achieved, particularly for women who have experienced female genital mutilation in high-income countries. A lack of clear guidelines defining how to implement woman-centred care may negatively impact care provision. This study sought to explore the quality of point-of-care experiences and needs of pregnant women with female genital mutilation in Australia to identify elements of woman-centred care important to women and how woman-centred care can be strengthened during consultations with health professionals. This multi-method qualitative study comprised two phases. In phase one, we conducted interviews with women with female genital mutilation to explore their positive experiences during their last pregnancy, and in phase two, a workshop was held where the findings were presented and discussed to develop recommendations for guidelines to support woman-centred care. The findings of the first phase were presented under three distinct categories of principles, enablers, and activities following a framework from the literature. In phase two, narrative storytelling allowed women to share their stories of care, their preferences, and how they believe health providers could better support them. Their stories were recorded visually. This study highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to woman-centred care involving experts, clinicians, community members, and women in designing education, tools, and guidelines.

Dissemination of the Women-Centred HIV Care Model: A Multimodal Process and Evaluation.

Using data from a national cohort study and focus groups, the Women-Centred HIV Care (WCHC) Model was developed to inform care delivery for women living with HIV. Through an evidence-based, integrated knowledge translation approach, we developed 2 toolkits based on the WCHC Model for service providers and women living with HIV in English and French (Canada's national languages). To disseminate, we distributed printed advertising materials, hosted 3 national webinars and conducted 2 virtual capacity-building training series. A total of 315 individuals attended the webinars, and the average WCHC knowledge increased by 29% (SD 4.3%). In total, 131 service providers engaged in 22 virtual capacity-building training sessions with 21 clinical cases discussed. Learners self-reported increased confidence in 15/15 abilities, including the ability to provide WCHC. As of December 2023, the toolkits were downloaded 7766 times. We successfully developed WCHC toolkits and shared them with diverse clinical and community audiences through various dissemination methods.

Barriers and enablers of women carers from culturally and linguistically diverse communities participating in physical activities.

This research article presents a phenomenological evaluation of an organization working within disability and with CALD communities of a project that was supporting women carers who are newly arrived to Australia to be happier and healthier. The initiative aimed to alleviate social isolation, enhance wellbeing, and boost confidence among women from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds in Metropolitan Melbourne, Victoria. Through a qualitative exploration of the lived experiences of participants, findings were categorized into enablers and barriers, shedding light on the outcomes of physical activity participation for these women. Enablers included improvements in health, skill development, achievement, and enhanced social interaction and support, while barriers encompassed challenges related to access, socio-cultural factors, resource availability, interpersonal dynamics, and physiological constraints. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to empower CALD community members in the co-development and co-delivery of future programs, fostering sustainability and community-driven engagement.

Care of women and application of the principle of informed consent to interventions during birth in the COVID-19 pandemic period.

In the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, inadequate intrapartum care protocols were in place. Many organizations have responded promptly and recognized the importance of adherence to appropriate guidelines. The International Confederation of Midwives issued an official statement on 29 March 2020, which states that every woman has the right to information, to give consent, to refuse consent, and to have her choices and decisions respected and upheld. No research has been conducted in Lithuania to reveal the care of women who gave birth during the COVID-19 pandemic and the application of informed consent to interventions. This study is quantitative of cross-sectional design. An anonymous questionnaire survey method was used. One hundred fifty-two women who gave birth in Lithuania during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 - May 2022) and had COVID-19 infection during childbirth, participated in the study. Statistical data analysis was performed. During the COVID-19 pandemic, women's care was characterized by always or almost always adequate information from health professionals on all issues to minimize the stress of new procedures necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic and allowing them to stay with newborns as long as possible. The application of the principle of informed consent to interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic was not always applied to the performance of transvaginal examination manual compression of the uterine fundus to facilitate the expulsion period. Most women said that they were properly informed by healthcare professionals about all questions related to the new procedures that became necessary due to the COVID-19 pandemic and felt included in their own choice. However, mothers felt the need of relatives during childbirth, and consent was often not asked for vaginal examination.

Midwifery of the Future: A Widening Field of Competences

The field of midwifery has been developing rapidly, reflecting the changing landscape of healthcare and the different needs of anticipating mothers and their classifications. Midwifery, which formerly generally guided labour, has expanded into an inclusive rule of competence that extends far beyond the delivery room. This conversion is designed to meet the complete healthcare needs of mothers throughout their generative journey from prejudice to postpartum. Modern midwives are progressively being acknowledged as basic healthcare providers who offer care continuation. They carry an extended collection of competencies, encompassing not only reproductive support but also gynaecological care, birth control, intercourse wellbeing education, and menopausal support. Midwives have adapted to different educational circumstances, forging alliances with obstetricians, nurses, and additional healthcare professionals to ensure logical woman-centred care. In terms of mathematical health, midwives influence electronics to support telehealth duties, monitor high-risk pregnancies by chance, and offer approachable instruction and support through traveling apps and platforms. This enlarging field of competencies involves a powerful emphasis on mental well-being, as midwives play a critical role in labeling perinatal mood disorders and providing psychological support to wives. Furthermore, midwifery has taken up evidence-based practices, fostering an education of research and novelty. Midwives help with the implementation of best practices, ensuring first-rate care of their cases. They undertake constant education, stop next to new healing advancements, and maintain their guidance abilities to advocate for mothers’ well-being and reproductive rights. As midwifery continues to progress, cooperation with healthcare providers, policymakers, and society is essential. By admitting the extending competencies of midwives, we can ensure that girls endure inclusive, sympathetic, and mankind’s welfare and competent care during the whole of their generative journey, forming the future of midwifery as a necessary component of modern healthcare.

Integrated maternity care: A concept analysis.

Integrated maternity care is strongly promoted in the Netherlands. However, the term 'integrated' and its practical meaning is understood differently by professionals and policy makers. This lack of clarity is also visible in other countries and hinders implementation. In this study, we will examine how the concept of 'integrated maternity care' and its defining attributes are presented in the international literature. This study aims to provide a definition and deeper understanding of the concept of integrated maternity care by conducting a concept analysis using Morse's method. We performed a systematic search using Embase and Ebscohost (CINAHL, PsychINFO, SocINDEX, MEDLINE) including records that described integrated maternity care from on organizational perspective. Through a qualitative analysis of the selected research and non-research records, we identified defining attributes, boundaries, antecedents, and consequences of the concept. Subsequently, we constructed a definition of the concept based on the findings. We included 36 records on integrated maternity care in the period from 1978 to 2022. Our search included 21 research and 15 non-research records (e.g. guidelines and policy records). Only half of these had a definition of integrated maternity care. Over time, the definition became more specific. Our concept analysis resulted in three defining attributes of integrated maternity care: collaboration, organizing collaboration and woman-centeredness. We identified role clarity, a culture of collaboration, and clear and timely communication as antecedents of integrated maternity care. A number of consequences were found: continuity of care, improved outcomes, and efficiency. All consequences were described as expected effects of integrated maternity care and not based on evidence. We propose the following definition: 'Integrated maternity care is woman-centred care provided by (maternity) care professionals collaborating together within and across different levels of healthcare with a specific focus on organizing seamless care.' Addressing the antecedents is important for the successful implementation of integrated maternity care.

중국 소비변화에 따른 B2C 국경 간 수입 전자상거래 시장 동향과 시사점

This study examines the current status and characteristics of the Chinese consumer market and the cross-border B2C e-commerce market. Based on this, it analyzes the characteristics of consumers using cross-border e-commerce and trends. The characteristics of cross-border e-commerce consumers include. First, the dominance of Chinese consumers born in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as women. Second, the expansion of the affluent middle class with strong purchasing power. Third, the acquisition of product and brand information through social media. And fourth, the expansion of live commerce. Recent trends include a preference for luxury brands, the 'pure beauty' trend among women, the growth of the high-end baby product market, and increased interest in health supplements. Through trend analysis, several implications are suggested: 1. Enhance brand awareness and value through brand marketing. 2. Strengthen marketing and sales activities using short-form video platforms like Douyin. 3. Strengthen the lineup of environmentally friendly, safe, and mild women's care and baby products. 4. Improve the quality and standardization of health functional foods, while actively engaging in marketing activities to enhance product and brand positioning. Despite being one of the world's largest consumer goods importing countries, South Korean exports to China are on a downward trend. Therefore, to increase B2C cross-border e-commerce exports as part of exporting consumer goods to China, greater efforts should be made.

Health Education for Preconception Women's Care Using Leaflet Media in Wedding Preparation

<p><em>Educating women on aspects like physical changes, reproductive health, nutrition, fitness, and other crucial elements pertinent to marriage preparation through health education can offer accurate and updated information. The objective was to understand how health education through leaflet media impacts the knowledge and attitudes of women preparing for marriage. The research method employed a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design, specifically a one-group pretest posttest design. This research will take place in September 2023 and is located at the Plupuh I Sragen health center. The study involved 30 adolescents divided into two intervention groups: Pre Test and Post test, utilizing pamphlets as the educational medium.</em> <em>Data analysis utilizes independent sample T-tests . The analysis revealed significant results in both groups: the Pre Test group with a mean of 1.40 ± 0.498 and the Post test group with a Mean of 1.73 ± 0.450. The analysis exhibited a P-Value of 0.009 (< 0.05), indicating a noticeable influence of health education using leaflet media on the knowledge and attitudes of women in their childbearing years preparing for marriage. In conclusion, utilizing leaflets for education purposes can serve as an effective alternative strategy in providing comprehensive and impactful information during marriage preparation and researchers suggest combining leaflets with other educational media so that the process of providing education is more optimal</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keyword: Health education, Leaflet, Marriage knowledge, Women of childbearing age</em></strong></p>

Time and Care: A Qualitative Exploration of Prisoners’ Perceptions of Trauma-Informed Care in Women’s Prisons

Women’s prisons in England have been working toward providing trauma-informed and responsive care for individuals in custody due to high rates of psychological trauma within the population. This study aimed to explore how women experience trauma-informed and responsive care in prison. Interviews with 51 participants from three prisons were undertaken. Three main themes were identified using thematic analysis: time—a precious commodity; feeling cared for; and trauma-informed staff training. Participants identified barriers to staff providing trauma-informed care: scarcity of time, and staff behavior undermining the principles of trauma-informed care. Enablers included the availability of time with staff and staff showing empathy and understanding. Most participants expressed the view that staff trauma training lacked impact. These findings suggest that the goal of providing trauma-informed and responsive care may be far from being realized and that resources, prison practices and cultures should be the focus of change before staff training can be effective.