Wolf River Research Articles

Middle Proterozoic uplift events in the Dunbar dome of northeastern Wisconsin, USA

Isotopic ages of granitic and metamorphic rocks exposed in the Dunbar structural dome of northeastern Wisconsin identify a protracted series of tectonic and “hydrothermal” events that culminated in major regional uplift during Middle Proterozoic (Keweenawan; ca 1,100 Ma) continental rifting and volcanism. The major rock-forming events and the structural development of the dome occurred during the interval 1,862+/−4 Ma to 1,836+/−6 Ma. Whole-rock Rb-Sr ages are partly reset in response to a widely recognized but cryptic event in Wisconsin and Michigan at about 1,630 Ma. The scale and systematic character of the whole-rock resetting strongly suggests the presence of a fluid phase derived in situ from water dissolved in the silicates or externally from a subthrust plate of low-grade metamorphic rocks. The regional nature of the 1,630-Ma disturbance possibly indicates that it is related to a major tectonic event such as an active plate margin far to the south. Rb-Sr biotite ages for the Dunbar dome (this study), the southern complex of the Marquette district (Van Schmus and Woolsey 1975) and the Felch trough area (Aldrich and others 1965) provide a remarkably coherent pattern that reflects multiple episodes of differential uplift. Younger events superimposed on a regional 1,630-Ma imprint are recorded at 1,330 Ma and 1,140 Ma. The 1,330 Ma disturbance could reflect stabilization following intrusion of the Wolf River batholith at 1,485 Ma. The 1,140-Ma uplift event occurred during Keweenawan rifting and volcanism as a result of stresses imposed on a mosaic of fault-bounded blocks with possible subcrustal influence. The remarkably small variance in the 1,140-Ma biotite age peak argues for rapid uplift and cooling, and hence rapid erosion. Detritus from the uplift probably was being shed into nearby tectonic basins most of which did not survive subsequent uplift and erosion.

Diel Variation in Species Composition and Diversity, Density, and Chlorophyll Content of Phytoplankton in an Intermittent Stream in Oklahoma

-Physicochemical measurements and phytoplankton were collected every 3 h during four, 24-h sampling periods in summer, 1976 and 1977, from Otter Creek, Oklahoma. Chlorophyll concentration and phytoplankton density were correlated with highest values occurring in late morning or afternoon. Ninety-four taxa of phytoplankton were collected; most were planktonic diatoms, green algae, or euglenophytes. Diel variations in species diversity and equitability was small and generally reflected changes in one or two dominant species. The algal pollution index exhibited considerable diel variation, indicating the importance of considering time of day when using the index. Most of the early literature on stream phytoplankton was qualitative. Numerous lists of the species of phytoplankton present in a stream have been published (Fritsch, 1903; Butcher, 1932; Lackey, 1942; Brinley and Katzin, 1942). In recent years the use of quantitative measures such as species diversity and density of phytoplankton has increased. Staub et al. (1970) studied the species diversity of phytoplankton in the Wolf River and its tributaries in Memphis, Tennessee. Diversity of phytoplankton was measured in the Cape Fear River, North Carolina (Carpenter, 1971) and in the Arkansas River near Ponca City, Oklahoma (Wilhm et al., 1977). Numerous authors have reported density values for stream phytoplankton (Williams, 1964; Weber and Moore, 1967; Carpenter, 1971; Wilhm et al., 1977). Diel periodicities of phytoplankton have been shown in many studies. The phytoplankton of the Saline River, Michigan, exhibited a diel pulse in downstream drift of certain benthic algae, apparently due to daytime oxygen production, which makes them more buoyant and easily carried away by the current (Blum, 1954). Rhythms also have been reported in uptake of nitrogen (Goering et al., 1964), photosynthetic activity (Lorenzen, 1963), and chlorophyll content (Yentsch and Ryther, 1957; Shimada, 1958). Diel rhythm in species diversity of stream phytoplankton has not been studied. The objectives of this study are to: (1) observe the diel rhythm of density, chlorophyll a and pheophytin a content, species diversity, and equitability of stream phytoplankton and (2) measure the diel rhythm of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity. STUDY AREA.-Otter Creek is an intermittent stream which flows through Garfield and Logan counties in north-central Oklahoma. The stream originates near Covington, flows 42 km southward, and empties into Skeleton Creek, a tributary of the Cimarron River. The elevation is 363 m at the source and 287 m at the mouth, with an average gradient of 1.8 m/km. The stream has narrow, eroding valleys which reach a depth of 23 m. Stream depth was 1 m at the sampling station. Otter Creek's drainage basin is 302 km2 and is in the mixed-grass prairie association. Broad-leaf trees line the stream banks. Most land in the basin is cultivated or used for pasture. T E SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 27(1):79-86 February 19, 1982 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.136 on Sat, 01 Oct 2016 05:52:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Southwestern Naturalist Further information about the stream is given by Harrel and Dorris (1968) and Seyfer and Wilhm (1977). MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Phytoplankton samples were collected on 28 June 1976 and 11 June, 11 July, and 21 August 1977. Surface samples were taken every 3 h beginning at 0500 h. Eight surface l-liter water samples were taken at each sampling time; four for analysis of phytoplankton were preserved in Lugol's solution and four for chlorophyll determination were placed in an ice chest. Water temperature and conductivity were measured with a Yellow Springs Instrument Co. YSI Model 33 54 oxygen meter. A portable Beckham pH meter was used for determining hydrogen-ion concentration. Three surface measurements of each physiocochemical parameter were made at each sampling time. In the laboratory, l-liter samples for chlorophyll a and pheophytin a determinations were extracted in 20 ml of 90% aqueous acetone. Following storage in a refrigerator at 4? C for 24 h, the optical density of the liquid extract was read before and after acidification with concentrated HC1 on a Beckman DBG spectrophotometer. The optical density readings were used to calculate chlorophyll a using the equations of Lorenzen (1967). Samples for species identification of diatoms were cleaned on a hot plate according to the method described by Weber (1971). Total counts of all species were made on cleared 0.45 jum membrane filters using a magnification of OOO1X. Species diversity and equitability were calculated for each sample by the equations of Shannon and Weaver (1963) and Pielou (1966), respectively. Density was computed for each phytoplankton sample by the equation,

Fishes of the Mouth of Wolf River, Doniphan County, Kansas

Wolf River is interesting to many people, stimulated in part by recent environmental assessment and documentary of the watershed (Finney et al., 1977). Since it is one of the larger tributaries to the Missouri River in Kansas, it provides important habitat for Missouri River fishes. Wolf River extends across Brown and Doniphan counties in northeast Kansas and empties into the Missouri River north of Sparks, Kansas, in T2S? R20E, Section 8. My study was undertaken on the lowermost part of Wolf River in April 1977 to determine its use by fishes and its importance as backwater habitat.

Geochemistry and evolution of the Wolf River Batholith, a late Precambrian Rapakivi Massif in North Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Abstract The Wolf River Batholith is an anorogenic rapakivi massif in central and northeastern Wisconsin with an age of 1.5 Ga. The Batholith has alkaline affinities and consists of biotite granite and biotite-hornblende adamellite with minor occurrences of quartz syenite and older monzonite and anorthosite. The batholith is part of a major Late Precambrian (1.4–1.5 Ga) magmatic event of continental proportions, represented by separate intrusions extending from Labrador to southern California (Silver et al., 1977). The major and trace element composition (Li, Rb, Sr, Ba, and REE) of 40 samples from the anorthosite, monzonite, and rapakivi granite and adamellite plutons precludes a comagmatic (although not cogenetic) model between all three rock units. However, the monzonite may be related to the anorthosite alone by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and apatite. Alternatively, the monzonite may be a separate parent melt or a hybrid associated with the granite and adamellite plutons. The high REE content of the monzonite precludes it from being related to the rapakivi granite and adamellite plutons as a source material, a residuum, or a cumulate. A major portion of the Batholith is an undifferentiated intrusive sequence ranging from older rapakivi granite to younger adamellite. The compositions of these plutons suggest a crustal fusion origin at intermediate to lower levels of the crust (25–36 km). The trace element data are consistent with partial fusion of tonalitic to granodioritic source material. During crystallization and emplacement into the upper crust (less than 4 km), 55–70% fractionation of two feldspars, biotite and hornblende from one of the granite plutons produced a small volume of differentiated granitic melt high in Si, Fe/Mg, Rb, Li, and REE (except Eu), and low in Ca, Mg, Al, Ca/Na, Sr, Ba, and K/Rb and with a large negative Eu anomaly. Presumed associated cumulate material ranges from silica-poor quartz monzonite and quartz syenite. The chemical and mineralogical similarity between the Wolf River Batholith and younger magmatic analogs associated in continental break-up (Nigerian younger granites, White Mountain magma series, and the peralkaline volcanics of the Red Sea Region) are suggestive but not conclusive of an extensional tectonic setting. A preliminary tectonic model suggests that the 1.4–1.5 Ga event is in response to thermal doming in an extensional regime leading to continental separation in the western Cordillera (pre-Belt) and extensive crustal fusion with no rifting or separation across the North American Craton.

Age and Growth of the Yellow Bass in Lake Poygan, Wisconsin

Abstract Yellow bass age and growth data were obtained from 202 fish collected in Lake Poygan, Wisconsin, a 5,707-hectare widening of the Wolf River, during October, 1963 and winter of 1963-64. The fish length-scale length relationship was L = 15 + 1.529 (R). No significant difference in growth between sexes was found. The growth of Lake Poygan yellow bass was greater than that reported from most areas. All fish were mature at age-group III. The length-weight relationship was log W = −4.0289 + 2.7000 log L, where W = weight in g and L = total length in mm.

Geology and Age of the Wolf River Batholith, Wisconsin

The Wolf River Batholith is a large anorogenic plutonic complex in central and northeastern Wisconsin that is similar lithologically to the rapakivi massifs of Finland. Quartz monzonite, the most abundant rock type present, can be subdivided into three major lithologic units, one of which commonly has well-developed rapakivi texture. Other rock types include syenite, granite, quartz and feldspar porphyries, monzonite, and anorthosite; the anorthosite exists as totally isolated masses within the quartz monzonite and may or may not be genetically related to the main complex. Whole-rock Rb-Sr data yield an age of 1,468 ± 34 m.y., with initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 = 0.7048 ± 0.0017 (λ (Rb 87 ) = 1.39 × 10 −11 yr −1 ). U-Pb data from cogenetic zircon fractions define a concordia intercept age of 1,510 ± 15 m.y. for traditionally used values of the U 235 and U 238 half-lives or an age of 1,485 ± 15 m.y. based on recently redetermined values. Rb-Sr data also show that the syenite complex of the Wausau area is approximately, if not exactly, the same age as the Wolf River Batholith. The Wolf River Batholith is similar in age to other granites in southeastern Missouri and the southwestern United States and is apparently a representative of widespread anorogenic igneous activity that existed throughout the southern part of the North American continent 1,400 to 1,500 m.y. ago.

A Survey of the Epigean Triclad Turbellarians of Tennessee

This survey was carried out from January 1966 through January 1971, although the intensive portion occurred in 1969 and 1970. Collections from 61 sites yielded eight species: Cura foremanii, Dugesia dorotocephala, Dugesia tigrina, Phagocata gracilis, Phagocata morgani, Phagocata velata, Phagocata vernalis and Procotyla fluviatilis. Observations at collection sites included water temperature, relative abundance and type of substrate. The distribution of C. foremanii, D. dorotocephala, D. tigrina and P. morgani was essentially state-wide. Phagocata gracilis ranged throughout the middle and western portions of the state, whereas P. velata, P. vernalis and Pr. fluviatilis occurred at only a few sites. Unpublished records on local areas from investigations other than ours have been included. INTRODUCTION State-wide surveys of the epigean triclad fauna of the USA have been few. Kenk (1935) investigated the fresh-water planarians of Virginia and later those of Michigan (1944) and Alaska (1953). Localized areas within states have been dealt with by numerous workers; these are documented by Ball (1969). Except for Virginia, the ranges of species in the southern USA, as summarized by Hyman (193la, 1951), were often based on incidental collections which had been sent to her for identification. Recent studies on Planaria (Kenk, 1969) and Phagocata (Kenk, 1970 a, b) have included new records for Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. Reports on planarians in Tennessee have been limited to small areas: Bolen (1938), Horne and Darlington (1967) and Chandler (1968). Studies of the triclads of the Nashville area were carried out on the epigean forms by Givens (unpublished) in 1953 and on the hypogean forms by McRitchie (unpublished) in 1959. Givens' study was very helpful to us and repeated references will be made to his work. In view of the restricted nature of the above reports a state-wide survey seemed appropriate; moreover, it could serve as a base for future studies on Tennessee triclads. OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION In this study emphasis was on streams and springs; only a few lakes and ponds were included. Collecting sites were selected on the basis of accessibility and size; large streams and rivers were not investigated. Seasonal observations were made only in three western Tennessee sites: Everett Springs (Carroll Co.), Pioneer Springs (Shelby Co.) and a pond near Wolf River in Memphis. The study was con-

Henry Trollope: Poems in America

HE POEMS of Henry Trollope, printed here for the first time, are admittedly a good many levels below great verse; it is unlikely that they will make the slightest stir in the areas of pure criticism. Trollopians, on the other hand, will find them items of some interest. So far as is known, these poems, all but one of them written in Cincinnati during the period of the Trollopes' transatlantic experiment, make up the body extant of Henry's attempts at literature. They provide a new and often amusing insight into the experiences and the literary pretensions of this short-lived member of the famous writing family. Henry, even more than Anthony, four years his junior, was the problem child of the family. When Frances Trollope sailed for America in November, I827, she left Anthony in school at Winchester under the supervision of his eldest brother Tom; sixteenyear-old Henry and her two young daughters she brought along with her. A restless, fierce-spirited youth, Henry had rebelled against his studies at Winchester; he had also failed an opportunity to establish himself in a Parisian countinghouse. It was his parents' hope that he would find a challenge and a place for himself in the New World. Henry spent two eventful years in America. With his mother he made the dismaying visit to Fanny Wright's log-hut colony on the Wolf River in Tennessee. From there he proceeded to the

The Water Supply System at Appleton, Wisconsin

The (Wisconsin) Fox River rises near the city of Portage and flows in a north-easterly direction a distance of about 60 miles when it discharges into Lake Winnebago at the city of Oshkosh. Just before it reaches the lake the Fox River is joined from the North by the Wolf River which delivers water from a larger drainage area than the upper Fox River. Lake Winnebago has a surface area as great as any natural fresh water lake within the limits of the United States with the exception of Lake Michigan. It is about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide at the centre and has 215 square miles of surface. It is quite shallow with an average depth of about 15 feet and a maximum depth of 22 feet. It was formed when the retreating glaciers left a natural dam across the valley, this dam being on a line east from the the city of Menasha. The lower Fox River on which the city of Appleton is located carries the overflow from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay. The drainage area contributing to its flow amounts to about 6,150 square miles. The amount of water discharged from Lake Winnebago is controlled to a certain extent at the Menasha dam by government engineers. The annual mean daily stream flow for the past six years in cubic feet per second was as follows:

The Water Supply of Memphis, Tennessee

The water supply of Memphis, Tennessee, has been intermittently prominent in engineering discussions for forty years, because of the many unusual and interesting features connected with securing the water from the artesian sands. The artesian supply was first discovered in 1886 through the drilling of a well by a local industry. Shortly afterward the Water Company abandoned the plant on Wolf River, immediately above the city, which furnished untreated water, and in 1890 it put into operation the Auction Avenue artesian plant, which is still in service. The City purchased the property of the Artesian Water Company in 1903 and shortly thereafter began to extend its search for water into other districts. In 1906 it erected a temporary air lift plant in South Memphis, some 5 miles distant, and in 1908 the Central Avenue air lift plant in the east end of the city and about 3J miles from the Auction Avenue plant, was completed and is still in daily operation. Beginning in 1910 the Water Department supplemented its supply by sinking individual wells at points on the system where the pressure required reinforcing. These wells were equipped with vertical-shaft deep-well pumps actuated by electrical motors and delivered the water directly into the mains, thus incorporating both low-lift and booster service in the same unit. At the present time, the plant supplies a population of about 180,000 which requires a little over 13,000,000 gallons of water daily, or 72 gallons per capita. One reason for this low per capita consumption is that about the same total quantity of water is taken from the water-bearing stratum by industrial and commercial plants. The combined fire and normal consumption demands upon the municipal works today call for a plant able to supply water at the rate of 32,000,000 gallons daily, whereas the existing facilities of the water