Wolaita Sodo Research Articles

Effect of intravenous tramadol versus pethidine on postspinal shivering control among mothers during cesarean section at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: a prospective observational cohort study.

To compare the effect of intravenous tramadol versus pethidine on postspinal shivering control among obstetric mothers who underwent cesarean section. A prospective cohort study design was conducted on 180 ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) I and II obstetric mothers. A systematic random sampling method was employed. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. The independent sample t test was used to compare the difference of means between groups for normally distributed data, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data. Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Data were presented by mean±standard deviation for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data. Categorical data were presented as numbers and frequencies. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. One hundred eighty participants were used for analysis. The mean time of shivering disappearance was 5.5±1.75min and 6.6±2.08min in tramadol and pethidine groups, respectively (P<0.001). The hemodynamic changes were all comparable between the two groups. The difference in the recurrence of shivering after treatment was significant between the groups (P<0.001). Sedation was higher in the pethidine group, 9 (10%), than in the tramadol group, 2 (2.2%). Nausea and vomiting were found to be higher in the tramadol group, 10 (11.1%), than in the pethidine group, 5 (5.6%). Tramadol controlled shivering early, and recurrence of shivering and incidence of sedation were also low in the tramadol group. Therefore, tramadol is as effective as pethidine for the treatment of postspinal shivering in obstetric mothers who underwent cesarean delivery. So tramadol can be used as an alternative for postspinal shivering in obstetric mothers.

Association between iron-folic acid supplementation and pregnancy-induced hypertension among pregnant women in public hospitals, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia 2021: a case- control study

BackgroundPregnancy-induced hypertension is the new onset of high blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation in women with previously normal blood pressure. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted in our country to investigate the association between this pregnancy problem and iron-folic acid supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine the association between iron-folic acid supplementation and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in pregnant women at public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone.MethodsAn institution-based case–control study was conducted among pregnant women who visited public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone from March 3, 2022, to August 30, 2022. A consecutive sampling method was used to select the study participants. The total sample size was 492, of which 164 were cases and 328 were controls. The data were collected by conducting face-to-face interviews and measurements. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to STATA 14 for analysis. Those variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios were presented using texts, tables, and figures.ResultsA total of 471 women participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 96%. The cases had a mean age of 25 ± 4.43, while the controls had a mean age of 25 ± 3.99. The mean age at first pregnancy among cases was 20 ± 2.82 and among controls was 20 ± 2.97. The average number of deliveries for cases and controls was 1.97 ± 1.41 and 1.95 ± 1.38, respectively. There is no significant association between iron-folic acid supplementation and PIH. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of PIH as compared to those without it (AOR = 3.65; 95% CI: 1.0–12.9). Eating kocho (AOR = 14.4; 95% CI: 1.2–16.7) was positively associated with PIH.ConclusionsThere is no association between iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of PIH as compared to those without it. There is an association between kocho consumption and PIH. More research should be done using stronger designs.

Determinants of hypertension among diabetic patients in southern Ethiopia: a case-control study

BackgroundHypertension, among diabetic patients, is a worldwide public-health challenge and a number one modifiable risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and death. The prevalence of hypertension among the diabetic population is nearly twice of nondiabetic patients. Screening and prevention of risk factors for hypertension based on evidence from local studies is required to minimize the burden of hypertension among diabetic patients. This study is aimed at assessing the determinants of hypertension among diabetic patients in Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2022.MethodsFacility-based unmatched case-control study design was conducted from March 15 to April 15, 2022, at the outpatient diabetic clinic, Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A total of 345 diabetic patients were selected using systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by interviewing and extracting from the medical chart of patients. Bivariate logistic regression followed by multiple logistic analysis was used to identify the determinants of hypertension among diabetic patients. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant.ResultsThe significant determinants of hypertension among diabetes patients were being overweight [AOR = 2.06, 95% CI (1.1, 3.89), P = 0.025], being obese [AOR = 2.64, 95% CI (1.22, 5.70), P = 0.013], lack of Moderate intensity exercise [AOR = 2.41, 95% CI (1.36,4.24), P = 0.002], age [AOR = 1.03, 95% CI (1.01, 1.06), P = 0.011], Type 2 diabetes mellitus [AOR = 5.05, 95% CI (1.28, 19.88), P = 0.021], duration of diabetes mellitus ≥ 6 years [AOR = 7.47, 95% CI (2.02, 27.57), P = 0.003], diabetic nephropathy [AOR = 3.87, 95% CI (1.13, 13.29), P = 0.032], and urban residence [AOR = 2.11, 95% CI (1.04,4.29), P = 0.04].ConclusionBeing overweight and obese, lack of moderate-intensity exercise, age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, duration of Diabetes ≥ 6 years, presence of diabetic nephropathy, and being urban residents were significant determinants of hypertension among diabetic patients. These risk factors can be targeted by health professionals for prevention and earlier detection of hypertension among diabetic patients.

Attitude towards gender division of labor and convictions regarding the nature of spousal relationships among never married youth in Ethiopia

The gendered distribution of house work is one of the most significant concerns leading to the perpetuation of gender inequality. The objective of the present study was to identify attitudes towards gender division of labor and convictions regarding the nature of spousal relationships among never married youth in Wolaita Sodo town. A cross-sectional study design with a survey research method was used to collect quantitative data from randomly selected unmarried youth. A total of 403 young people participated in the study, of which 377 (254 males & 123 females) fully completed and returned the questionnaire. Data were analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The result of the study shows 64.1% of them believe that both husband and wife should share household tasks. Respondents have also a relatively favorable attitude towards gender-based division of housework (M=2.5, SD=.37582) and negative attitude towards gender-based violence against women (M=2, SD=.51754). Results of coefficients of regression found that age, sex, and residential background of respondents are the independent variables significantly affecting respondents’ attitude towards gender division of domestic labor, gender equality, and gender-based violence. While there is a widely held belief that men should do housework, attitudes towards the classification between public and domestic tasks is found to be less gendered in the study area. Moreover, despite a widely held belief that public tasks and housework should not be gender segregated, the belief in the capability of women to do public tasks equally with men has been found to be low.

Factors Associated with the Outcome of a Pediatric Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit in Resource-Limited Setup: Cross-Sectional Study.

Critical care is a multidisciplinary and interprofessional specialty devoted to treating patients who already have or are at danger of developing acute, life-threatening organ dysfunction. Due to the higher disease load and mortality from preventable illness, patient outcomes in intensive care units are challenging in settings with inadequate resources. This study aimed to determine factors associated with outcomes of pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Wolaita Sodo and Hawassa University teaching hospitals in southern Ethiopia. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Normality tests using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov data were normally distributed. The frequency, percentage, and cross-tabulation of the different variables were then determined. Finally, the magnitude and associated factors were first analyzed using binary logistic regression and then multivariate logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. A total of 396 Pediatric ICU patients were included in this study, and 165 (41.7%) deaths were recorded. The odds of patients from urban areas (AOR = 45%, CI 95%: 8%, 67% p-value = 0.025) were less likely to die than those in rural areas. Patients with co morbidities (AOR = 9.4, CI 95%: 4.5, 19.7, p = 0.000) were more likely to die than pediatric patients with no co-morbidities. Patients admitted with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (AOR = 12.86, CI 95%: 4.3, 39.2, p = 0.000) were more likely to die than those with not. Pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation (AOR = 3, CI 95%: 1.7, 5.9, p = 0.000) more likely to die than not mechanically ventilated. Mortality of paediatric ICU patients was high (40.7%) in this study. Co-morbid disease, residency, the use of inotropes, and the length of ICU stay were all statistically significant predictors of death.

Assessment on Effect of Employees Personality on Organizational Performance in the Case of Yacob International Hotel, Wolaita Sodo

The study was conducted in the effect of Employees Personality on Organizational Performance in the case of Yacob international hotel, Wolaita Sodo. Identifying the types of personality is mostly displayed by employees and examining the impact of personality types on organizational performance are not well studied in Yacob international hotel. The general objective of the study is to assess the effect of Employees Personality on Organizational Performance in the case of Yacob international hotel, Wolaita Sodo. Both qualitative and quantitative methods was used because mixed approach as a methodology incorporates multiple approaches in all stages of research from problem identification to research questions, data collection, and data analysis. For this study, a simple random sampling technique was employed to select the sample of respondents. A total of 184 samples were randomly selected from respondents. The necessary data were collected through the use of both primary and secondary sources. Collected data were presented in a narrative form and analyzed using regression model. The result shows openness and conscientiousness has a positive and significant relationship with organizational performance and other personality types. Also both of these personality types have a positive and significant influence on organizational performance. This shows that those who have high conscientious people tend to emphasis on planning, organizing and concern about meeting deadlines and targets tend to perform better. Since this study was conducted only on one hotel, it may not be able to generalize the finding. However by conducting this research on wider context of a particular hotel at country level could confirm the findings and maybe a significant contribution to this field of study in general. Keywords: Employees Personality, Organizational Performance and Yacob international hotel DOI: 10.7176/CER/15-1-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2023

Bacteriological Quality and Safety Analysis of Fruit Juices in Some Selected Fruit Juice Houses in Wolaita Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia

Fresh fruit juices are very important components of the human diet and there is considerable evidence of the health and nutritional benefits associated with the consumption. However, during processing contaminants from raw materials, equipment or food handlers could be easily transferred to the final product of fruit juices resulting in food borne illnesses. This community-based study was conducted in Wolaita sodo town using both laboratory experiments and questionnaire. The aim of the study was to assess the bacteriological quality and safety of locally prepared unpasteurized fruit juices from fruit juice houses in Wolaita sodo town. The questionnaire was used to assess source of fruit, way of processing and handling of fruit juices. The total viable bacterial count of avocado and mango ranged between 2.05x105 - 5x105 cfu/ml and 1x105 - 3x105 cfu/ ml, respectively. The total Staphylococcus counts from avocado and mango were between 2 x105 - 4x105 cfu/ml and 2.1x105 - 2.75x105 cfu/ml, respectively. The total coliform counts of avocado and mango were found to be 1.15x105 - 3.25x105 and 1x105 - 3 x105 cfu/ml, respectively. From a total of 72 samples, 13.8%, of the avocado and 5.55% of the mango samples were detected positive for Staphylococcus aureus whereas Escherichia coli were found in 11% of avocado and 5.55% of mango samples. None of the mango samples were positive for Streptococcus spp and Shigella spp while these species were detected in avocado with 2.77% and 5.55%, respectively. The chemical treatment using 0.1% sodium benzoate was the most effective in reducing total viable bacterial count followed by lemon squeeze. All of the pathogenic bacteria were found to be resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, and almost all were sensitive to erythromycin and ceftriaxone. Most venders obtained fruits from the open market and most juice makers lacked training in food hygiene and safety.

Analysis of physicochemical attributes, contamination level of trace metals and assessment of health risk in mango fruits from Southern region Ethiopia

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most threats that can endanger human health due to accumulation and consumption of fruits. Our study was aimed to evaluate physicochemical quality parameters, level of heavy metals, and assessment of health risks of lead (Pb), Manganes (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in mango fruits from Arba Minch, Wolaita Sodo, and Damote Gale study areas. Quality parameters such as, total soluble solid, moisture, ash, titratable acidity, pH, total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar, fat and fiber content of mango fruit were ranged between 15.68° and 18.92°B, 81.080-84.320 %,g, 4.040-4.080, 11.56-12.95%, 10.07-12.54%, 1.60-3.83%,0.397-0.673%, and 1.338-2.375% 0.283-1.030 %, 0.311-0.366mg/100g, 4.040-4.080, 11.56-12.95 %, 10.07-12.54 %, 1.60-3.83 %,0.397-0.673 %, and 1.338-2.375 % respectively. The average levels of metals in mango fruits were in the range Fe (1.166-1.486mg/kg), Cu (0.019-0.198mg/kg), Mn (0.121-0.239mg/kg), Zn (0.134-0.321mg/k), Pb (0.035-0.097mg /kg) and Cd (0.193mg/kg). Chromium is not detected in our study, because its level is below the detection limit. On average within metals, the highest level was obtained in Fe in the range 1.166-1.486mg/kg, whereas the minimum level was determined in Pb from 0.035 to 0.097mg/kg. The EDI values of accumulated elements in mango fruits follows the increasing order as; Fe Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb. Except Damot Gale sample in moderate range, the values of total carcinogenic risks (TCR) in all metals were less than 1 × 10-6, which is considered to be safe. All THQ and HI values were 1, which indicates that the accumulated metals did not contribute risk for human health. The present study clearly indicated that the consumption of mango fruits in the studied areas does not pose any health hazard associated with any of the selected heavy metals.

The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem on the Relationship between Teachers Students Interaction and Students Academic Achievement of Wolaita Sodo University Students

This study examined the meditational role of self-esteem on the relationship between student teacher interaction and academic achievements in the graduating class students of Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia. A survey-based study was performed among 313 students, randomly selected from four colleges and one school, by using a well-established questionnaire. To analyze the data, a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling procedure was used. The analysis result revealed that student teacher interaction has a positive and significant relationship both with self-esteem and academic achievement. Further, self-esteem played a mediating role in the relationship between student teacher interaction and academic achievement. Thus according to the analysis finding, all hypothesis of the present study were supported. Based on the findings of the present study, Ministry of Education of Ethiopia and Wolaita Sodo University leaders can review the display rules, designed for teachers, in a way that teachers can perform appropriate care and emotional attachment strategies while interacting with the students. Besides by using the model of the present study, the university leaders and practitioners can identify core area to be considered in hiring teachers, in giving life skill training, interpersonal relationship training, and self-esteem building workshops for all students and teachers as well.

The Mediating Role of Peer Pressure on the Relationship between Teachers Students Interaction and Students Academic Achievement of Wolaita Sodo University Students

The impact of peer pressure on the relationship between teacher-student contact and academic achievement in University of Ethiopia graduating class students was investigated in this study. Using a well-established questionnaire, 313 students were randomly recruited from four colleges and one school for a survey-based study. The CFA and SEM procedures were employed. Student-teacher interaction has a positive and significant relationship with both peer pressure and academic achievement, according to the findings. In the relationship between student-teacher interaction and academic achievement, peer pressure had a mediating function. All of the current study’s hypotheses were found to be true. The Ethiopian Ministry of Education and university officials should evaluate the display guidelines for instructors and students so that students can resist negative pressure and professionals may use proper care and emotional attachment tactics while interacting with them. In addition, university leaders and practitioners can identify important areas to consider in selecting instructors, providing life skill training, interpersonal interaction training, and managing peer pressure workshops for all students and teachers by using the model developed in this study.

Alcohol consumption and associated factors among undergraduate regular students in Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study

Alcohol consumption and associated factors among undergraduate regular students in Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study

Hygienic practice during complementary feeding and its associated factors among mothers/caregivers of children aged 6-24 months in Wolaita Sodo town, southern Ethiopia.

Complementary feeding is an important stage in a child's development as it provides the necessary nutrients for optimal growth and development. However, improper handling, storage, and preparation of complementary foods can result in contamination by microorganisms, leading to foodborne illnesses and malnutrition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine hygienic practices during complementary feeding and associated factors among mothers of children aged 6-24 months in Wolaita Sodo town, southern Ethiopia. A community-based, cross-sectional study was undertaken among mothers/caregivers of children aged 6-24 months from December 1-30, 2022. A total of 602 participants were recruited using a simple random sampling procedure. The hygienic practice of complementary feeding was assessed based on a related seven items questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0.72). Data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 26. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify the statistically significant factors associated with proper hygienic practice of complementary feeding. Variables with a p-value of <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis model were considered statistically significant. The study indicated that 42.0%, (95% confidence interval (CI): 38, 45.8) of the mothers/caregivers of children aged 6-24 months had proper hygienic practices during complementary feeding. Mothers who could read and write (adjusted odd ratio (AOR): 3.36, 95% CI (1.53, 7.41)) and those who had completed primary school (AOR: 1.7, 95% CI (1.02, 2.85)), media exposure (AOR: 3.38, 95% CI (2.1, 5.4)), and attitude toward hygienic practice (AOR: 3.29, 95% CI (2.2, 4.91)) were independent predictors of hygiene practices during complementary feeding. This study found that the prevalence of hygiene practices during complementary feeding was relatively low. Being educated, access to media, and positive attitudes toward hygienic practices were predicting factors. As a result, strengthening training and counseling services for mothers regarding complementary feeding and processing is recommended.

Length of stay in the emergency department and its associated factors among pediatric patients attending Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern, Ethiopia

BackgroundGlobally, there is an increase in the need for emergency department visits, which is exceptionally high in pediatric patients, resulting in longer lengths of stay, which is a global challenge and a hospital bottleneck that increases the risk of patient morbidity and mortality while also lowering satisfaction.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the length of stay and associated factors in the pediatric emergency department at Wolaita Sodo University Hospital in 2021.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional investigation was undertaken from March 15 to May 15, 2021. The 422 study participants were chosen using a systematic sampling procedure. The data were collected using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and chart reviews. Epi Data version 4.6 was used to enter the data, while SPSS version 26 was used to analyze it. With a 95% confidence interval, descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence, pediatrics, and emergency department duration of stay. The factors related to the length of stay were identified using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. On the AOR, a significant level was proclaimed when the p-value was less than 0.05, and the confidence interval was less than 95%.ResultsThe proportion of prolonged pediatric emergency department length of stay was 79.70% (95% CI; 75.7, 83.6). Nighttime arrival [AOR = 3.19, 95% CI (1.14, 8.98)], weekend arrival [AOR = 4.25, 95% CI (1.49, 5.35)], not receiving ordered medication in the hospital [AOR = 2.05, 95% CI (1.04, 4.03)], orange triage category [AOR = 4.01, 95% CI (1.60, 10.05)], and duration of pain 13–24 h [AOR = 0.29, 95% CI (0.89,0.98)], were significantly associated with length of stay.ConclusionThe percentage of children who stayed in the pediatric emergency department for an extended period was high. Policymakers should implement evidence-based care, maximize existing resources, provide equal access to care and high-quality care, and make pediatric emergency departments more accessible and operationally efficient.

Prevalence of Multiple Drug-Resistant Bacteria in the Main Campus Wastewater Treatment Plant of Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important reservoirs for the development of drug resistance and a potential route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. One of the most serious challenges in Ethiopia is the widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens. The bacteria were isolated between September 2018 and May 2019 from the main campus of Wolaita Sodo University in Southern Ethiopia. Using an enrichment process and selective media isolation, 380 wastewater treatment plant samples were collected and screened for the presence of various bacterial isolates. Of a total of 380 wastewater treatment samples, 136 were isolated. Positive prevalence was documented in 136 sample isolates of bacteria from six genera. Escherichia coli 34 (8.94%), Salmonella spp. 15 (3.94%), Shigella spp. 32 (8.42%), Staphylococcus aureus 23 (6.05%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21 (5.52%), and Proteus spp. 11 (2.89%). The general prevalence of bacterial isolates was assessed, and 136 (37.58%) samples tested positive for culture. Furthermore, isolates were used to determine sensitivity/resistance patterns using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the agar well diffusion technique, respectively. Multiple drug resistance isolates and multiple values of the antibiotic resistance index were evaluated and recorded according to the resistant pattern. Some organisms were sensitive to sparfloxacin and tobramycin, while Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to methicillin and others showed the highest resistance. At least four of the seven antibiotic classes were found to be resistant to multiple drug resistance isolates, and some classes of antibiotics were found to be highly sensitive to these isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance index values ranged from 0.37 to 0.75, with Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus having the highest score values. The current study has shown that some of the bacterial isolates were resistant to common antibiotics. Therefore, it is recommended that the emergence of multiple drug resistance increased rapidly, pathogenic bacteria inappropriate treated wastewater treatment plant systems were continuously contaminated, and bacterial resistance increased day by day as a result of environmental factors. As a result, due to the serious challenges facing the community's health, multiple drug-resistant prevention and control strategies must be implemented.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices About Rabies Prevention and Associated Factors in Wolaita Sodo City, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Rabies is a fatal viral zoonotic disease which causes encephalitis in many warm-blooded animals and humans. It is an incurable disease once the clinical signs appear. However, it can be prevented via vaccination and community awareness. This study was therefore designed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices about rabies prevention and associated factors in Wolaita Sodo city, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2022. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed for selection of sample unit and data were collected from 423 households by face-to-face interview using structured questionnaire. Data were entered to Microsoft Excel and coded, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. The frequency distribution of both dependent and independent variables were worked out by using descriptive statistics technique (frequency, mean, SD and percentage). Association between independent variables and KAP scores on rabies was calculated using Pearson’s Chi square. Variables having p&lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 423 respondents interviewed, 256(60.5%) were males and 167(39.5%) females. The majority of the respondents 145(34.3%) were diploma and above on educational status. Almost all of the respondents indicated that they had previously heard about rabies. Out of 423 interviewed respondants 228(53.9%) had good level of KAP on rabies. There was strong association between KAP scores and sex (χ2=40.811, p&lt;0.05); age (χ2=82.917, p&lt;0.05); educational level (χ2=241.782, p&lt;0.05); occupation (χ2=276.558, p&lt;0.05); household size (χ2=49.176, p&lt;0.05) and dog ownership (χ2=143.619, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Generally, these findings indicate that the Wolaita Sodo city community has good KAP score about rabies. However, raising the community awareness through continuous education, increase knowledge regarding wound washing, seeking post exposure prophylaxis and the need to vaccinate dogs, provision of pre and post exposure vaccines and creating rapid means of communications are suggested. Thus, close collaboration of public health, veterinary sector and local authorities is a key element for preventing this fatal incurable disease. Keywords : Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Prevention Rabies and sodo city. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/104-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Hospital-Based Air-Borne and Surface-Borne Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Profiles in Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia.

It is well documented that hospital environments are the niche/reservoir of many clinically important microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant air-borne and surface-borne pathogens. This problem is the most pressing public health concern, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, due to its poor infection management system. This study was planned to detect air-borne and surface-borne bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2021. Swabbing and open-plate sample collection methods were used to collect specimens. Standard bacteriological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens. The Mueller-Hinton agar was used to detect the drug susceptibility pattern of bacteria by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. From a total of 323 samples tested, 118 (36.5%) showed the growth of bacteria. The detection rate of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit (35.4%) was higher than in operation theater. From the total of 118 bacterial isolates, 39.8%, 27.9%, 20.3%, and 11.5% of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli, respectively, were surface-borne. Whereas 37%, 25%, 20.83, and 16.6% of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, and E. coli, respectively, were air-borne. S. aureus showed a 19.04 to 80.9% range of antimicrobial resistance to different classes of antibiotics from surface specimens. A 12.5-100% range of antibiotic resistance levels was detected for all Gram-negative surface-borne bacterial pathogens. P. aeruginosa was 66.7%, 73.3%, and 73.3% resistant to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone, respectively. K. pneumoniae showed 75% and 87.5% resistance to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, respectively, and a completely ampicillin-resistant E. coli was detected. From a total of 48 bacterial pathogens identified from surfaces in the intensive care unit, 34 (70.8%) developed multidrug resistance. A significant prevalence of surface-borne bacterial pathogens was detected. This study revealed that S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli were nosocomial infection concerns of the hospital, and this could be the reason for different types of hospital acquired infections in the study area. A high prevalence of MDR was detected in the most surface-borne bacterial isolates.

Patterns of cancer in Wolaita Sodo University Hospital: South Ethiopia.

BackgroundVariations in cancer occurrence between populations in different places are expected because of many factors. In Ethiopia there is no national cancer registry and here we are reporting the pattern of cancer in Wolaita Sodo University hospital located in Southern region of Ethiopia with catchment area of over ten million peoples.MethodologyA retrospective record analysis of all pathologically confirmed malignancies from January 2021 up to June 2021. Data was filtered and descriptive analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22 (Chicago IL USA).ResultIn the Wolaita Sodo University Teaching Referral Hospital during the first six months of 2021, out of 1,810 histopathologically tested samples 19.5% (354) were confirmed malignant cases. Among 354 patient samples, most of them (62.4%) were in females and the rest (37%) found to be in males. The age pattern shows occurrence of 336 (95%) cases in adults and 18 (5%) cases in children. Breast cancer, soft tissue sarcomas, cancer of uteri cervix, non melanomatous skin cancer, and non hodgkin lymphomas were the five top common cancers of all age groups. In adult population, breast cancer, soft tissue sarcomas, and cancer of uteri cervix are the most common. In children of age less than 14 years non hodgkin lymphomas, soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas were the three top cancers. Breast cancer, cancer of uteri cervix and soft tissue sarcomas are found to be the commonest cancers in females. On the other hand, soft tissue sarcomas, non melanomatous skin cancers and Non Hodgkin lymphomas, are the three top commonest cancers in males.ConclusionBased on our current study cancer is one of the common finding from histopathology samples analyzed at the hospital and the pattern of cancer was similar to those reported in other regions of the country as well as neighboring countries. However, Comprehensive demographic and clinical data using population or facility-based cancer registry is required to get better information. Additionally, our finding of higher proportion of soft tissue sarcomas both in males and females of all age groups in this region is disparate and requires further investigation.

Commuters’ Perception using Public Transport Services and its Impact on Passenger Satisfaction: The Case of Sodo Town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Public transport should become part of a solution for sustainable transport in the future. However, to keep and attract more passengers, public transport must have high service quality to satisfy and fulfil a wide range of different customer’s needs. The purpose of the study is to examine the influencing factors measuring customers’ satisfaction, especially the impact of the factors on customers’ satisfaction with public transportation in Wolaita Sodo Town of SNNPR. The data was gathered through a structured questionnaire from the public transport commuters. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 385 randomly selected public transportation passengers in Wolaita Sodo Bus Terminal, Wolaita Zone. Descriptive and Inferential statistics to analyze the data using SPSS version 22. Under Inferential statistics, multiple regression analysis was used to identify the relationships between factors influencing customer satisfaction and commuters’ satisfaction. The results showed that the Fare system has the highest impact on customer satisfaction, followed by Transport comfort, Services provided and Scheduled timings. Three other factors, namely accessibility, Availability of facilities and Terminal environment, were insignificant to customer satisfaction. The analysis of the variance of demographic variables on customer satisfaction with public transport showed that gender, Age, and marital status were statistically insignificant in predicting customer satisfaction. In contrast, Religion, income level, and travelling frequency were statistically significant in predicting customer satisfaction. A flexible and affordable fare rate system should be encouraged and implemented for all routes at different distances to make the service more affordable, satisfy customers’ requirements, and be competent and profitable for the enterprise.

Experience and Perception of Healthcare Workers on the Challenges of Follow-Up and Treatment of Tuberculosis Patients in Southern Ethiopia: An Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Study.

BackgroundThere is a scarcity of research evidence on TB follow-up and treatment challenges from a healthcare worker’s perspective in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and describe the experience and perception of healthcare workers on the challenges of follow-up and treatment of TB patients in Southern Ethiopia.Material and MethodsA qualitative exploratory-descriptive study was employed among 26 purposely selected Healthcare Workers (HCWs) from Wolaita Sodo University-Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and Achura, Boloso Sore, and Tida Health Centers in December 2021 and January 2022. Initially, the maximum variation purposive sampling technique was employed, then based on the data requirement of the study it was enriched by a theoretical sampling method. The required data were collected through one-on-one face-to-face audio-taped in-depth interviews. Data analysis was conducted by using a qualitative data analysis framework for the applied research method. NVivo Software Version 11 was used to ease data organization and analysis. Detailed textual narration of subthemes, and themes was done using direct verbatim quotations in the respective headings and subheadings.ResultsIn the current study, three major themes and eleven sub-themes emerged from the data. The three major themes include the experience of healthcare workers, perceived challenges, and suggestions for improvement of TB patients’ follow-up and treatment. Healthcare worker’s experience, compliance with infection prevention protocols, fear of contracting and/or spreading TB, public awareness of TB, socio-economic burdens, providers-related problems, shortage of medical supplies, unconducive physical work environment, provision of holistic support for the patients, provision of in or out of service training, and supportive supervision were the sub-themes.ConclusionThis study explored the multidimensional challenges adjoining follow-up and treatment of TB patients. Regular monitoring and supportive supervision accompanied by appropriate and timely decisions and feedback are vital to ensure effective follow-up and treatment of TB patients in Ethiopia.

Determinants of low fifth minute Apgar score among newborns delivered by cesarean section at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: an unmatched case control study

BackgroundApgar score is used to evaluate the neonates’ overall status and response to resuscitation, as well as its prognosis beyond the neonatal period. Low fifth minute Apgar scores is more frequent and is associated with markedly increased risks of neonatal mortality and morbidity. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of birth asphyxia is high (22.52%). Birth asphyxia contributes to significant neonatal morbidities and mortalities due to severe hypoxic-ischemic multi-organ damage, mainly brain damage. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify determinants of low fifth minute Apgar score among newborns delivered by cesarean section.MethodsAn unmatched case control study design was conducted. The Apgar score is based on measures of heart rate, respiratory effort, skin color, muscle tone, and reflex irritability. The data collection tool or checklist was adapted from previous study done at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In this study, cases were all newborns with Apgar score < 7 whereas controls were all newborns with Apgar score > = 7. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data was into Epidata version 4.6 and exported to SPSS software version 24. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent effect of different factors at P < 0.05.ResultFactors associated with low Apgar score were fetal birth weight < 2.5 kg [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 ‒ 64.59] P = 0.046, skin incision to delivery time (AOR = 5.27; 95% CI: 2.20 ‒ 12.60) P = 0.001, pregnancy induced hypertension (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.75 ‒ 11.92) P = 0.002, antepartum hemorrhage (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI: 1.75 ‒ 8.94) 0.001, general anesthesia (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.72 ‒ 6.62) P = 0.001, meconium stained amniotic fluid (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.32 ‒ 7.12) P = 0.009 and emergency cesarean section (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.13 ‒ 4.15) P = 0.019.ConclusionsFetal birth weight < 2.5 kg, skin incision to delivery time, pregnancy induced hypertension, antepartum hemorrhage, type of anesthesia, meconium stained amniotic fluid and type of cesarean section were factors independently associated with Apgar score. Therefore, it is important to work on identified risk factors to reduce the impacts low fifth minute Apgar score in the in early adulthood..