Wolaita Soddo Research Articles

Minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among children under the age of five attending public health facilities in Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPoor quality diets are the greatest obstacles to survival, growth, development, and learning in children. Dietary diversity is a major problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. For better feeding practices and focused interventions, it is essential to identify dietary diversity in children. In order to draw firm conclusions, previous studies in Ethiopia were unable to get a thorough picture of the dietary diversity among children under the age of five. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among children under the age of five attending public health facilities in Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study design was used from February to March, 2021. The sample size of the study was 406. A simple random sampling was used to select the study participants. The minimum dietary diversity of the children was assessed by a standardized dietary assessment tool. The information was gathered using a standardized questionnaire that was administered by an interviewer. The collected data were entered into Epi Data 4.6 then exported to SPSS 26 for analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the independent predictors of the study. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05, and the degree of the association was measured using an AOR with a 95% CI.ResultsA total of 399 participants were involved in this study. Nearly half (52.1%) of the study children met the minimum dietary diversity. The most popular foods were grains, roots, and tubers (79.2%), followed by dairy products (58.1%), vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, and grains, roots, and tubers (58.1%). Children whose mothers worked as daily workers had a lower likelihood of meeting the minimal dietary diversity requirement. However, children with separate eating plates from adults, households with food security, low monthly food expenditure, collaborative decision-making on household spending, birth intervals greater than 24 months, and health education on infant and young child feeding were more likely to achieve the minimal dietary diversity requirements.ConclusionThe proportion of the minimum dietary diversity was higher than in previous studies from Ethiopia. The minimum dietary diversity was higher than in previous studies from Ethiopia. Family planning for birth spacing, nutritional counseling on infant and young child feeding, and parent communication in a child's feeding are critical to improve dietary diversity in a child's feeding.

Prevalence of Primary Dysmenorrhea, Its Intensity and Associated Factors Among Female Students at High Schools of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study Design

Primary dysmenorrhea is a highly prevalent gynecological problem and one of the most common causes of school absenteeism among school adolescents. Nearly, half of females with primary dysmenorrhea missed school or work at least once per cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its associated factors among female students in Wolaita soddo town high schools. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among female students at Wolaita soddo town high schools from October 1-30/2021. A total of 733 students were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data were entered using Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used. Variables with a p-value of <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis model were considered statistically significant. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 70% (95% CI (66.6%, 73.4%)). Factors such as age <18 years (AOR 2.55; 95% CI (1.77, 3.68)), long duration of menstrual flow (AOR 2.72; 95% CI (1.42, 5.17)), irregular menstrual cycle (AOR 2.39; 95% CI (1.68, 3.41)), family history of dysmenorrhea (AOR 2.46; 95% CI (1.67, 3.64)) and skipping breakfast (AOR 1.62; 95% CI (1.13, 2.33)) were associated with primary dysmenorrhea. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was high among high school students in the study area. Being younger age, long menstrual flow duration, irregular monthly menstrual cycle, family history of dysmenorrhea, and skipping breakfast were determinants of primary dysmenorrhea.

BLADDER CANCER: DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES, AGE, SEX DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATED VARIANTS WITH GRADATION

Background: Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the ninth most common cancer in the world, and the third most common cancer among men in West Asian countries, including Arab countries. Despite the increasing prevalence of UBC in developing countries, many places, including Yemen, do not have representative studies showing the true impact of these tumors on the population.&#x0D; Aims: To describe the different types of bladder cancers, and their distributions with age, and sex and to correlated different types with gradation, invasion muscles; and schistosomiasis in the last ten years in a single Yemini institute.&#x0D; Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was performed on UBC patients who were subsequently diagnosed selectively by histopathological study in the Department of Pathology at the National Center for Public Health Laboratories (NCPHL) Sana'a, Yemen, over a period of about 10 years from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2021. The study variables were cancer histological type, sex, grades and age. Types, grading and histological diagnoses were formed in line with the World Health Organization classification of bladder cancer.&#x0D; Results: Most of the cases were in the age group 60-69 years (32%), followed by 70 years (22.3%), and 50-59 years (20%). The most common UBCs were urothelial neoplasms (UNs) (71.5%), followed by squamous neoplasms (SNs) (24.4%) while other types were less frequent. There was a cytologically high grade with a significance rate (64.2%) with UNs. There was a significance rate of: schistosomiasis (43.8%) with SNs as OR=19.5 (p &lt; 0.001), and invasion of muscle fibers (66.4%) with SNs as OR=3.3, UNs (37.1%) as OR=11.2 (p &lt; 0.001). Also there was a significance rate of GII grade (46.1%) with SNs as OR=64.1 (p&lt;0.001) and GNs (33.3%) as OR=3.8 (p =0.02). &#x0D; Conclusion: The present study verification data congruence with those in the international literature and reports of neighboring countries, with some minor differences. This study documents a high incidence of urothelial neoplasms, with a male predominance and a peak incidence in the sixth decade of life. Imminent studies are needed to identify risk factors that increase cystitis in more detail and to study genetic susceptibility to inflammation and inflammatory markers before cancer is diagnosed.&#x0D; &#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received: 1 November 2021; Revised: 17 December; Accepted: 31 December, Available online: 15 January 2022&#x0D; Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. &#x0D; Received file: Reviewer's Comments:&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10&#x0D; Reviewers:&#x0D; Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com&#x0D; Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia. &#x0D; Md. Monirul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. monirul.islam@nub.ac.bd&#x0D; Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, rawah67@hotmail.com&#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; EVALUATION OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF CANCER DISEASE AT CHATTAGRAM IN BANGLADESH &#x0D; ACCESS TO MEDICINES STRATEGIES OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME IN CAMEROON

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AWARENESS AND ITS IMPACT ON BANGLADESHI PEOPLE: A COMMUNITY BASED SURVEY

Background: The present study has been carried out to find out the people’s perception about the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects of this pandemic on their daily lives. Methods: A Google form was used to create an online survey questionnaire distributed via personal relationships and social media. Data were collected using questionnaires consisting of socio-demographic status of participants, COVID-19 concepts and changes in the participants’ lifestyle. A total of 1088 respondents took part in the survey, and the results were evaluated using several statistical approaches. The results were presented in a variety of tables and graphs. Results: Males made up 53.3% of the participants, while females made up 46.7% who were from villages (29.87%), cities (53.77%), and semi-urban areas (16.36%). Most participants reported that they got information about the COVID-19 pandemic from social media, and they cited 'fever' as an indicator of the sickness. Although the amount of physical interactions with friends and family has not dropped much, working conditions and employment status have significantly altered. The majority of the participants claimed they have no concerns about the COVID-19. Conclusion: For up-to-date information regarding COVID-19, people in Bangladesh from all walks of life rely largely on social media. COVID-19 awareness isn't enough to inhibit the spreading of the virus from community to community. Employees' work schedules have also been drastically altered. To prevent transmission, we should all follow the safety rules strictly. Peer Review History: Received: 4 November 2021; Revised: 17 December; Accepted: 28 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia. Dr. Barkat Ali Khan, Kampala International University , Uganda, barki.gold@gmail.com Similar Articles: COVID-19: PHARMACOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES COVID-19 IN MEXICO: PREPARING FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS

Self-medication practice and associated factors among adults in Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Self-medication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat their self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. Self-medication can decrease costs and enable health professionals to concentrate on more serious health problems.&#x0D; Aim: To assess self-medication practice and associated factors among adults in Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia, 2017.&#x0D; Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 30 to October 30, 2017. A multi-stage sampling technique of drug retail outlets in Wolaita Soddo town was employed to identify 623 individuals that came to buy drugs in the past three months. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: About 33.7% of the respondents had practiced self-medication in the past 3 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that female sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47–3.36), low income (AOR = 3.95, 95% CI: 2.32–6.73) and higher educational level (AOR = 5.79, 95% CI: 2.47–13.58) were the independent factors significantly affecting the practice of self-medication with drugs. Headache/fever (32.4%), respiratory tract infections (31.4%) and gastrointestinal diseases (16.2%) were the most frequently reported illnesses or symptoms of illnesses that prompted self-medication of study participants.&#x0D; Conclusion: Health education campaigns, strict legislations on dispensing drugs from private pharmacies, and improving accessibility and affordability of health care are among the important interventions required to change people’s health-seeking behavior and prevent the potential risks of self-medication.

Risky Sexual Practice among Street Dwelling People in Southern Ethiopia: A mixed-Method Study.

The number of street dwellers in major cities in Ethiopia is rapidly increasing. However, their sexual health needs are not that much studied. Hence, this study assessed risky sexual practice and associated factors among street dwelling people in southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study employing a mixed method was conducted. For the quantitative part, a snowball sampling technique was made to conduct face-to-face interviews among 842 respondents. In-depth interviews among street dwellers and key informant interviews among stakeholders were conducted to collect qualitative data.A pre-tested and structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data were entered using Epidata and exported to SPSS for analysis, and qualitative data analyzed by thematic analysis approach. About one third, 266(31.6%), of the participants had risky sexual practices within the last year of the study period. Sexual violence such as gang rape and same-sex practice were reported qualitatively. Male respondents (AOR: 3.24, 95%CI: 2.09-5.02) had a more likelihood of risky sexual practice than females. Living in Dilla (AOR: 9.62, 95%CI: 4.49-20.58) and Wolaita Soddo towns (AOR: 14.35, 95%CI: 6.29-32.69) had also a more likelihood of risky sexual practice than living in Hawassa. Moreover, the daily average income of 21-50 Birr (AOR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.29-0.92) had a less likelihood of risky sexual practice compared to those with a daily average income of 5-20 Birr. Risky sexual practice among street dwelling people is found high. The Federal Ministry of Health and other stakeholders should work to cut risky sexual practices among street dwelling people.

A Two Years Retrospective Study on Prevalence of Hospital Acquired Surgical Site Infections Among Patients Admitted in Wolaita Soddo Teaching and Referral Hospital

Background : Surgical site infections are the second most common type of adverse events occurring in hospitalized patients. A surgical wound infection occurs when micro -organisms from the skin or the environment enter the incision that the surgeon makes through the skin in order to carry out the operation. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of surgical site infections among patients admitted to WSUTR Hospital, southern Ethiopia. Method and materials: A two years retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in WSUTRH, 2015. The study was conducted on secondary data from September 2012 to August 2014 using patient cards. Result 334 patient cards were included in our study by proportion 183 were from Obs/Gyn and 151 of surgical cases. From this 10(3%), 6(1.8%) and 5(1.5%) of patients who undergo surgery are diagnosed as having postoperative wound infection on date of 3-4 day, 5 th or more days post operative period in the hospital and at home after discharge respectively. Most patients develop infection after 3or more days post operative. Conclusion Surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection that occurs at the incised site. Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common postoperative complications and occurs in at least five per cent of all patients undergoing surgery. Recommendation: Put into practice that provision of antibiotics before surgery since preoperative prophylactic antibiotics prevents from postoperative infections as well as surgical sight infection. DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-4-01

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Graduating Health Science Students towards Blood Donation at Wolaita Soddo University

Background: Adequate quantity of blood is considered necessary to receive adequate oxygen and nutrients and to carry out certain function. A huge volume of blood can be lost as a result of various medical, obstetrics or surgical emergency. The aim of this study was assess knowledge, attitude and practice of graduating health science students towards blood donation at Wolaita Soddo University from October 2 to 10, 2017. Methods and Materials: Cross sectional study design was conducted. All selected graduating health science students were included. Regular supervision and follow up was made. Data was entered into Epi info version 7 and was transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to determine magnitude of knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation. Result: A total of 96 graduating health science students were included. Most of the participants were male. The overall knowledge on blood donation among respondents was 75.26%.Highest percentage of study participants agree that blood donation cannot affect health of donors. It was also found there were poor practices of blood donation. Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study, there were high knowledge and attitude towards blood donation. However, there was a poor practice of donating blood. Therefore, it is very important to promote blood donation practices.

Incidence of Heifer Mastitis and Identification of Major Associated Pathogens in Dairy Farms at Wolaita Soddo Town, Southern Ethiopia

The replacement stock is one of the vital parts of dairying no dairy farmer can afford to overlook Although heifers as calves and as primiparae have been thought of as a group as free of mastitis many studies indicated that clinical mastitis CM was even higher in heifers during calving than multifarious cows The present longitudinal study was conducted to assess the incidence of heifer mastitis to isolate and identify the causative pathogens and their susceptibility profile against some antimicrobials By using convenience sampling method a total of heifers from two sampling point large scale dairy farms and small holders rsquo cooperative dairy farms were followed and sampled throughout study period Physical examinations of udder and milk and California mastitis Test CMT was applied detect clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively Accordingly a total of quarters were examined The incidence of mastitis per gland at risk was and the spontaneous cure rate of infected quarters was Incidence of heifers intramammary infections IMI in the study area was highest at calving Infection per quarter revealed that of which quarters were clinical and quarters were sub clinical type of mastitis However of the total quarters examined were blind Incidence of mastitis in rear quarters was significantly higher than front quarters p lt The result revealed that high milk producing heifers HF and jersey were significantly susceptible to mastitis p lt The univariate logistic regression showed that breed age practice of milking mastitic cow last housing nature hand wash before and in between milking and udder hygiene had significant effect on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase negative Staphylococci CNS and Streptococcus agalactiae were the predominant bacteria Relatively most of the isolates are susceptible to chloramphenicol gentamycin ciprofloxacin and kanamycin but resistant to penicillin High incidence of heifer mastitis especially occurs as a subclinical type and in high milk producing breeds and older age groups in this area Serious attention should be given to heifers prepartum udder health because it is most essential for control and prevention of heifer mastitis

An Approach to Drainage System Sustainability in Wolaita Soddo Town: A Case Study from Southern Ethiopia

Urban drainage systems have existed as a vital city infrastructure to collect and convey storm water and wastewater away from urban areas. Despite development over the years, it remains a significant challenge to design sustainable and effective functioning of drainage system. This study assessed the approach to drainage system sustainability in Woliata Soddo town. To this end, households of the town and public sector officials were interviewed to obtain necessary information for the study. Inadequate coverage, poor quality and inappropriate provision of drainage infrastructure were problems identified in the study. Weak technical and institutional capacities associated with lack of finance, lack of integration among concerned bodies, lack of community participation and poor operation and maintenance are factors constraining proper drainage infrastructure provision and worsening the situation in the study area.

English

The quality of coffee produced in Gamo Gofa zone is declining from time to time due to improper harvesting and post-harvest management practices. Consequently, coffee produced under home garden is recognized as forest coffee at national market. Therefore, this study was conducted during 2012-2013 with the objective of assessing factors affecting coffee quality during and after harvest. Totally, 160 household respondents were used from three Woredas for data collection from relevant stakeholders, that is, farmers, middlemen (agents and traders) coffee processors and extension workers. Secondary data on coffee grades was also collected from the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) coffee inspection laboratory located at Wolaita Soddo. Finally, quantitative data was analyzed by employing SPSS (version 20). The results indicated that most of respondents (79.4%) harvest their coffee at majority red ripe stage. Concerning harvesting method, 51.3% of respondents practice selective hand picking, while the rest 48.1% harvest by striping on the ground and collect together with previously dropped cherries. However, appropriate harvesting materials which were reported to have no contact with other chemicals were used by 95% of respondents. From post-harvest handling point of view, coffee drying places (69.4%), lack of appropriate drying (53.8%) and method of harvesting (48.1%) were the top three factors which are significantly affecting coffee quality in Gamo Gofa zone among others. However, 95% of respondents used appropriate harvesting materials, that is, local containers which were reported to have no contact with other chemicals. The results of ECX coffee grading showed that majority of coffee received grade seven, eight and nine out of nine scale commercial grades. Even through, inherent quality of coffee being grown in Gamo Gofa zone is good with bold beans. Thus, improvement on the way people harvest and handle their coffee to maintain inherent coffee quality in Gamo Gofa zone is recommended. Key words: Coffee quality, harvest, post-harvest, forest coffee, Gamo Gofa.

Rapid Assessment on Status of Forage Seed Production and Marketing in Doyogena District of Kembata-Tembaro Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia

Livestock production is one of the main economic activities that used for income earning, food security and human welfare improvement sector in Southern Nations Nationalities and Regional States of Ethiopia. However, its productivity is poor due to low adoption and utilization of improved forages and forage seed production, awareness problem, erratic rain fall and related constraints. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the status and constraints of forage seed production and marketing and to review the technical and institutional bottlenecks of the sector in Doyogena district. The study was conducted by using checklist. The study used key informant interview and Focus group discussion in accordance with secondary data collected from Woreda agricultural offices and Literature review. The study confirmed that in addition to its feed and soil and water conservation value, improved forage and forage seed becomes a very expensive income source for most traders and traders in the district. Farmers in the area have difficulty to access new and high yielding forage varieties to attain more stable forage production and productivity. Although, different forage species like oat, vetch, Napier grass, Desho grass, tree Lucerne, sesbania, pigeon pea and lablab have been distributed to some farmers in the district by governmental and nongovernmental organizations, the adoption intensity and utilization is very low except Desho grass, which is widely distributed in the region. Desho grass is very well known by farmers for its fodder, cash and conservation value as compared to other forage species. That is why Desho grass is best adopted forage in the district and in the region at large. The farmers have no or limited knowledge and experience on improved forage varieties and production. Capacity building and extension system on forage technology packages is very weak. Moreover, forage seed distribution and monitoring systems employed by different development practitioner is poor. Land shortage, poor knowledge on how to integrate forages with other farming system, shortage of seed supply and lack of proper forage seed marketing system aggravate the problem on forage production and productivity in the district. On the other hand, there are forage seed traders from other districts who buy and sell seed of different forage varieties. These traders are collecting different forage seeds from other regions in the country. If they would have better seed source in the region, they could be able to avoid high transportation cost from long distances. There is no direct linkage of farmers in the district with any forage seed traders. It is through government organizations and NGOs that farmers are getting forage seeds/planting material. Undertaking similar studies in determinants of improved forage adoption and seed production is believed to boost the sectors productivity. Forage seed Traders in Wolaita Soddo used majorly other traders as source of seed for sale (60%) this indicates that market structure for the commodity of non competitive type. This non competitive behavior of forge market structure hinders productivity of the sector and it is an implication of market inefficient. Taking in to account the great interest of farmers for change, there is a need to strengthen the capacity development and forage technology extension system in the district. Integrating high yielding and high value forage crops with other food crops also need to be given strong attention by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. Establishing forage seed producer groups may have significant role in forage seed production and marketing by linking them with forage seed traders on sustainable manner. Creating appropriate forage seed marketing channel and forage seed quality control is also very essential to promote sustainable forage seed production and marketing as it will improve the exchange of quality forage seeds between different actors.

Lungworm Infection in Small Ruminants in and Around Wolaita Soddo Town, Southern Ethiopia

This study was conducted between November 2010 to April 2011 to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection in small ruminants, determine the parasite species and identify the potential risk factors in and around Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia. Faecal samples were collected from 360 randomly selected small ruminants (204 sheep and 156 goats) and processed with the modified Baerman technique for the extraction of first stage larvae. Overall, 45 (22.1%) sheep and 30 (19.2%) goats were found infected with lungworms. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of lungworm infection between sheep and goats (p>0.05). Dictyocaulus filaria was the single lungworm species identified in both sheep and goats. The risk factors analyzed were sex, age, management system (zero-grazing or free-ranging), deworming history and body condition score (BCS). Management system, deworming history and BCS were significantly associated with the prevalence of D. filaria infection in sheep and goats (p 0.05). In conclusion, the association of lungworm infections with the management system and deworming status of the animals in the present study are as expected. The association of infection with BCS requires further research to investigate if improving the nutritional status, thereby improving BCS, will result in lower prevalence of lungworm infection. Also, as the present sample size is thought to be small, further study with a larger sample size is required to determine the effect of age and host species difference in susceptibility to lungworm infection. One of the limitations of this study is that it is a one season survey and thus, a further year-round investigation is warranted to establish the association between seasonal variation and infection.

Bacteriological Quality of Raw Beef Collected from Municipality Slaughterhouse and Local Markets in and around Wolaita Soddo Town, Southern Ethiopia

Food borne infections and illnesses is a major international health problem with consequent economic reduction. It is a major cause of illness and death worldwide [1]. According to Clarence et al. (2009), food borne diseases are diseases resulting from ingestion of bacteria, toxins and cells produced by microorganisms present in food. The intensity of the signs and symptoms may vary with the amount of contaminated food ingested and susceptibility of the individuals to the toxin [10].

Factors associated with Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence among Adult Patients in Wolaita Soddo Hospital, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: HIV a major challenge to the whole world since the last quarter of 20th century but has become a member of a manageable chronic disease since the advent of ARV drugs. The non-adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy is an emerging major challenge to AIDS care. Objective: To assess factors associated with adherence among AIDS patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Wolaita Soddo Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out at Wolaita Soddo Hospital from April 15 to May 15, 2012 E.C. The collected data were entered in Epi Info version3.5.3. Data analyses were done using SPSS for windows version 16.0. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the data. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between the dependent variable and independent variables calculating odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was set at α. ≤ 0.05. Multivariable analyses were applied to identify the relative effect of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. Results: Three hundred and fifty seven HIV/ AIDS patients were involved in the study. Multi-method adherence assessment consisting of self-report, monthly dispense schedule and dietary requirements ,were used to measure adherence and the average adherence rate was 74.4%.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, with whom a subject lives (AOR=4.943,1,(2.168-11.270)), depression(AOR=2.221,1,(1.093-4.515)), and having inadequate diet to take with ART (AOR=2.229,1,(1.034-4.807)), were independent predictors of dose adherence. Conclusions: In conclusion living with a partner, having no depression and having no food scarcity to take with ART have association with adherence to ART regimens.

Factors Associated with Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence among Adult Patients in Wolaita Soddo Hospital

Background: HIV a major challenge to the whole world since the last quarter of 20th century but has become a member of a manageable chronic disease since the advent of ARV drugs. The non-adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy is an emerging major challenge to AIDS care. Objective: To assess factors associated with adherence among AIDS patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Wolaita Soddo Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out at Wolaita Soddo Hospital from April 15 to May 15, 2012 E.C. Three hundred and fifty seven HIV/ AIDS patients were involved in the study. The collected data were entered in Epi Info version 3.5.3. Data analyses were done using SPSS for windows version 16.0. Multivariable analyses were applied to identify the relative effect of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. Results: Multi-method adherence assessment consisting of self-report, monthly dispense schedule and dietary requirements, were used to measure adherence and the average adherence rate was 74.4%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, with whom a subject lives (Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR)=4.943,1,(2.168-11.270)), depression (AOR=2.221,1,(1.093-4.515)), and having inadequate diet to take with ART (AOR=2.229,1,(1.034-4.807)), were independent predictors of dose adherence. Conclusions: In conclusion living with a partner, having no depression and having no food scarcity to take with ART have association with adherence to ART regimens.

Major metacestodes in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Soddo Municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia: Prevalence, cyst viability, organ distribution and socioeconomic implications

A cross sectional study to determine the prevalence and socioeconomic importance of major metacestodes of cattle was conducted from November 2007 to April 2008 at Wolaita Soddo abattoir. Accordingly, of 415 randomly selected slaughtered cattle, 11.3% and 15.4% were infected with Cysticercus bovis and hydatid cysts, respectively. The anatomical distributions of these parasites include various organs. The major risk factors for cysticercosis prevalence were origin of the animals (P < 0.001, OR = 7.3) and breeds (P = 0.004, OR = 4.3), and hydatid cysts prevalence was significantly varied with different origins (P = 0.021, OR = 2.8). The viability of C. bovis was higher (28.3%) than that of hydatid cyst (1.7%). Of 79 interviewed respondents, 50.63% had acquired taeniasis and analysis of the risk factors showed association of religions (P = 0.003, OR = 24.4), occupation (P < 0.001, OR = 6.9), educational background (P = 0.035, OR = 2.7) and age (P < 0.001, OR = 3.9) of the respondents with taeniasis prevalence. Furthermore, the inventory of taeniasis drugs dose and treatment cost were estimated to be 335,772 adult doses and 93,310 USD. In conclusion, the findings of the present study imply the zoonotic and socioeconomic importance of the diseases, which need intervention.