WO3 Nanocomposites Research Articles

Intelligent electrochromic-supercapacitor based on effective energy level matching poly(indole-6-carboxylicacid)/WO3 nanocomposites

A high-quality electrochromic-supercapacitor based on poly(indole-6-carboxylicacid)/WO3 nanocomposites can intelligently monitor the energy storage state by changing the color of the device.

Comparative Study of Structural, Morphological and Humidity Sensing Properties of Pure WO3 and Cu2O-WO3 Nanocomposite

This work reports the enhancement of humidity sensing properties of tungsten trioxide (WO3) by the formation of nanocomposite with cuprous oxide (Cu2O). A 0.1 g of Cu2O was mixed with 0.9 g of WO3. Pellets of pure WO3 and the obtained mixture are prepared at pressure of 250 MPa applied for 0.5 h. The pellets were then annealed at 300 ºC, 400 ºC, 500 ºC and 600 ºC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzed the crystallinity and morphology of as-prepared pellets surface. Humidity sensing application of pellets is studied in a specially designed chamber. It is observed that as relative humidity increases, there is decrease in the resistance of the pellets. The humidity-sensing investigation (10-99%RH) showed that the nanocomposite of Cu2O with WO3 annealed at 600 ºC, is having the best sensitivity, low hysteresis, less ageing and high reproducibility than pure WO3. It is also observed that as annealing temperature increases from 300 to 600 ºC, sensitivity increases. The present investigation could be useful for fabrication of resistive type humidity sensors for commercial applications.

A facile synthesis of Cr doped WO3 nanocomposites and its effect in enhanced current-voltage and impedance characteristics of thin films

A facile synthesis of Cr doped WO3 nanocomposites and its effect in enhanced current-voltage and impedance characteristics of thin films

Investigation of fast neutron shielding properties of new polyurethane-based composites loaded with B4C, BeO, WO3, ZnO, and Gd2O3 micro-and nanoparticles

Abstract The aim of the current research was to study the radiation shielding properties of polyurethane-based shielding materials filled with B4C, BeO, WO3, ZnO, and Gd2O3 particles against fast neutrons. The macroscopic cross sections of composites containing micro- and nanoparticles with a diameter of 10 µm and 50 nm were calculated using MCNPX (2.6.0) Monte Carlo code. The results showed that adding nano-scaled fillers to polyurethane matrix increases attenuation properties of neutron shields compared to micro-scaled fillers for intermediate and fast neutrons. Among the studied composites, WO3 and Gd2O3 nano-composites presented higher neutron cross section compared to others.

A novel solid-state electrochromic supercapacitor with high energy storage capacity and cycle stability based on poly(5-formylindole)/WO3 honeycombed porous nanocomposites

Novel honeycombed porous poly(5-formylindole) (P5FIn)/WO3 nanocomposites are successfully prepared through combining hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical polymerization. The morphology and structure of prepared P5FIn/WO3 nanocomposites are characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR, Raman spectra, XRD and XPS. Due to the synergistic effect of P5FIn and WO3, the prepared nanocomposites exhibit excellent electrochemical, electrochromic, supercapacitive properties and cycle stability. The areal specific capacitance of the nanocomposites is 34.1 mF cm−2. After 5000 cycles charge and discharge, the nanocomposites can still maintain 93% of its initial capacitance value. A high coloration efficiency (137 cm2 C−1) is also shown when the nanocomposites reversibly switches among dark green, yellow and yellow green. The fabricated electrochromic supercapacitor based on P5FIn/WO3 and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) shows high specific capacitance (10.38 mF cm−2), high coloration efficiency (627 cm2 C−1) and stable cyclic stability up to 5000 charge/discharge cycles. By means of color change and transmittance change during the charging and discharging process, the smart visual monitoring of the energy storage state of the supercapacitor is realized. After charged, the supercapacitor can light up a LED, indicating good practical application ability. The fabricated electrochromic supercapacitor may have practical application in electronics fields due to its high energy storage capacity and cycling stability.

Experimental and theoretical study on the excellent amine-sensing performance of Au decorated WO3 needle-like nanocomposites

This study reports a facile strategy to assemble excellent amine-sensing nanocomposites consisting of WO3 nanoneedles and Au nanoparticles through surface modification. Consequently, the Au decorated WO3 nanocomposites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method coupled with the in-situ reduction reaction. The resulting WO3 nanoneedles were measured to be ∼10 μm in length with unequal diameters along the growth direction. Specifically, the tip diameters were of 100 ± 15 nm, and the widest diameters were of 200 ± 15 nm. Furthermore, Au nanoparticles with sizes of ∼5 nm were evenly distributed on the surface of WO3 nanoneedles. The gas-sensing performance of the WO3 nanoneedles and the Au modified WO3 nanocomposites were evaluated by testing the change of resistance in the resulting materials toward various concentrations of 1-butylamine. It was found that the net WO3 nanoneedles alone are capable of offering an excellent response (15.1–100 ppm of 1-butylamine at the optimized working temperature of 340 °C). The surface modification of WO3 nanoneedles with Au nanoparticles has been proved to further enhance sensing performances by magnitudes of two folds along with superior selectivity compared to the net WO3 nanoneedles. Moreover, according to a further unexpected fact, the optimum working temperature was found to drop from 340° to 240 °C with Au surface modification. Additionally, Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations were applied to understand the adsorption behavior of 1-butylamine on the WO3 (001) surface. The calculation indicated that 1-butylamine enables active interaction with the WO3 (001) surface, confirmed by the formation of a new bond between N atom (1-butylamine) and W atom (WO3). Among the target gases (e.g., ammonia, 1-butanol, acetone, ethanol, and 1-butylamine), 1-butylamine exhibits the highest adsorption energy (−1.490 eV) on the WO3 (001) surface. This helps explain the excellent selectivity toward 1-butylamine. The enhanced sensing property can be attributed to the electronic and chemical sensitization of the Au loaded nanoparticles. These findings may endorse the potential applicability of WO3 and Au-WO3 nanoparticles in amine sensing.

Effects of Sb-doped SnO2–WO3 nanocomposite on electrochromic performance

Abstract With the increase in global challenges related to energy depletion, there is significant emphasis on studies involving next-generation optoelectronic applications such as smart windows and electronic displays. In particular, electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been identified as strategic innovations for energy-saving “smart windows” to address these challenges. Despite this increased level of attentions, ECDs have not yet attained broad commercial acceptance because of their limited electrochromic (EC) properties including coloration efficiency (CE, 10.0 s). To address these limitations, critical effort is required to enhance the EC properties by tuning the film structure and electronic structure of ECDs. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of nanocomposite structure of conductive metal oxides and WO3 EC films. Antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles (ATO NPs) were utilized because of their superior electrical conductivity and large band gap. To achieve the optimum addition amount of ATO NPs in EC films, we adjusted the amount as 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 wt%. WO3 EC films with the optimum addition amount (1.2 wt%) of ATO NPs exhibited improved EC performance including both the switching speeds (5.4 s for the coloration speed and 2.4 s for the bleaching speed) and CE value (48.2 cm2/C). The enhancement of EC performance was attributed to the well-dispersed ATO NPs in the WO3 films that can effectively improve electrical conductivity via the formation of by forming preferred electron pathway. In addition, the large band gap of ATO NPs broadens the transmittance modulation of the EC layer which contributed to the increment of the CE value. Therefore, our results suggest a strategy to obtain the enhanced WO3 films with superior EC performances using conductive metal oxides nanocomposite structure.

A novel seawave-like hierarchical WO3 nanocomposite and its ammonia gas properties

In this work, a novel two-dimensional seawave-like hierarchical WO3 nanocomposite was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal route. It was amazing that this novel two-dimensional WO3 nanostructure was composed of one-dimensional worm-like WO3 nanowires. Furthermore, a ultra-sensitivity towards ammonia was shown primarily attributed to abundant gas diffusion channels and large gas-sensitive reaction surface area furnished by one-dimensional worm-like WO3 nanowires. Meanwhile, as the building units, the worm-like nanowires promote the directional transmission of electrons, resulting in an improvement of WO3 gas sensing characteristics.

Photocatalytic degradation of local dyeing wastewater by iodine-phosphorus co-doped tungsten trioxide nanocomposites under natural sunlight irradiation

In the present work, one-step green synthesis of WO3 based on the interaction of ammonium paratungstate and Spondias mombin leaves extract is reported. Different concentrations of iodine and phosphorus in the range of (2%, 5% and 10%) were firstly incorporated into the prepared WO3 nanoparticles to obtain Iodine doped and Phosphorus doped WO3 nanoparticles respectively. Subsequently, iodine and phosphorus co-doped WO3 nanocomposites was prepared using a wet impregnation method followed by calcination at high temperature. The nanomaterials were characterized by HRSEM, HRTEM, BET, UV–Visible, EDS, XRD and XPS. The photo-oxidation of dyeing wastewater by the synthesized WO3 nanomaterials were tested and assessed using Total organic carbon (TOC) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) as indicator parameters. XRD and HRSEM analysis demonstrated the formation of only monoclinic phase of WO3 irrespective of the dopants. The UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed the band gap energy of 2.61 eV for undoped WO3 and 2.02 eV for I-P co-doped WO3 nanocomposites. The surface area of I-P co-doped WO3 (416.18 m2/g) was higher than the undoped WO3 (352.49 m2/g). The XPS demonstrated interstitial and substitution of oxygen (O2−) vacancies in WO3 by I− and P3+ and formed I-P-WO(3-x). The I-P co-doped WO3 exhibited higher catalytic activities (93.4% TOC, 95.1% COD) than the undoped (54.9% TOC, 79.2% COD) due to the synergistic effects between the two dopants. The experimental data better fitted to pseudo-second order than first order and pseudo-first order model. This study demonstrated the enhanced photocatalytic performance of I-P co-doped WO3 nanocomposites under sunlight.

Synthesis, Characterization, Humidity Sensing, Antibacterial, Photocatalytic and Kinetic Studies of Novel HgWO4 – WO3 Nanocomposites

Mercury tungstate (HgWO4) and tungsten trioxide (WO3) were prepared by co-precipitation method. The HgWO4 – WO3 composites were prepared in various mole ratios which were analyzed for structural examination by powder XRD, purity by EDAX, morphological data by SEM, Optical properties by UV absorption spectra, humidity sensing activity using humidity sensor, Antibacterial ability using diffusion technique and photocatalytic efficiency by photocatalytic studies. The humidity sensing properties of the nanocomposites shows that the nanocomposite HWWO-82 has the highest humidity sensitivity factor (Sf = R5%/ R98%) of 10034 with response and recovery time of 30 s, 90 s respectively. Antibacterial activity of nanocomposites was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria’s in which HWWO-82 shows good antibacterial activity. The photocatalytic efficiency was estimated by degradation of Rhodamine B using nanocomposite, which shows complete degradation after 3 hours of its contact with HWWO-28 photocatalyst. The kinetic study for adsorption and degradation efficiency follows pseudo second order and pseudo first order kinetics respectively. Based on the experimental data of the nanocomposites, the nanocomposites was analyzed to behave as good humidity sensor satisfying commercial expectations, good antibacterial agent and mild photocatalyst

A novel approach to synthesize nanostructured WO3 and graphene/WO3 nanocomposites: Structural and morphological investigations

Abstract Nanostructured metal oxide based nanocomposites have attracted considerable attention due to their promising and remarkable properties. In the present study, a novel method is developed for the preparation of Graphene oxide (GO)/tungsten oxide WO3 nanocomposites by using tungsten carbide (WC) and graphite as precursors. (GO)/WO3 nanocomposites are prepared via in situ and ex situ chemical approaches followed by subsequent thermal treatment at 500 °C. The obtained samples were characterized by different techniques to confirm the transformation of WC to WO3 nanostructures and the formation of their nanocomposites with carbon nanostructures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the WO3 nanoparticles were fine crystallized with a monoclinic phase even after interaction with GO for the ex situ prepared GO/WO3 and different phases of WO3 appeared during their growth in situ in the presence of graphite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal the rods-like shape of WO3 nanostructures with uniform distribution onto the RGO nanosheets. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirms the interaction and charge transfer between the components. The experimental results reveal the efficiency of the proposed approach that opens up a promising route to prepare G/WO3 nanocomposites for many applications.

Ultrathin WO3 nanosheets modified by g-C3N4 for highly efficient acetone vapor detection

In this work, ultrathin WO3 nanosheets were prepared by self-assembly approach and their phase and morphology were regulated by changing the heat treatment temperature. Then, g-C3N4 modified WO3 nanosheets sensitive material was fabricated via a facile liquid ultrasonic mixing method. The microstructure, morphology, chemical composition, oxidation state and surface area of WO3 nanosheets and g-C3N4/WO3 nanocomposite were comparatively studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Sensing performances of WO3 nanosheets and g-C3N4/WO3 composite with different g-C3N4 loading amount were investigated with acetone as a target gas. Compared to WO3 nanosheets, the g-C3N4/WO3 gas sensor exhibits good response, excellent selectivity, transient response and trace detection ability to acetone vapor. Effects of g-C3N4 content on gas sensitivity were also investigated. The response (Ra/Rg) of the gas sensor based on 1 wt% g-C3N4/WO3 was 35 toward 100 ppm acetone at 340 °C, which was about 300% higher than the response value of pure WO3 sensor. The sensor also showed a fast response/recovery speed (9 s/3.8 s) and a wide linear detection range (from 0.5 ppm to 500 ppm). These unique sensing properties were attributed to the synergistic effects including the contribution of WO3 ultrathin nanosheets, suitable crystal phase and porous surface, and the sensitization of g-C3N4, which increases the specific surface area and regulates the electrical properties. This work will contribute to the development of new acetone sensors and expand the application of g-C3N4 composite materials.

WO3–TiO2 nanocomposites for paracetamol degradation under visible light

TiO2 has wide band gap energy and also it has fast recombination rate for electron and hole. Therefore, titanium dioxide excited by ultraviolet light and its photocatalytic activity is small. Enlargement of titanium dioxide activity can be carried out by separation of electron–hole pairs. In this, TiO2–WO3 nanocomposites with various percent of WO3 were synthesis by sol–gel technique in existence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as template. Physical, photocatalytic and structural properties of titanium dioxide and TiO2–WO3 nanocomposites were measured by many characterizations tools. Performance of titanium dioxide and TiO2–WO3 nanocomposites were measured for paracetamol degradation using visible light. Titanium dioxide band gap can be tailored by control tungsten trioxide weight percent. 3 wt% of tungsten trioxide reduce band gap to 2.63 eV. The optimum weight percent of tungsten trioxide is 3 wt% at which photocatalytic performance for paracetamol degradation is larger than that of TiO2, TiO2–WO3—1 wt%, TiO2–WO3—2 wt% and TiO2–WO3—4 wt% by 33.3, 2.1, 1.6 and 1 times, respectively. TiO2–WO3—3 wt% has photocatalytic stability for five times.

Structural, Optical, Thermal and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Properties of BiFeO3–WO3 Nanocomposites

In the present work, nanocomposites of BiFeO3–WO3 (BFO–WO3) have been successfully synthesized for the first time by a single step sol–gel method. The main objective lies in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3 by modifying it with a WO3 matrix. Powder x-ray diffraction studies on BFO–WO3 confirm the presence of the monoclinic character of WO3 along with rhombohedral BFO. In addition, elemental mapping using energy dispersive x-ray analysis ascertains the existence of tungsten ions in the BFO matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis on pure and nanocomposites depicts the distinct morphologies of the nanoparticles upon modification of BFO with WO3. From the UV–Vis–NIR spectrum, it has been noticed that there is a reduction in the band gap energy from 1.8 eV (BFO) to 1.5 eV (BFO–WO3) suggesting the increase in the absorption of a visible portion of light upon loading of WO3 in BFO. Thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis trace of BFO–WO3 nanocomposites shows that there is a suppression of the multiferroic character of BiFeO3, when it is modified with WO3. However, the photodegradation of methylene blue using BFO–WO3 nanoparticles found to have been enhanced to 91%. The increase in dye removal property may be due to the fact that the higher surface area of nanocomposites due to the incorporation of WO3 particles. The other significant results have been discussed in detail.

Application of Z–Scheme CdSWO3 Nanocomposite for Photodegradation of Ethylparaben under Irradiation with Visible Light: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

AbstractThe CdS WO3 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The catalytic capacity of CdS WO3 nanocomposite was evaluated based on various parameters, such as pH, catalyst load, bicarbonate and persulfate concentrations. The ratios of CdS to WO3 was also examined to acquire the photocatalytic performance in addition, the by–products and pathway were also studied. The findings showed that CdS WO3 (ratio 3:7) produced better photodegradation performance in comparison to CdS WO3 (ratio 1:1). Also, from the same investigation, the CdS WO3 nanocomposite exhibited a slightly higher catalytic ability in the presence of 150 mg L–1 S2O82– ions (at pH 3) than with bicarbonate ions. A 40% degradation was observed in the presence of 150 mg L–1 S2O82– ions (at pH 3). Moreover, about 38% of adsorption was observed with bicarbonate ions. In this study, we systematically reveal the underlying mechanism of the improved photoactivity of CdS–WO3 nanocomposite using a hybrid density functional theory calculation. The interfacial interaction led to the formation of a built–in internal electric field at the CdS–WO3 interface to promote the separation of charge carriers, The theoretical results rationalise the experimental findings and offer a new understanding of the underlying mechanism of the photoactivity of CdS–WO3 nanocomposite. The degradation pathway of Ethylparaben, which involved dealkylation of ethyl unit was proposed.

WO3 nanofibers anchored by porous NiCo2O4 nanosheets for xylene detection

In this work, porous NiCo2O4 nanosheets anchored on the surface of 1D WO3 nanofibers were synthesized via a hydrothermal route followed by a facile chemical deposition treatment. The as-obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The porous NiCo2O4 nanosheets grew on the surface of WO3 nanofibers with an intimate contact between their interfaces, leading to the formation of p-n heterojunctions and an increase of surface area. Compared with the pristine WO3 nanofibers and NiCo2O4 nanosheets, the NiCo2O4/1D WO3 nanocomposite exhibited the highest response to xylene (Rg/Ra = 15.69 toward 100 ppm). Moreover, the NiCo2O4/1D WO3 nanocomposite also demonstrated outstanding selectivity, excellent stability and low detection limitation (~ 5 ppm) to xylene vapor. The main mechanism for the enhanced gas-sensing properties of NiCo2O4/1D WO3 nanocomposite was attributed to the unique porous structures and p-n heterojunctions between NiCo2O4 nanosheets and WO3 nanofibers. The excellent gas-sensing properties of NiCo2O4/1D WO3 nanocomposite make it a good candidate as a gas-sensing material for the practical application in xylene detection.

Synthesis of a magnetic WO3 nanocomposite for use in highly selective preconcentration of Pb(II) prior to its quantification by FAAS.

A novel sorbent consisting of WO3 and Fe3O4 is described for preconcentration of Pb(II). It was prepared without consumption of organic solvents. The nano composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, alternating gradient force magnetometer and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Having high surface area and being formed oxygen sheets propose the nanocomposite as a sorbent. Adsorption and desorption conditions were optimized and Pb(II) is quantified by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sorbent can highly selectively preconcentrate Pb(II) at pH values between 3 and 7. The preconcentration time is short and sorbent is re-usable. Under the optimized conditions, the method has the following figures of merit: (a) limit of detection of 0.60ngmL-1, (b) relative standard deviation (n= 5) of 0.87%, (c) preconcentration factor of 33.33 and (d) linearity of dynamic range (10-200ng.mL-1). Isotherm adsorption, kinetic adsorption and thermodynamic adsorption were stablished. The material was applied to the preconcentration of Pb(II) from herbal medicines. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of a nanocomposite (Fe3O4 - WO3) that was prepared from sodium tungstate (Na2WO4), oxalic acid, HCl and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the magnetic solid phase extraction of lead at trace levels.

Electrochemically-synthesized tungstate nanocomposites γ-WO3/CuWO4 and γ-WO3/NiWO4 thin films with improved band gap and photoactivity for solar-driven photoelectrochemical water oxidation

The main aim of this study was to synthesize and characterise tungstate (WO3) nanocomposites with its metal-based nanostructures, such as copper (II) tungstate (CuWO4) and nickel tungsten oxide (NiWO4), as visible-light active thin film photoanodes for solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. FE-SEM and AFM results showed that the bare as-deposited WO3 films were transformed into polycrystalline WO3 structure with highly agglomerated surfaces and roughness during the annealing-induced crystallisation process. XRD results suggested that the bare as-deposited WO3 films undergone phase transformation process from amorphous to the photoactive monoclinic-I (γ-WO3) at 550 °C. XPS results indicated the existence of WO42−, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions at 35.58 eV, 856 eV and 932.4 eV, respectively. Through the formation of WO3 nanocomposites, the energy band gap was effectively lowered from 2.7 eV (γ-WO3) → 2.3 eV (γ-WO3/CuWO4) → 2.1 eV (γ-WO3/NiWO4) as estimated from the UV–Vis spectra. Finally, the corresponding photoactivity of WO3 nanocomposites was estimated by measuring the photocurrent density and γ-WO3/NiWO4 nanocomposite structure was found to give the highest photocurrent density of 400 μA/cm2 at 1.5 V vs Ag/AgCl (4 M KCl).

Temperature dependent selective detection of hydrogen and acetone using Pd doped WO3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and Pd doped WO3 nanocomposites were fabricated by employing electrostatic interactions between poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) modified Pd doped WO3 nanostructures and graphite oxide (GO) and studied for their gas sensing application. XRD, Raman, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, TEM, TGA, XPS and Photoluminescence techniques were used for characterization of as-synthesized samples. Gas sensing studies revealed that the sensor with optimized doping of 1.5 mol% Pd and 1 wt% GO shows temperature dependent selectivity towards hydrogen and acetone. The role of WO3, Pd and RGO has been discussed in detail for enhanced sensing performance.

Direct inkjet-patterning of energy efficient flexible electrochromics

High-quality patterns were successfully prepared by inkjet-printing WO3-PEDOT:PSS composites on different substrates including the rigid FTO glass and most importantly, on flexible PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid/PET. Excellent electrochromic performances can be achieved, including large optical modulation (85.7% optical contrast at the wavelength of 633 nm on FTO glass substrate), fast switching speed (coloration/bleaching time of 2.4/0.8 s on the PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid/PET substrate), instantaneous coloration efficiency (68.8 cm2 C−1) and good cycling stability (up to 10,000 cycles). The effects of the applied potential window during electrochemical evaluation on the electrochromic performances were analyzed in detail. The printed electrochromics films on PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid/PET showed the best electrochemical stability, in agreement with its superior conductivity and transmittance at 633 nm of 0.6 Ω/sq and 66%, respectively. It sustained transmittance modulation of about 75.5% and 53.1% of its first cycle recorded contrast at 633 nm, after being subjected to 1000 and 5000 cycles, respectively, and maintained good electrochemical stability up to 10,000 cycles. Moreover, a robust mechanical stability was also achieved by the printed films on flexible PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid/PET substrate. The film maintained a transmittance modulation of 85.8% of its original contrast after 5000 bending cycles at a curvature radius of 1 cm. The inkjet-printed WO3 nanocomposite based flexible electrochromic displays exhibited excellent electrochromic performance, making it a promising candidate for energy efficient displays, e-books, e-cards and multifunctional electronic devices.