Within-person Variability Research Articles

Impact of fly-in fly-out work on health behaviours and affective states: A daily diary study.

Our knowledge about the role of fly-in fly-out (FIFO) work-related factors on the well-being of workers across the FIFO work cycle is limited. This study examined the within-person effects of job demand and control on psychological states and health behaviours. The study employed a daily diary design, with 23 FIFO workers in the Australian mining industry completing a daily diary survey for 28 consecutive days across on-shift and off-shift periods. Multilevel analyses showed FIFO workers experienced higher positive affect and enjoyed better sleep quality, but consumed more alcohol, during off-shift days as compared to on-shift days. Within-person variability in daily demand (workload) was associated with higher anxious affect, whereas job control predicted lower anxious and depressed affects, higher positive affect, more alcohol consumption, and more physical activity. The within-person effect of demand on anxious affect was moderated by job control such that those who generally had more control over their jobs had a smaller effect of demand on anxiety than those with less control. Results suggest potentially modifiable aspects of FIFO work-particularly job control-may help alleviate the impact of workload on poorer health behaviours and mood.

BETWEEN-PERSON AND DAILY WITHIN-PERSON VARIATION PATTERNS IN MEASURES OF VIEWS OF AGING

Abstract Despite increasing evidence of daily associations between individuals’ health and their age-related thoughts, beliefs, feelings and experiences (collectively referred to as views of aging, VOA), we know little about daily variation in VOA more generally. We used data from an online sample of 122 adults (aged 26 to 78 years) who completed multiple measures of VOA (subjective age, age group identity, aging attitudes, implicit theories of aging, awareness of age-related change) on each of 7 consecutive days, partitioning variance in responses to each measure at the person and day levels to assess between- and within-person variability, respectively. Results showed that, in all measures, between-person variability accounted for most of the total observed variation (62% to 92%) whereas within-person variability accounted for a significant but smaller amount (8% to 38%). The ratio of between- to within-person variation, however, depended on the specific measure and age group assessed, with the highest ratios observed for subjective age (versus other measures) and older adults (versus young adults). Findings suggest that VOA are relatively stable in daily life and may become more stable with advanced age. Further study of measures and age groups that exhibit the most within-person variability can yield insights that help increase understanding about the dynamics of VOA (i.e., which VOA constructs are most sensitive to fluctuating contexts and for whom?) and therefore inform future work linking VOA to other phenomenon in daily life.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE AND SMARTPHONE GPS DATA

Abstract Patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers often experience poor quality of life. Self-reported measures are commonly used to quantify quality of life of family caregivers but may have limitations such as recall and social desirability bias. Variables derived from passively obtained smartphone GPS data are a novel approach to measuring quality of life that may overcome these limitations, and enable detection of early signs of deteriorating mental and physical health. The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal directionality of the correlations between self-reported quality of life (i.e., PROMIS Global 10: physical and mental health domains) at 3 timepoints and passively acquired smartphone GPS data among 7 family caregivers and 4 advanced cancer patients over a 12-week period. We extracted variables (i.e., total distance, time spent at home, transition time, and number of significant locations) with algorithms applied to the raw GPS sensor data. Uncertainty measures for the correlation estimates were computed as uncorrected 95% Bootstrap confidence intervals. We found a medium-to-large correlation between quality of life and the daily smartphone GPS data averaged by week in certain time periods (e.g., temporal correlations between physical health and transition time for 0–6 weeks; r’s ranging from 0.30 to 0.53). Additionally, we found a medium-to-large correlation between quality of life and within-person variability (standard deviation) in daily smartphone GPS data. Our findings indicate that variation in within- and between-person behavior patterns captured by GPS data may signal potential changes in individuals’ physical and mental health outcomes.

APATHY IN NURSING HOME RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA: ANALYSIS OF WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-PERSON DIFFERENCES

Abstract Apathy commonly occurs in persons with dementia, yet it is often overlooked in nursing homes. It is unclear how apathy symptoms differ within- and between-individuals. This observational study examined the differences in apathy among nursing home residents with dementia. Three videos, 3-10 minutes each, were recorded for each resident to capture caregiving interactions between caregivers and residents with dementia and apathy. Apathy levels were rated second-by-second by trained researchers via video observations using the Person-Environment Apathy Rating-Apathy subscale (PEAR-Apathy). The total PEAR-Apathy score ranges from 6-24, with higher scores indicating higher apathy levels. A total of 17 residents were enrolled from three nursing homes in Pennsylvania. Correlations and multilevel modeling were used for analyses. PEAR-Apathy score was 16.2 on average. Within-video average variability in apathy was 2.28 (range=0.47-4.24). Across-video within-person results showed average variability was 2.27, and the range between people was 1.36 to 3.31. Residents’ baseline apathy and depression, caregiver age, dementia care experience, and experience with the resident were not significantly correlated with apathy variability. Results from multilevel modeling showed that 11.2% of the within-person variance in apathy was accounted for by resident differences. After accounting for the clustering at the resident level, age was significantly associated with apathy variability (t=3.31, p=0.002). Results suggest that residents with dementia have moderate differences in apathy variability. Additionally, variability in apathy tended to increase with age. Future research may further examine factors contributing to individual differences in apathy and develop interventions to minimize apathy in nursing home residents with dementia.

WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES IN DAILY ASSOCIATION OF VIEWS OF AGING AND NEGATIVE AFFECT

Abstract Few studies found cultural differences, both across and within countries, in the association between subjective views of aging (VoA) and psychological concomitants. However, a question remains whether such cultural differences exist on a daily level. We therefore examined cultural differences in daily covariation of VoA and negative affect (NA) within an Israeli sample (comparing Israeli Jews to Arabs) and between countries (comparing the Israeli sample to an American sample). The Israeli sample included 75 participants (age ranged 50 to 88, 36% Arabs). The American sample included 77 participants (age ranged 50 to 82). Participants reported subjective age, subjective accelerated aging, ageist attitudes, and NA across 14 days. Within-person variability ranged from 28% (ageist attitudes) to 52% (NA) of the total variance in the Israeli sample, and 26% (subjective age) to 38% (subjective accelerated aging) in the American sample. On days respondents felt younger, felt to be aging slower, or had less ageist attitudes, they also reported lower NA. Cross-level interactions showed that the associations of subjective age and subjective accelerated aging with NA were significantly stronger among Israeli Arabs (versus Israeli Jews) and significantly stronger in the Israeli sample (versus the American sample). The daily covariance between ageist attitudes and NA remained similar across cultural groups. These findings attest to the importance of taking a cultural perspective on daily relationships between VoA and psychological concomitants. Our talk will discuss potential explanations for the abovementioned cultural differences and similarities and will point to future directions in our Subjective AGES project.

THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF STRESSORS AND UPLIFTS FOR DAILY SUBJECTIVE AGING IN THE US

Abstract Exposure to daily stressors is consistently associated with reduced health and well-being, including feeling subjectively older. Experiencing uplifts, however, are typically associated with increased health and well-being, but have not yet been examined with respect to subjective aging. The current study tested daily stressors and uplifts as unique as well as interactive effects for daily subjective age and daily ageist attitudes. A sample of 440 U.S. adults aged 50-85 participated in a 14-day daily diary study, reporting on their subjective age, ageist attitudes, daily stressors, and daily uplifts each day. All variables demonstrated significant within-person variability, with ICCs ranging from .68 (uplifts) to .75 (subjective age). Daily stressors and daily uplifts were each uniquely predictive of daily ageist attitudes, where daily stressors were positively associated and daily uplifts were negatively associated with daily ageist attitudes. For daily subjective age, there was a synergistic effect of daily stressors and daily uplifts. On days with no stressors, daily uplifts were not associated with daily subjective age. However, on days with stressors, increases in daily uplifts were associated with significant decreases in subjective age. These findings underscore the multidimensionality of subjective age constructs and will be situated within cross-cultural comparisons.

FEATURES OF LEARNING FROM HIGH-FREQUENCY COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS AS DIGITAL BIOMARKERS OF COGNITIVE CHANGE

Abstract In measurement burst designs, participants’ cognitive performance is measured multiple times per day, for several days, forming a measurement burst. Ideally, these are repeated once or twice a year as people age. Such rich longitudinal data are generated by multiple processes (e.g., aging and learning) that operate on multiple timescales. We propose a Bayesian process model that can extract person-specific, substantively meaningful features of learning and change from such data. We show how to model retest gains across measurement bursts, as well as warm-up effects within a burst, while quantifying change across bursts in peak performance and accounting for short-term within-person variability. Individual differences in these features are also linked with psychosocial variables and biomarkers of cognitive decline in a one-step analysis. We also highlight how this approach allows for drawing intuitive inferences on cognitive decline with Bayesian posterior probabilities.

WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-PERSON DIFFERENCES IN ACTIVITY FACTOR STRUCTURE: RESULTS FROM AN EMA STUDY

Abstract Analyses of activity participation scales are typically based on single time points and resulting factors focus on differences between participants. However, as real-world activity engagement varies at more micro-timescales, these analyses provide little insight into how activities cluster together within a person across moments or days. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies capture within-person fluctuations in activity engagement and allow us to compare within-person variability to that observed across persons. Using multilevel factor analysis we examined the factor structure of activity participation within-persons (i.e., across days) and between participants. Using tablet-based assessments, 81 adults aged 41 to 94 years (M=61.26, SD=12.12) reported the activities they completed in the past 3-4 hours 5 times per day (4 at semi-randomly scheduled intervals and 1 at bedtime) for 14 days. Multilevel factor analysis simultaneously computed both intra-individual factors (within-person structure of activity in daily life) and inter-individual factors (between-person structure of activity engagement). A solution of 4 within-person and 4 between-person factors provided the best model fit, with three common factors across levels: 1) cognitive (e.g., read, write, computer tasks); 2) social (e.g., events, mentoring, providing care); and 3) passive (e.g., TV, games) factors. There were notable differences in the fourth factor however. Although there are similarities, the factor structure of activity participation between individuals is different than factors describing activity participation within persons from day to day. Researchers should be aware that common between-person activity factors will not unilaterally fit EMA within-person data and should conduct additional preparatory factor analyses.

DAILY EXPERIENCES OF UPLIFTS, STRESSORS, AND SUBJECTIVE VIEWS ON AGING IN GERMANY

Abstract People’s subjective experience of aging can vary from day to day and is related to other experiences in people’s daily lives. While stressors have been previously investigated as predictors of subjective aging, less research has taken the role of positive events into account. We were thus interested in the relationship of daily stressors and uplifts on different indicators of daily subjective aging in later life. In a preliminary sample of N = 42 German adults aged 52 - 75 years, participants completed up to 14 daily-diary questionnaires on subjective age (single item and multidimensional) and ageist attitudes, daily stressors and uplifts. All variables showed significant within-person variability, with ICCs ranging from .24 (stressors) to .87 (ageist attitudes). Uplifts were related to daily subjective age: On days with more uplifts, people felt younger. Stressors were not related to subjective age and no relation was found with ageist attitudes for uplifts and stressors. Findings will be contextualized in a cross-cultural sample.

Dysfunctional Attitudes Versus Metacognitive Beliefs as Within-Person Predictors of Depressive Symptoms Over Time

Understanding within-person variation between theorized mechanisms of disorder and depressive symptoms can help identify targets for interventions. Cognitive models of depression hypothesize dysfunctional attitudes as underlying vulnerability factors, while the metacognitive model places emphasis on dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. However, no previous study has tested the relative importance of change in dysfunctional attitudes and metacognitive beliefs as predictors of change in depressive symptoms within individuals. In a sample of 1,418 individuals measured at four time-points separated by 5-week intervals, a multilevel model approach was used to test the relative importance of change in dysfunctional attitudes and metacognitive beliefs as predictors of change in depressive symptoms. Change in dysfunctional attitudes and metacognitive beliefs predicted change in depressive symptoms over time. However, change in metacognitive beliefs and in particular negative metacognitive beliefs and judgements of cognitive confidence were significantly stronger predictors of change in depressive symptoms compared to dysfunctional attitudes. Furthermore, change in metacognitive beliefs predicted change in dysfunctional attitudes beyond change in depressive symptoms. These results suggest that metacognitive beliefs rather than dysfunctional attitudes might be more important for depressive symptoms over time within persons and that metacognitive change may also influence dysfunctional attitudes over time. Metacognitive beliefs are therefore a promising target for treatment and prevention aiming to reduce depressive symptoms, but replication of our results in clinical samples is warranted before more clear conclusions can be drawn.

A combined experimental-correlational approach to the construct validity of performance-based and self-report-based measures of sustained attention.

The ability to sustain attention is often measured with either objective performance indicators, like within-person RT variability, or subjective self-reports, like mind wandering propensity. A more construct valid approach, however, may be to assess the covariation in these performance and self-report measures, given that each of these is influenced by different sources of measurement error. If the correlation between performance-variability and self-report measures reflects the sustained attention construct, then task manipulations aimed at reducing the sustained attention demands of tasks should reduce the correlation between them (in addition to reducing mean levels of variability and mind wandering). The current study investigated this claim with a combined experimental-correlation approach. In two experiments (Ns ~ 1,500 each), participants completed tasks that either maximized or minimized the demand for sustained attention. Our demand manipulations successfully reduced the mean levels of sustained attention failures in both the objective and subjective measures, in both experiments. In neither experiment, however, did the covariation between these measures change as a function of the sustained attention demands of the tasks. We can therefore claim only minimal support for the construct validity of our measurement approach to sustained attention.

Assessing Validity and Bias of Within-Person Variability in Affect and Personality.

Within-person variability in affect (e.g., Neuroticism) and personality have been linked to well-being. These are measured either by asking people to report how variable they are or to give multiple reports on the construct and calculating a within-person standard deviation adjusted for confounding by the person-level mean. The two measures are weakly correlated with one another and the links of variability with well-being depend on which measure researchers use. Recent research suggests that people's repeated ratings may be biased by response styles. In a 7-day study (N = 399) with up to five measurements per day, we confirmed that the measures of variability lacked sufficient convergent validity to be used interchangeably. We found only 1 significant correlation (of 10) between variability in repeated ratings of affect or personality and variability in repeated ratings of a theoretically unrelated construct (i.e., features of images). There was very little evidence supporting the response styles hypothesis.

Daily diary study of associations between alcohol, cannabis, co-use and sleep quality in individuals with intentions to use cannabis to cope with anxiety.

Sleep problems and anxiety conditions are common comorbidities and may be influenced by cannabis and alcohol use. This study examined daily within-person variation in subjective sleep quality among individuals with anxiety symptoms after cannabis or alcohol were used alone, and after co-use. A total of 347 individuals with intentions to use cannabis to cope with anxiety reported their cannabis and alcohol use in the previous 24 h and their previous nights' sleep quality for 30 consecutive days. Mixed-effects models examined whether the within-person daily variation in use of cannabis and alcohol (alone and co-use) was associated with subjective sleep quality. Models also examined whether daily cannabis and alcohol use associations with sleep were moderated by frequency of cannabis, alcohol and co-use during the study period. Compared to non-use, participants reported better sleep after cannabis-use-only and after co-use, but not after alcohol-use-only. People who more frequently use alcohol and cannabis reported sleeping better after cannabis-use-only days compared to those who use cannabis and alcohol less frequently. The study's utilisation of naturalistic data among individuals with anxiety symptoms replicated previously reported experimental findings among individuals without sleep and anxiety problems that overall, cannabis is associated with higher subjective sleep quality. The results expand upon other research to suggest that more frequent use of alcohol and cannabis may moderate daily associations of cannabis use and sleep, potentially through pharmacokinetics and cross-sensitisation.

Triggered by worry: A dynamic network analysis of COVID-19 pandemic-related anxiety and parental stress

BackgroundMajor disruptions to daily life routines made families and parents particularly vulnerable to psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdowns. However, the specific psychopathological processes related to within-person variation and maintenance of anxiety symptomatology and parental distress components in the parental population have been largely unexplored in the literature. Methods: In this preregistered intensive longitudinal study, a multilevel dynamic network was used to model within-person interactions between anxiety symptomatology, psychopathological processes, parental distress, and protective lifestyle components in a sample of 495 parents—each responding to daily assessments over a 40-day period. A total of 30,195 observations were collected across the subjects. ResultsExtensive worry, threat monitoring, and uncontrollability of worry were identified as overreaching psychopathological processes related to the aggravation of other symptoms of anxiety and parental distress. A strong association was found between parental stress and parental burnout. Anger toward one's child was associated with both parental stress and parental burnout. Protective factors showed the lowest strength centrality, with few and weak connections to other symptoms and processes in the network. LimitationsAssociations may exist between the study variables on a different time scale; hence, different time lags should be used in future research. Conclusions: Accessible, low-cost interventions that address worry, threat monitoring, and the uncontrollability of worry could serve as potential targets for reducing the symptom burden of anxiety and distress in the parental population.

Unraveling real-time mobile connectivity paradox and emotional ambivalence: a quasi-experimental design from a multi-source perspective

PurposeThis study develops and validates a theoretical model of real-time mobile connectivity, examining how employees' perceptions of their relationship with supervisors influence their emotional experiences. Through quasi-experiments, the authors investigate the behavioral patterns and emotional responses associated with real-time mobile connectivity in organizations, with a focus on messaging apps that indicate message read status. Specifically, they explore how supervisors' attentiveness or inattentiveness in mobile connectivity impacts emotional ambivalence (anxiety and pride) among subordinates. Additionally, they examine the downstream effects of this emotional ambivalence on employees' workplace thriving and job performance across various dimensions.Design/methodology/approachTo address the paradox of real-time mobile connectivity, a quasi-experimental design involving 320 team members from 46 teams was implemented. Multi-level structural equation modeling was employed to analyze within-person variance and evaluate the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe findings indicate that employees who do not receive timely indications from their supervisors are more likely to experience elevated levels of anxiety, while those who receive prompt indications experience a sense of pride. Moreover, the indirect effects of the real-time mobile connectivity paradox on employee performance, mediated by anxiety (negatively) and pride (positively), are fully explained through workplace thriving.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides insights into the emotional ambivalence experienced in the workplace due to real-time mobile connectivity, highlighting its implications for organizational competitiveness. Integrating resource conservation theory and cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, the study explores the mediating role of workplace thriving and the impact on employee performance through pride and anxiety. Generalizability requires considering organizational settings and cultural contexts while acknowledging limitations such as a focus on messaging apps and specific samples. Future research should explore these dynamics in diverse contexts and identify additional factors influencing the relationship between real-time mobile connectivity and employee outcomes.Practical implicationsThis study provides valuable insights for managers regarding the significance of message indications, as their attentiveness can elicit emotional reactions from employees that subsequently impact workplace thriving and job performance.Originality/valueThis study pioneers the exploration of the paradox of real-time mobile connectivity in the workplace, uncovering the discrete emotions experienced by employees. Furthermore, it elucidates the subsequent opposing effects on workplace thriving and job performance, contributing to the existing literature and knowledge in this area.

Individual differences in dissimilation: Do some people make more distinctions among targets' personalities thanothers?

People differ in how positively they tend to see others' traits, but people might also differ in how strongly they apply their perceptual styles. In two studies (Ns = 355, 303), the current research explores individual differences in how variable people's first impressions are across targets (i.e., within-person variability), how and why these differences emerge, and who varies more in their judgments of others. Participants described themselves on personality measures and rated 30 (Study 1) or 90 (Study 2) targets on Big Five traits. Using the extended Social Relations Model (eSRM), results suggest that within-person variability in impressions is consistent across trait ratings. People lower in extraversion, narcissism and self-esteem tended to make distinctions across targets' Big Five traits that were more consistent with other perceivers (sensitivity). Furthermore, some people more than others tended to consistently make unique distinctions among targets (differentiation), and preliminary evidence suggests these people might be higher in social anxiety and lower in self-esteem and emotional stability. Overall then, a more complete account of person perception should consider individual differences in how variable people's impressions are of others.

Within-person personality variability in the work context: A blessing or a curse for job performance?

Only recently, the question whether within-person personality variability is a blessing or a curse for job performance has reached the agendas of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology researchers. Yet, this limited stream of research resulted in inconsistent findings, and only little understanding exists about the role of rater source and mean-level personality in this relationship. Broadly following socioanalytic theory, the present study examined the extent to which self- and other-rated within-person personality variability predicts self- and other-rated job performance, and whether this is moderated by mean-level personality. Within-person personality variability indices and job performance evaluations were obtained from an experience sampling study including N = 166 teachers, N = 95 supervisors, and N = 69 classes (including 1,354 students). Results showed that-above and beyond the effects of mean-level personality-self-rated within-person variability was positively associated with self-rated job performance, while other-rated within-person variability was negatively associated with other-ratings of performance. Many interactions with mean-level personality were found, mainly demonstrating negative effects of variability for those with a less adaptive personality profile (cf. variability as a "curse"), while showing positive effects of variability for those with a more adaptive trait profile (cf. variability as a "blessing"). Importantly, however, additional analyses provided little evidence for associations across type of rater source. These findings contribute to the field of I-O psychology by highlighting that perceptions of within-person personality variability may impact performance evaluations beyond personality traits, although its desirability seems to depend on individuals' personality trait level. Implications and limitations are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Social isolation, coping efficacy, and social well-being over time in patients with lung cancer.

500 Background: Coping efficacy and social isolation are each uniquely related to social well-being among those with lung cancer, yet little is known how they fluctuate in the context of one’s CT scan. For the present study, researchers tested the cross-sectional relationship between social isolation and social well-being, as well as the longitudinal relationship between monthly coping efficacy and social well-being in the months before one’s CT scan. Methods: 25 patients with lung cancer who were within 6 months of their upcoming CT scan were recruited. These participants were predominantly white (80%; Black: 12%), women (96%), and were between 43 and 78 years old ( M = 62.33, SD = 8.10). Baseline surveys asked about demographic information and social isolation; the repeated monthly surveys asked about coping efficacy and social well-being every 30 days until one’s scan. Results: During months when participants reported high coping efficacy, they also reported increases in social well-being (γ10 = 0.07, t = 2.44, p = .02). In addition, if the participant reported high levels of social isolation at baseline, they reported low levels of social well-being (γ01 = -0.63, t = -3.01, p = .007). Our model accounted for 10.53% of the within-person variance, and 26.65% of the between-person variance, in monthly social well-being. Conclusions: This longitudinal study was the first to look at how social isolation and coping efficacy relate to social well-being in a cancer-specific context. That is, among those with lung cancer who are approaching their upcoming CT scans. Future research should identify specific mechanisms to intervene that could help patients with lung cancer improve their social well-being as they approach their recurrent scans.

Validation of the Rapid Prime Diet Quality Score Screener (rPDQS), A Brief Dietary Assessment Tool With Simple Traffic Light Scoring.

Dietary pattern is a determinant of chronic disease, but nonregistered dietitian nutritionist (non-RDN) clinicians rarely assess diet because of barriers such as time constraints and lack of valid, brief diet quality assessment tools. The study aimed to evaluate the relative validity of a brief diet quality screener using both a numeric scoring system and a simple traffic light scoring system. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the CloudResearch online platform to compare participants' responses to the 13-item rapid Prime Diet Quality Score screener (rPDQS) and the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool. The study was conducted in July and August 2021 and included 482 adults ≥18 years of age or older sampled to be representative of the US population. All participants completed the rPDQS and an ASA24; of these, 190 completed a second ASA24 and rPDQS. Responses to rPDQS items were coded using both traffic light (eg, green= healthiest intake, red= least healthy intake) and numeric (eg, consume < 1 time a week, consume ≥ 2 times per day) scoring methods and were compared with food group equivalents and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores estimated from ASA24s. Deattenuated Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to account for within-person variation in 24-hour diet recalls. Overall, 49% of participants were female, 62% were ≥35 years, and 66% were non-Hispanic White, 13% non-Hispanic Black, 16% Hispanic/Latino, and 5% Asian. For both food groups to encourage (eg, vegetables, whole grains) and to consume in moderation (eg, processed meats, sweets), there were statistically significant associations with intakes assessed by rPDQS, using both traffic light and numeric scoring methods. Total rPDQS scores correlated with the HEI-2015, r= 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.65, 0.82). The rPDQS is a valid, brief diet quality screener that identifies clinically relevant patterns of food intake. Future research is needed to test whether the simple traffic light scoring system is an effective tool that can help non-RDN clinicians provide brief dietary counseling or make referrals to registered dietitian nutritionists, as needed.

Ethical Leadership at Work and with Friends and Family: Within-Person and Between-Raters Variability Matters

Despite its theoretical grounding in the personal moral characteristics of leaders, most research on Brown et al.’s (2005) ethical leadership construct has tended to ignore the personal life (friends/family) aspects of leaders. In this study, we consider ethical leadership behavior in both work and non-work (i.e., with friends and family) domains at both the intra-individual (domain) and individual (leader as a whole person) levels of analysis. We examine our research questions with a sample of 104 leaders and their 1,458 raters in executive MBA programs in the United States and Ireland. Our findings demonstrate that ethical leadership operates at the individual level of analysis in both work and non-work contexts, with the implication that researchers should consider both the mean and variation of ethical leadership. Our findings also indicate strong within-domain and limited cross-domain effects of ethical leadership and ethical leadership variation on cognitive trust, affective trust, and abusive supervision.