Withania Somnifera Dunal Research Articles

Development of an optimized processing method for Withania frutescens

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal originates mainly from Northern and Southern India. Primarily the roots are used in the Ayurvedic medicine as tonic, sedative hypnotic, adstringent, diuretic, emetic, and aphrodisiac. In Europe, it is widely used in food supplements. Due to the many effects and uses of this plant, the analysis of the Withania somnifera and optimization of industrial processing is nowadays an important issue. In Europe W. frutescens is native, and may be interesting for industrial preparation due to its similar phytochemical profile to W. somnifera. The point of our research was to develop an effective extraction and hydrolysis method of the Withania frutescens leaves to optimize the industrial processing.

Organic pest management of major insect pests of Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera Dunal

An organic based bio-intensive module was developed and evaluated under field condition at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai for the management of major insect pests of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) during August 2012 to March 2013 with the weather condition of 28 ± 1.40C and 73% relative humidity (RH). A Bio-intensive module consisting of various components like vermicompost 2 t/ha + neem or karanj cake 250 kg/ha + bio-fertilizers (2 kg/ha) + NPK (45:50:50 kg/ha) + Trichogramma chilonis 125000 parasitoids/ha (3 releases on 15, 45, 75 DAP) + neem gold 1.5 ml/lit (3 sprays on 20, 50, 80 DAP) + fish oil rosin soap 25 g/litre (5 sprays on 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 DAP) imposed on ashwagandha field was found to be effective in reducing the incidence of major pests of ashwagandha, recording the mean leaf damage of 4.4 per cent with a reduction over full dose of NPK of 78.0 per cent for Epilachna beetle (Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab.) and mean population of 2.6 nos./leaf with a reduction over full dose of NPK of 72.9 per cent for mealybugs [Coccidohystrix insolitus (Green)]. Module I has recorded the highest yield of 547.2 kg dried roots/ha, in contrast to full dose of NPK (344.8 kg dried roots/ha) and untreated check (275.6 kg dried roots/ha).

Medicinal properties, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera: an important drug of Unani Medicine

Withania somnifera Dunal. is a well known Indian medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of many clinical conditions in India. It is an important drug commonly known as Asgand which has been used either single or in combination with other drugs in Unani as well as Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. Withania somnifera holds a place in Ayurveda similar to that of ginseng has in Chinese medicine. Asgand is commonly known as Indian ginseng or Indian winter cherry. It has been described by Dioscorides (78 AD) in his book “Kitab-ul-Hashaish”. The objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Withania somnifera Dunal. The search was carried out through Unani classical books via library, ethno botanical literature, journals and electronic search. Asgand consists of the roots of Withania somnifera which has various therapeutic actions such as female disorders, cough, rheumatism and dropsy and as a sedative in case of senile debility. Chemical analysis of Asgand shows that it contains several alkaloids such as withsomine, withaferinA, withanolide A and withanolide D and various other constituents. Research studies have shown that it possesses anti-inflamma¬tory, anti-oxidative, antimicrobial, anti-anxiety, aphrodisiac, immunomodulation, anti-diabettic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, central nervous system depressant and hepatoprotective activities. An extensive review of ancient literature of Unani medicine revealed that the drug having numerous therapeutic action such as Muhallile warm (anti-inflammatory), Moallide mani (semen producer), Musakkin (sedative), Muqawwie aam (General tonic) and Muqawwie Bah (aphrodisiac). Keeping in view the medicinal properties of Withania somnifera Dunal (Asgand), an attempt has been made in this review paper to explore various dimensions of the drug including botanical, chemical and pharmacological studies of plant besides its traditional uses in Unani Medicine.

Phospholipid complexation of NMITLI118RT+: way to a prudent therapeutic approach for beneficial outcomes in ischemic stroke in rats

Withania somnifera Dunal (Solanaceae) known as Ashwagandha, a popular plant of Indian origin is known to possess tremedous medicinal potential, often used as anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and adaptogenic candidate. Some of its chemotypes developed by CSIR, India includes NMITLI-101, NMITLI-118, NMITLI-128. In this study the investigators have attempted development of a phytosomal complex of NMITLI118RT + (standardized ethanolic extract of a new chemotype of W. somnifera Dunal.), its pharmaceutical characterization and evaluation of its neuro-protective potential against experimenal stroke in rats in continuation with their previous work in this area. The phytosomal complex (NIMPLC) was prepared by following a cohesive optimization design and was characterized on the basis of solubility, dissolution profile, FT-IR, DSC-TGA analysis, zeta potential, physical stability, forced degradation and photolytic degradation. Results were suggestive of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. NIMPLC was taken up further for biological evaluation using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats. It could be demonstrated that the beneficial effects of NMITLI118RT + could be augmented by NIMPLC in 1 h pre and 6 h post treatment as was evident from reduction in MDA levels, increment in GSH levels, reduction in neurological deficit (ND) scores and reduction in infarct size. The study could successfully demonstrate the beneficial effects of NIMPLC in brain function restoration following stroke.

Therapeutic use of Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera (L) Dunal is commonly called as Ashwagandha/Asgand and it belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is a well known medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of many clinical conditions in Indian subcontinent. It is an important medicinal plant commonly known as Asgand which has been used either single or in combination with other drugs in Unani as well as Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. It has been described by Dioscorides (78 AD) in his book “Kitab-ul-Hashaish”. Asgand consists of the roots of Withania somnifera which has various therapeutic actions such as anti - inflammatory (Muhallil-e-Warm), sedative (Musakkin), aphrodisiac (Muqawwi-e-Bah), hepatoprotective, immune-modulator activity, anti-oxidant, anti-ageing, anti-tumour activity, adaptogenic activity and has anti-anticonvulsant activity. Keeping in view the medicinal properties of Withania somnifera Dunal (Asgand), an attempt has been made in this paper to explore various dimensions of the drug including phytochemical and pharmacological studies carried out on this herb.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 148-155

Withania somnifera and Its Withanolides Attenuate Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses and Up-Regulate Antioxidant Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for promoting health and quality of life. Recent clinical trials together with experimental studies indicated significant neuroprotective effects of Ashwagandha and its constituents. This study is aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of this botanical and its two withanolide constituents, namely, Withaferin A and Withanolide A, using the murine immortalized BV-2 microglial cells. Ashwagandha extracts not only effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BV-2 cells, but also stimulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway, leading to induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), both in the presence and absence of LPS. Although the withanolides were also capable of inhibiting LPS-induced NO production and stimulating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, Withaferin A was tenfold more effective than Withanolide A. In serum-free culture, LPS can also induce production of long thin processes (filopodia) between 4 and 8h in BV-2 cells. This morphological change was significantly suppressed by Ashwagandha and both withanolides at concentrations for suppressing LPS-induced NO production. Taken together, these results suggest an immunomodulatory role for Ashwagandha and its withanolides, and their ability to suppress oxidative and inflammatory responses in microglial cells by simultaneously down-regulating the NF-kB and upregulating the Nrf2 pathways.

Hepatoprotective effect of withanolide-rich fraction in acetaminophen-intoxicated rat: decisive role of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-II and iNOS

Context: Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) is common in humans and is often associated with hepatic damage. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) shows multiple pharmacological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.Objective: To evaluate the possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of withanolide-rich fraction (WRF) isolated from a methanolic extract of Withania somnifera roots.Materials and methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by oral administration of APAP (750 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 d. The control group received the vehicle. APAP-treated animals were given either silymarin (25 mg/kg) or graded doses of WRF (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) 2 h prior to APAP administration. Animals were killed on 15th day and blood and liver tissue samples were collected for the further analysis.Results: In WRF-treated group, there was significant and dose-dependent (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) decrease in serum bilirubin, ALP, AST and ALT levels with significant and dose-dependent (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) increase in hepatic SOD, GSH and total antioxidant capacity. The level of MDA and NO decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by WRF treatment. Up-regulated mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-II and iNOS was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001) by WRF. Histological alternations induced by APAP in liver were restored to near normality by WRF pretreatment.Conclusion: WRF may exert its hepatoprotective action by alleviating inflammatory and oxido-nitrosative stress via inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-II and iNOS.

Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.

The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis. Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes. Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time, in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.

RNAi and Homologous Over-Expression Based Functional Approaches Reveal Triterpenoid Synthase Gene-Cycloartenol Synthase Is Involved in Downstream Withanolide Biosynthesis in Withania somnifera.

Withania somnifera Dunal, is one of the most commonly used medicinal plant in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine traditionally owing to its therapeutic potential, because of major chemical constituents, withanolides. Withanolide biosynthesis requires the activities of several enzymes in vivo. Cycloartenol synthase (CAS) is an important enzyme in the withanolide biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing cyclization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene into cycloartenol. In the present study, we have cloned full-length WsCAS from Withania somnifera by homology-based PCR method. For gene function investigation, we constructed three RNAi gene-silencing constructs in backbone of RNAi vector pGSA and a full-length over-expression construct. These constructs were transformed in Agrobacterium strain GV3101 for plant transformation in W. somnifera. Molecular and metabolite analysis was performed in putative Withania transformants. The PCR and Southern blot results showed the genomic integration of these RNAi and overexpression construct(s) in Withania genome. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of WsCAS gene was considerably downregulated in stable transgenic silenced Withania lines compared with the non-transformed control and HPLC analysis showed that withanolide content was greatly reduced in silenced lines. Transgenic plants over expressing CAS gene displayed enhanced level of CAS transcript and withanolide content compared to non-transformed controls. This work is the first full proof report of functional validation of any metabolic pathway gene in W. somnifera at whole plant level as per our knowledge and it will be further useful to understand the regulatory role of different genes involved in the biosynthesis of withanolides.

Assessment of chemically characterised Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. seed essential oil as shelf life enhancer of herbal raw materials based on antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant efficacy

The study reports fungal biodeterioration of herbal raw materials of Adhatoda vasica Nees and Withania somnifera Dunal and assessment of Abelmoschus moschatus Medik seed essential oil (AMEO) as antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic, and antioxidant. Seven fungal species belonging to three genera were isolated from Adhatoda vasica leaves and Withania somnifera roots. The minimum inhibitory, fungicidal, and aflatoxin inhibitory concentrations of AMEO were found to be 1750, 5000, and 1250 ppm, respectively, against A. flavus LHP-WS-1, isolated from W. somnifera. The effect of AMEO over ergosterol content in the plasma membrane was assessed to test the mode of action on A. flavus. AMEO also exhibited broad fungitoxicity at its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and strong antioxidant property through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis having IC50 value equal to 0.325 μL/mL. In view of strong antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic, and antioxidant activity, the AMEO may be recommended as botanical preservative for herbal raw materials in order to enhance their shelf life and to maintain their quality.

Assessment of genetic diversity among India Ginseng, Withania somnifera (L) Dunal using RAPD and ISSR markers

&lt;em&gt;Withania somnifera&lt;/em&gt; is commonly known as Indian Ginseng or Ashwagandha which is listed highly medicinal plant in Ayurveda for its wide range of medicinal use. Genetic diversity among 16 genotypes of &lt;em&gt;Withania somnifera&lt;/em&gt; collected from four different regions viz. Lucknow, Nimuch, Karnataka and Mumbai was studied using RAPD and ISSR techniques. The ISSR and RAPD together produced 89 bands across 16 genotypes of &lt;em&gt;W. somnifera &lt;/em&gt;of which 39 were polymorphic showing 47.89% polymorphism. Over 99% of the RAPD and ISSR fragments were reproducible in the present experiment. There was 90% uniformity within the population. The neighbor joining tree also confirmed a clear grouping and differentiation based on populations of origin i.e. samples were grouped on the basis of their regions of origin. The dendrogram reveals that outgroup of &lt;em&gt;W. somnifera &lt;/em&gt;Karnataka origin are evolutionarily related to &lt;em&gt;W. somnifera &lt;/em&gt;Nimuch group varieties and &lt;em&gt;W. somnifera &lt;/em&gt;Lucknow and Mumbai group varieties are evolutionarily closely related. Within population analysis of Lucknow and Nimuch location showed two sub groups of two lines each showing slight diversity. Plants from Karnataka and Mumbai region show less diversity within population.

Phytochemical Evaluation of Withanolide-A in Ashwagandha Roots from Different Climatic Regions of India

A b s t r a c t A r t i c l e I n f o Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] is a highly valued medicinal plant in Ayurveda, used either singly or in combination with other herbs. Plants growing under different agro-climatic condition often show qualitative and quantitative variations in their phytoconstituents. In the GC-MS analysis, 24 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in roots and leaves of Withania somnifera. Present investigation deals with comparison of Ashwagandha plants (WsL, WsK, WsN and WsM) obtained from various regions (Lucknow, Karnataka, Nimuch and Mumbai) of India, for their withanolide-A contents using HPTLC. Methanolic root extracts of WsN showed maximum withanolide-A content (1.3%), WsK being close behind at 1.2% followed by WsM (0.7%); WsL showed minimum withanolide-A content at 0.4% only.

Enhancement in Growth and Yield of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal) by Counteracting Effect of Infrared Supplemented with Ultraviolet-B Radiation

Enhancement in Growth and Yield of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal) by Counteracting Effect of Infrared Supplemented with Ultraviolet-B Radiation

Enduring protection provided by NMITLI118RT+ and its preparation NMITLI118RT+CFM against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Withania somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha), is an Indian medicinal plant with significant pharmacological properties.

Influence of the organic manures, plantation time and spacing on physiological and biochemical parameters of ashwagandha

Studies on the effect of organic manures, plantation time and spacing on physiological and biochemical pareameters of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) cultivated during Kharif season of 2010-201 1under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh revealed that different physiological parameters viz., leaf area, days to fruit initiation, days to maturity, number of root branches, root yield and biochemical (quality) parameters viz., chlorophyll and total phenols were significantly higher in plants transplanted in panchang time with vermicompost application having wider spacing. While significantly lowest values were recorded in plants transplanted in non-panchang with Farm Yard Manure application having low spacing of 60cm X 30cm. Highest root yield (16.33 g/plant) was recorded in T9 while lowest root yield (4.66 g/plant) was recorded in T4. Similarly highest chlorophyll content at vegetative stage (6.30 ml/100g) and highest total phenols at flowering stage (42.80 μg/ml) were recorded in T9 while lowest chlorophyll content (2.90 ml/100g) and lowest total phenols (26.01 μg/ml) were recorded in T4. Significantly higher physiological and biochemical parameters were recorded in T9 and the lowest in T4.

Elicitation Approaches for Withanolide Production in Hairy Root Culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a versatile medicinal plant extensively utilized for production of phytochemical drug preparations. The roots and whole plants are traditionally used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicines, as well as in homeopathy. Several studies provide evidence for an array of pharmaceutical properties due to the presence of steroidal lactones named "withanolides." A number of research groups have focused their attention on the effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on withanolide production using cultures of adventitious roots, cell suspensions, shoot suspensions, and hairy roots in large-scale bioreactor for producing withanolides. This chapter explains the detailed procedures for induction and establishment of hairy roots from leaf explants of W. somnifera, proliferation and multiplication of hairy root cultures, estimation of withanolide productivity upon elicitation with salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, and quantification of major withanolides by HPLC. The protocol herein described could be implemented for large-scale cultivation of hairy root biomass to improve withanolide production.

Uses ofWithania somnifera(Linn) Dunal (Ashwagandha) in Ayurveda and its Pharmacological Evidences

Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal commonly known as Ashwagandha belongs to the family Solanaceae (nightshade family) which has got 1250 species widely distributed in the warmer parts of the world. The genus Withania is reported to have 23 species and out of which Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal and Withania coagulans Dunal are of high medicinal value. Various preparations and forms of Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal (Ashwagandha) i.e. powder, decoction, oil, smoke, poultice etc. have been advised for the cure of various disorders such as skin disorders, nervous disorders, intestinal affections, venereal diseases, rheumatism, emaciation of children and as a tonic for all kinds of weakness and in geriatrics. It also promotes vigor and stamina and is regarded as aphrodisiac and rejuvenator. The plant is usually erect, branched, unarmed shrub, up to 1.25 meters height and grows throughout the drier parts and sub-tropical India. Mainly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and it has huge internal consumption in India and also being exported. It is prone to several pests and diseases which need to be take care during cultivation. Withaferin A and Withanolide D are two main withanolides contribute to the most of biological actions. It has pharmacological action in almost all systems of the human body. It has also some side effects and contraindication. Number of pharmacological studies have been conducted and a wide range of biological activities have been observed such as anti inflammatory property, hepato-protective activity, infertility activity, anti bacterial activity, psychotropic/anti anxiety activity, anti convulsant activity, skin care activity, healthy hair activity, immune-modulator activity, anti peroxidative action, anti ageing effect, macrophage activating effect, haemopoitic effect, antibiotic activity, antitumour activity, anti-hyperglycemic effect, morphine tolerance and dependence-inhibiting effect, cardio tonic activity, hypo lipidemic, anti-atherogenic activity, positive inotropic activity, hypoglycemic effect, anti-oxidant activity, anti-carcinogenic activity etc. This review presents morphology of the plant, geographical distribution, cultivation and market value, plant pathology, Ayurvedic properties, chemical ingredients, medicinal uses in Ayurveda, side effects and contraindications, pharmacological evidences of Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal (Ashwagandha).

In Vitro Propagation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal known as Ashwagandha is commonly used in traditional Indian medicine system. It possesses immense therapeutic value against a large number of ailments such as mental diseases, asthma, inflammation, arthritis, rheumatism, tuberculosis, and a variety of other diseases including cancer. The therapeutic potential of W. somnifera is due to the presence of secondary metabolites mainly, tropane alkaloids and withanolides (steroidal lactones). The growing realization of commercial value of the plant has initiated a new demand for in vitro propagation of elite chemotypes of Withania. Micropropagation which is an important tool for rapid multiplication requires optimization of number of factors such as nutrient medium, status of medium (solid and liquid), type of explant, and plant growth regulators. Similarly, an efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration system which is a prerequisite for the development of genetic transformation protocol requires precise manipulation of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Effect of abiotic stress factors on growth, physiology and total withanolide production in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

An investigation was carried out to study the effects of abiotic stress factors on growth, physiology and total withanolide production in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The abiotic stresses were provided in the form of three levels of light stress (25%,50% and 75% shade) and three levels of water stress (25%,50% and 75% FC) along with control under optimum conditions. Withanolide production was significantly affected by various stress factors. Maimum values for plant height (57.75cm), length of tap root (28.00cm) total dry matter production (28.08g/plant) and specific leaf area(93.40 cm2/g)were recorded in plants grown under 75% shade. The secondary metabolite withanolide was found to be significantly affect by abiotic stress factors and was also recorded maximum (64.75mg/g) in plants grown under 75% shade.

Dry root yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) as influenced by planting layouts, spacings and nutrient management under drip irrigation

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season for two years to study the response of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] to planting layouts, spacings and nutrient management levels under drip irrigation at Rahuri (Maharashtra). There were twenty four treatment combinations consisting of three planting layouts (broad bed furrow, ridges and furrow, flat bed) along with two treatments of spacings (30 cm x 20 cm, 45 cm x 20 cm) were embedded in main plots. Four levels of nutrient management (75 : 37.5 : 37.5 kg N,P2O5, K2O + 5 t FYM/ha, 50 : 25 : 25 kg N, P2O5, K2O + 5 t FYM/ha,25 : 12.5 : 12.5 kg N, P2O5, K2O + 5 t FYM/ha and control) were taken in sub plots. Broad bed furrow planting layout recorded significantly higher values of yield attributes viz., number of roots, root length, root diameter, dry root weight, number of berries and seed yield per plant and consequently recorded higher dry root (790 kg/ha) and seed yield (11.46 q/ha), nutrient uptake and harvest index (18.86%) as compared to ridges furrow and flat bed. The closer spacing of 30 cm x 20 cm registered significantly high dry root yield, seed yield, nutrient uptake and harvest index than wider spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm. At 30 cm x 20 cm spacing, the increase in dry root yield and seed yield was 19.89 and 15.20% over 45 cm x 20 cm, respectively. Significant increase in dry root yield, seed yield and nutrient uptake was noticed with increase in fertilizer levels from control to 75 : 37.5 : 37.5 kg N, P2O5, K2O + 5 t FYM/ha. Application of 75 : 37.5 : 37.5 kg N, P2O5, K2O + 5 t FYM/ha recorded significantly higher yield attributes as well as dry root yield (837 kg/ha), seed yield (13.29 q/ha), N (130.34 kg/ha), P (30.07 kg/ha) and K (159.49 kg/ha) uptake and harvest index (21.33%) than rest of fertilizer levels. Economic evaluation indicated that broad bed furrow planting method produced higher gross returns (‘ 2,20,379/ ha), net returns (‘ 1,60,796/ha) and B:C ratio (3.67) followed by ridges furrow and flat bed. The spacing of 30 cm x 20 cm and fertilized with 75:37.5:37.5 kg N, P2O5, K2O + 5 t FYM/ha obtained maximum gross returns (‘ 2,56,946/ha), net returns (‘ 1,92,496/ha), and B:C ratio than others.