Wistar Strain Rats Research Articles

Wound healing effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) cream on second-degree burn in animal model.

Second-degree burn, the most common among burn degrees, underscores the importance of timely and proper treatment in influencing prognosis. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), renowned for its potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, also serves as an effective antiseptic for open wounds. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical constituents of nutmeg essential oil and analyze the wound healing effect of nutmeg cream on second-degree burns in an animal model. An experimental study with a completed randomized design was conducted on Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats with second-degree burn. This study had four groups and each group consisting of four rats: B (burn-treated base cream), B+N (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream), B+SSD (burn-treated silver sulfadiazine (BSS)), and B+N+SSD (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream and SSD in a 1:1 ratio). The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil was conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The burn diameter and burn wound healing percentage were measured from day 0 to 18. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis using the least significant difference (LSD) was employed to analysis the effect. The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil found that myristicin, terpinene-4-ol, terpinene, safrole and terpinolene were the most abundant putative compounds in nutmeg essential oil. On day 0, the average burn wound diameters were 1.4 cm in all groups and increases were observed in all groups on day 3. The wound diameter decreased until day 18 with the smallest burn wound diameter was found in the B+N group (0.86±0.37 cm), followed by B+SSD (0.93±0.29 cm). The B+SSD group exhibited the highest percentage of burn wound healing (56.80±14.05%), which was significantly different from the base cream (p<0.05). The percentage of burn wound healing in rats given 3% nutmeg cream was 41.88±13.81%, suggesting that nutmeg cream could promote burn wound healing in rats induced by second-degree burns.

Effect of celery (Apium graveolens l) ethanol extract on the prevention of gastric ulcers in rats

Background: Gastric ulcer is an excoriation area of the stomach caused by the destruction of mucosal defense against the predominant factors. One of the efforts that should be made to reduce the incidence of gastric ulcers is a precautionary measure to use ethanol extract of celery (Apium graveolens L). Celery contains phenolic compounds, such as apigenin which acts as an antioxidant. Antioxidant has the potential as an agent of gastric mucosal protection against cell damage caused by excessive activation of free radicals (ROS). Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of celery ethanol extract in preventing gastric ulcers through a reduction of ulcer lesion length. Method: Research method Post-test Only Randomized Controlled Group Design conducted on Wistar strain rats. Experimental animals were divided into 5 groups: healthy, normal wound with induction indomethacin, and celery ethanol extract administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg, 300, mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg. Observations were made on the length of gastric ulcer lesions. The length of the gastric ulcer was measured using a vernier caliper and statistically analyzed by the One-way ANOVA test. Result: The result showed that the ethanol extract of celery at 300mg/kgBB was the best dose in preventing the formation of gastric ulcer by decreasing the length of the gastric ulcer. Conclusion: Based on these results, the researcher suggests comparing other various parameters regarding the effect of celery ethanol extract for the prevention of gastric ulcers.

Effect of different melatonin-rich extract of Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) doses on biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background/Aim: Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) is an Indonesian natural plant with various bioactivities, including antidiabetic properties. Several studies have shown that bioactivities can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and also melatonin which playing a role in carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar levels regulation. Ginger also has an effect on the lipid profile in studies in experimental animals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the in vivo antidiabetic activity of melatonin-rich extract of Emprit ginger using blood sugar and lipid profiles parameters. Methods: The study procedure comprised 30 male white rats of Wistar strain, which were divided into 5 groups. These included: I - K-: negative control; II - K+: injected with streptozotocin (STZ) - nicotinamide (NA); III - P1: given STZ-NA + 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day ginger extract; IV - P2: given STZ-NA + 200 mg/kg BW/day ginger extract; and V - P3: injected with STZ-NA + metformin 300 mg/kg BW/day. In addition, the treatment was carried out for a total of 21 days, followed by the measurement of random blood sugar (RBS) levels and lipid profiles. Results: The highest pre-treatment RBS, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were 426.8 ± 55.8 mg/dL (P2), 142 ± 39.8 mg/dL (P2), 130.8 ± 21.7 mg/dL (K+), 53.4 ± 4.92 mg/dL (P1) and 61.67 ± 17.69 mg/ dL (K+), respectively. The results showed that the largest decrease in RBS was obtained in P3 by 262.8 ± 70.6 mg/dL, while P2 experienced the highest decrease in triglyceride levels by 83.66 ± 52.04 mg/dL. In addition, the largest decrease in cholesterol was in P3 by 50.2 ± 26.30 mg/dL, with P1 possessing the highest reduction in HDL by 15.4 ± 15.88 mg/dL. In terms of LDL, the largest decrease was obtained in P3, 20.44 ± 16.68 mg/dL. Based on the results, changes in biochemical parameters levels between all groups showed significant differences except for HDL. Conclusion: STZ-NA injection caused an increase in RBS and cholesterol in rats. Administration of melatonin-rich ginger extract led to a decrease in RBS, cholesterol and LDL and was more effective in the group given metformin. Melatonin-rich ginger extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW/day was more effective in reducing triglycerides compared to other clinical parameters.

Effect of Pirdot Leaf Extract (Saurauia Vulcani Korth ) on SGPT and SGOT Value in Wistar Strain Rats Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium.

Typhoid fever is an acute disease caused by Salmonella typhimurium that can invade the liver and cause symptoms of hepatomegaly,jaundice.Biochemically, these symptoms can be assessed by seeing the SGPT and SGOT levels increase. Pirdot Leaf is an herbal plant found in the Toba area of North Sumatra which has a lot of bioactive potential,namely flavonoids,steroids, saponins. Flavonoids are active substances that can overcome the inflammatory process, it is expected that the administration of Pirdot leaf extract can reduce levels of SGOT and SGPT in mice induced Salmonella Typhimurium. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol extract of pirdot leaves on SGPT and SGOT values in rat models induced by Salmonella typhimurium. Methods: This study used 32 samples divided into four groups namely: Normal group, Negative group, Positive group and Treatment group. Results: The results were obtained for normal control SGPT (27,85) negative control (37,80) positive control (27,30) and for Dick treatment (26,21). The results of the study for SGPT obtained normal control (73,18), negative control (120,23), positive control (92,89), and treatment control (78,68). Giving ethanol extract of pirdot leaves effect on reducing SGPT and SGOT levels in wistar strain mice induced Salmonella typhimurium.

The Comparative Study of Physical Exercise Towards Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) as Oxidative Stress Markers in Rattus Novergicus Wistar Strain Rats

Background: Physical exercise has an effect on biological functions, namely a positive effect in terms of cell repair and a negative effect, namely inhibiting or damaging cells. Strenuous physical exercise can increase muscle injury and oxidative stress in individuals who are not conditioned or are not used to physical exercise. In addition, oxidative stress also plays a role in chronic fatigue syndrome. This occurs because the speed of energy demand exceeds the speed and ability of the oxygen transport system to supply oxygen to the mitochondria. The heart muscle is a muscle that has a major role in physical exercise. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to determine the difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise in the formation of free radicals. The formation of free radicals can be predicted by measuring levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Brain Natriuetic Peptide (BNP). Methods: The design used in this study was an experimental study in vivo with a pretest-posttest design with a comparison group. The subjects of this study were 28 male Wistar rats, Rattus novergicus, which were divided into 6 treatment groups and 1 comparison group. The data is taken by doing treadmill physical exercise with a speed of 20m / minute for aerobics and 35m / minute for anaerobics. Different tests of average MDA and BNP levels were used using independent t-tests, ANOVA, and post hoc. Result: The results showed a decrease in MDA and BNP levels in the aerobic treatment group and an increase in anaerobic compared to the comparison group. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the aerobic group for 1 day, 3 times a week, and 7 days, respectively, with p 0.05. Conclusion: It can be concluded that aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise performed 1 day, 3 times a week, and 7 consecutive days can increase the antioxidant defence system so that oxidative stress decreases, which is indicated by a decrease in MDA and BNP levels.

Effects of high dose of long-term ethanol exposure on oxidative damage of spleen in experimental rat model

Background: Alcoholic beverages have been used in human societies at least since the beginning of recorded history. Research has demonstrated sufficiently to our understanding of the relation of drinking to specific disorders, and has shown that the relation between alcohol consumption and health outcomes is complex and multidimensional. Methods: In this study we had demonstrated the role of oxidative stress in long-term ethanol induced spleen damage in 16-18 week-old male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 200- 220 g. Results: Ethanol exposure (1.6 g ethanol/ kg body wt/ day for 12 weeks) caused significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase; while significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and glutathione s-transferase activity in spleen homogenate. Conclusion: Our study revealed that higher doses of ethanol (1.6 g/ kg body weight/ day) for a long period caused significant oxidative stress in the spleen. Intermediates of oxygen reduction may be associated with the development of ethanol induced organ damage.

Whey preparation as an adjuvant to minimise the Intestinal inflammatory status in mucositis rat model

To study the effect of Whey Preparation on intestinal mucositis, model developed by administration of single dose of etoposide (60mg/Kg body wt., i.p). The experimental procedure included Adult albino rats (10±1 week old) of Wistar strain (n=30, 6/group). Freshly prepared whey preparation-(100 and 200mg/Kg/body wt.) was administered by orogastric gavage- Pre, both pre and post etoposide injection. Effectiveness of whey preparation was determined by estimating the biochemical parameters including intestinal Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6, sodium potassium ATPase, inflammatory markers- Cyclooxygenase and Myeloperoxidase along with Nitric Oxide and reduced Glutathione with and without intervention after 72 hrs. of etoposide injection. There was a significant increase in the Tumor Necrosis Factor –α, Interleukin-6 levels and extent of apoptosis in etoposide controls. Etoposide administration caused a significant decreased the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase and reduced glutathione levels in intestinal tissue. However, in the post treatment groups, Tumor Necrosis Factor–α, Interleukin-6 as well as extent of apoptosis were reverted to normal after whey preparation administration.Whey Preparation gavage in both the study groups- pre and both pre and post etoposide exposure showed that intervention was able to preserve/ prevent changes in the biochemical activity. The results support the WP potentials to reduce the deleterious effects of etoposide on normal cells, which leads to mucositis.

Dermapen Action on the Skin of White Rats Wistar Strain (Rattus norvegicus) to Evaluate the Efficacy of Avocado Fruit Ethanol Extract Cream (Persea americana Mill.) in Healing Wounds

Wounds disrupt anatomical and skin functions. Thus, proper treatment and healing are needed. Saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in natural medicinal extracts accelerate wound healing. Plants and natural substances are usually employed in topical therapy. This study tested the efficacy of ethanol extract cream from the avocado pulp (Persea americana Mill.) in treating dermapen-induced lesions on white rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain. This is a lab study or an experiment. Mouse samples were divided into four treatment groups of five mice each. This study also found that avocado flesh extract (Persea americana Mill.) significantly improved dermapen scar healing compared to base cream. The treatment groups given avocado pulp extract (Persea americana Mill.) exhibited higher healing percentages than the control group: 60.5, 95.7, 97.3, and 100%. Researchers found that 15% avocado flesh extract cream (Persea americana Mill.) healed dermapen scars best. This study found that avocado flesh extract cream (Persea americana Mill.) accelerates skin regeneration and increases fibroblasts more than base creams. The highest and densest number of fibroblast cells was found in treatment group 3 healing wounds. Fibroblasts indicate active dermapen wound healing.

The Influence of Salak Skin Ethanol Extract on the Lipid Profile, Il-6 and MDA Serum (Experimental Study on Male Rats of Wistar Strains Induced by High-Fat Diet)

Dyslipidemia is characterized by an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and a decrease in HDL. One of the consequences of endothelial dysfunction as a precursor to cardiovascular disease is induced by oxidative stress and inflammation, so this condition must be controlled. Dyslipidemia causes an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines which play a role in oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of administering snake fruit ethanol extract on serum lipid profile, IL-6 and MDA levels in Wistar rats induced by a high-fat diet. The type of research is experimental with a Post Test Only Control Group Design research design. The research subjects used 36 Wistar rats, divided into 6 treatment groups, namely healthy control group (KS), negative control (K-), positive control with simvastatin (K+), 60 mg dose EEKS group (P1), 120 mg dose EEKS group (P2), and EEKS group dose 240 mg (P3). Examination on day 36 used blood serum ELISA method to analyze levels of lipid profile, IL-6 and MDA. There was a significant difference using the t test (p0.05) in the average decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride levels and increase in HDL levels. The results of IL-6 levels showed significant differences between groups using the one way anova test (p0.05), the 120 mg dose had the lowest results but was not significantly different when compared to the K+ group using the post hoc LSD test (p0, 05), while the results of MDA levels were significantly different using the Kruskal Wallis test (p0.05), showing that the 240 mg dose had the same results as the simvastatin group using the Mann- Whitney test (p0.05). Snake bark ethanol extract (EEKS) at a dose of 240 mg has the same effect as simvastatin by reducing total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride levels and increasing HDL. EEKS reduces IL-6 and MDA levels in dyslipidemia conditions.

The Effect of Topical Gel Secretome Hypoxic Mesenchymal Stem Cells (SH-MSCs) on IL-6 and TGF- β Gene Expression (Experimental Study in Male Wistar Alopecia-Like Rat Models Induced by Fluconazole)

Alopecia induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates changes in the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Hair follicles have dermal papillary cells (DPCs) that bind to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors. Research shows that transforming growth factor (TGF-β) is one of the expressions that can be an indication of the influence of CRF. The effect of CRF itself is to cause hair loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the Secretome of Hypoxia Mesenchymal Stem Cells (SH-MSCs) against IL-6 expression and TGF-β expression. This study used experimentally in vivo with the Post Test Only Control Group Design method. The subjects of this study were male rats of Wistar strain which were divided into 4 treatments consisting of 1 healthy group, 1 negative control group, 1 treatment group with SH-MSCs dose 10% in a dose of 200 mg/rat/day gel, and 1 more treatment group with SH-MSCs dose 20% in a dose of 200 mg/rat/day. On the 21st day, IL-6 expression and TGF-β expression were examined. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA Test and the Kruskall-Wallis Test to determine the effect of each group. The One-Way ANOVA test showed the results of IL-6 expression (p = 0.000) showed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) and the Kruskall-Wallis test of TGF-β expression (p = 0.000) with SH-MSCs dose 200 was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05). The administration of 10% and 20% doses of SH-MSCs in 200 mg gel may decrease IL-6 expression. Dosed SH-MSCs 20%increased TGF-β expression in alopecia-like rats. The development of the use of SH-MSCs is expected to be an alternative to alopecia therapy that is more beneficial and safe for the body.

EFFECT OF HYPOXIC SECRETOME MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS ON TGF-β EXPRESSION, ESTROGEN HORMONE LEVELS, AND NUMBER OF FOLLICLES (IN-VIVO EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FEMALE WISTAR RATS POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME-LIKE MODELS)

PCOS develops when the ovaries are stimulated to produce more androgen hormones so that the development of follicle count is disrupted. Elevated insulin levels contribute directly to abnormalities in the pituitary hypothalamus of the ovaries which have a direct impact on the occurrence of PCOS by hyperinsulinemia mechanism that increases the frequency of GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) secretion, LH (Luteinizing Hormone) production exceeds FSH, increased ovarian androgen production, decreased follicle count maturation, and increased TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) expression. This study aimed to determine the effect of SH-MSCs administration on TGF-β expression, estrogen hormone levels, and follicle count in female Wistar strain rats with PCOS-like. This study is an in vivo experimental study using a post-test-only control group design. The subjects of this study were female Wistar strain rats divided into 4 treatments consisting of 1 group of healthy mice, 2 negative control groups, 3 treatment groups 1, and treatment group 2 with each different dose. Then the data was analyzed using the One Way Annova Test to determine the influence of each group.One Way ANOVA test showed the results of TGF-β expression (p = 0.000), then the results of estrogen hormone levels (p = 0.000), then the Kruskall Wallis test showed the number of cystic follicles (p = 0.045) in all groups there was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) except cystic follicle.There is an effect of SH-MSCs secretome administration on decreasing TGF-β expression and caustic follicle count. There is an effect of SH-MSC administration on increasing estrogen hormone levels and corpus luteum count.

Age dynamics of strain differences in the morphofunctional state of pancreatic beta- and amylin-producing cells in SHR and Wistar rats

Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown that cardiac pathology and progressive atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus occurred already at the stage of prediabetes. Obesity and insulin resistance affect cardiometabolic health due to pleiotropic effects of insulin. Despite the vast range of research, some aspects remain hidden links in the overall pathogenesis of metabolic and hemodynamic disorders. The aim of the work was to study the morphofunctional state of pancreatic islets (PIs), beta- and amylin-producing cells in male rats of Wistar strain (normotensive) and SHR (with spontaneous development of hypertension) in age dynamics. Materials and methods. The study was carried out using 38 male Wistar rats and SHRs aged 7 and 24 months. Non-invasive blood pressure (BP) detection procedures were done using the BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis System. The morphofunctional state of PIs was examined in serial 5-μm thick pancreatic tissue sections. Beta- and amylin-producing cells were detected after histological preprocessing and the use of monoclonal FITC-conjugated antibodies. Image file processing was done via ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, USA). Levels of glycemia were monitored with a SUPER GLUCOCARD-II glucometer. Results. SHRs were hyperglycemic both at 7 and at 24 months, 8.41 ± 0.15 mmol/l and 8.90 ± 0.14 mmol/l, respectively, with elevated BP, 155 ± 5 / 80 ± 5 mm Hg and 165 ± 5 / 90 ± 5 mm, respectively. Old SHRs developed PI hypertrophy mainly associated with the increased number and percentage of beta-cells, apparently in response to hyperglycemia. Both in the PIs of adult and old SHRs, the number of amylin-producing cells was lower while the content of amylin was higher than those in the age-matched Wistar rats. Conclusions. Male SHRs are characterized by a persistent increase in blood pressure and abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism already at adult age, one of the manifestations of which is hyperglycemia worsening with age. Chronic hyperglycemia in SHRs due to the higher insulin requirement finds its expression in low content of this hormone in the islets at adult age and decreased its content in beta-cells in old animals.

ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF ASTROGLIA IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS GENETICALLY PRONE TO AUDIOGENIC SEIZURES

It was shown that abnormalities in astrocyte functions can cause alterations in neuronal excitability and promote the development of epilepsy, however, this question claims further investigation. The aim of the present work was to analyze the functional state of astrocytes in the hippocampus of Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats genetically predisposed to the reflex audiogenic seizures. Adult naïve animals with fully-established audiogenic sensitivity were recruited in our experiments. Rats of parental Wistar strain were used as a control. Obtained results revealed unchanged protein expression of such astocytic markers as GFAP, ALDH1L1, and NFIA suggesting the absence of the reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus of KM rats. SPARC and aquaporin 4 expression also did not differ from the control indicating no violations in astroglia regulation of synaptogenesis and water balance. Analysis of glial proteins responsible for reuptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters revealed normal expression of GABA transporter GAT-3 and glutamine synthetase, while glutamate transporters EAAT1 and 2 were significantly elevated pointing on enhanced activity of glutamate removal from synapses. In addition, decreased expression of the key glycolytic enzyme aldolase C, probably, indicated insufficient activity of glucose metabolism in astrocytes. Thus, obtained data pointed on genetically determined alterations of astroglia functions in the hippocampus of rats with inherited reflex epilepsy.

Ameliorative Effect of Ginger on Blood Glucose Levels and Cardiac TCA Cycle Enzymes Activity in STZ Induced Diabetic Rat

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginger administration on altered blood glucose levels, cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes (TCA cycle enzymes) activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. The study divided Wistar strain rats into five groups: normal control, ginger treated, diabetic control, diabetic plus ginger treated, and diabetic plus glibenclamide treated groups. The diabetic group had significantly elevated blood glucose levels, which were significantly lowered by ginger administration. The cytosolic enzyme G6PDH activity was significantly (P&lt;0.001) decreased along with a significant increase in the LDH activity in diabetic rats heart tissue. The activities of SDH, MDH, GDH in the heart tissue of diabetic rats were significantly decreased, but the daily oral treatment of ginger to diabetic rats for thirty days reversed the above changes in a significant (P&lt;0.001) manner. The study demonstrated that an ethanolic extract of ginger could lower blood glucose levels, improve enzyme activities and body weight in diabetic rats. This suggests that ginger extracts could be used as a cardio-protective supplement to reverse diabetic-induced complications.

A Critical Review and Experimental Study on Samyoga Viruddha with Special Reference to Ksheera and Dadhi

Ayurveda the science of life is a time-tested treasure of knowledge that has been handed down to us from our great ancestors. For total positive health Ayurveda has given three sub pillars - Ahara, Nidra and Brahmacarya, which support the body itself, any sort of its vitiation directly affects the pillars (Tridoshas) themselves. Here Ahara has been enumerated first, which shows its importance. Food plays a decisive role in development, sustenance, reproduction and termination of life. Intake of unwholesome foods and drinks causes vitiation of bodily Doshas and Dhatus, hence causes diseases. When the laws of dietetic regimens are broken it leads to numerous diseases. The study design includes literal study, analytical study on free radical, experimental study by taking ten hematological &amp; fifteen biochemical parameters, histopathological examination of internal organs for a period of 28 days. The effect of Viruddha Ahara is slow and spread over a long time that we fail to notice its effects in the body, so an animal experiment with subacute toxicity study was planned. Wistar strain rats of middle age were selected, grouped into two as control and test each containing six rats. Ksheera and Dadhi were given to Wistar rats for 28 days in the morning hours. Then the values were taken according to the parameters designed. The parameters were designed to evaluate the consequences of Ksheera and Dadhi as a Samyoga Viruddha by observing the changes in experimental study, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross behavioral changes, ponderal changes, food and water intake changes &amp; behavioral changes. The Values were taken and analyzed statistically and compared to get the results. Antioxidant test using DPPH assay shows that the combination of curd and milk together will increase the level of free radicals in the body Thus overall analysis from experimental indicates the difference between normal and Viruddhahara group- which are not marked but significant enough to indicate the validity behind the concept of Viruddha Ahara.

Biochemical and histological study of spermatogenic activity in male albino rats treated with Cantharis Q

Cantharidin is a bioactive toxin produced by the blister beetles commonly called Spanish fly. This natural compound is a bicyclic monoterpene (C10H12O4 ) that has clinical application as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral as well as antitumor agent and has been widely used to treat a variety of skin-related diseases. There are several reports of consumption of dried blister beetles and their traditional formulations due to a long history of the supposed aphrodisiac property of cantharidin. The present study, therefore, aimed at investigating the biochemical and histological changes in the testes of male albino rats of Wistar strain due to oral intake of Cantharis Q, a crude alcoholic extract of blister beetle Lytta vesicatoria used as mother tincture and as diluted potentized form in homeopathy. The experimental rats were given Cantharis Q dosage of 500 µg/Kg body weight for 60 days and the subsequent autorecovery was also studied after 30 days without treatment. The treated rats showed a significant decrease in the weight of testis, seminiferous tubular diameter and sperm count. Activity of testicular acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hyaluronidase (HL) enzyme and content of cholesterol, total protein, DNA and RNA decreased significantly whereas activity of beta-glucuronidase (BG) enzyme and glycogen was significantly increased. Spermatogenesis stages VIII, IX and X showed sloughing of round spermatids into the tubular lumen. The animals kept for autorecovery showed only partial improvement. Thus, it could be concluded that the treatment had a negative impact on the physiological function of testis of albino rat causing detrimental effects on the spermatogenic activity

CONSUMPTION OF HYPERLIPIDEMIC DIET AND WATER INTAKE IN ALBINO RATS TREATED WITH ECLIPTA ALBA – ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Objective: A high-fat (HF) diet described as higher calories generating from fat instead of carbohydrate or protein. HF usually diets a typical low-carbohydrate diet. Methods: Thirty adult Albino rats of Wistar strain accurately weighing between 165 and 215 g utilized for the present the study. As per CPCSEA guidelines, the protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethical committee no. BMCH/IAEC/01 Anat/2015 dated June 4, 2015. Animals were maintained and fed with standard rat chow, HF diet, and clean drinking water ad libitum, commercially available and manufactured by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. Results: Rate of food consumption increased in rats fed with the HF diet for 8 weeks and decreased significantly in rats treated with Eclipta alba for 1, 2, and 3 weeks progressively compared to control group. Water intake increased in the rats fed with an HF diet (43±2.1) compared to rats fed with a normal diet, decreased significantly in the rats treated with E. alba (31±1.4) compared to the HF diet-fed animals. Conclusion: The rate of food consumption increased in rats fed with the HF diet for 8 weeks and decreased significantly in rats treated with E. alba for 1, 2, and 3 weeks progressively compared to control group. Water intake increased in the rats fed with an HF diet compared to rats fed with a normal diet, decreased significantly in the rats treated with E. alba compared to the HF diet-fed animals

Exercise in Polluted Spaces: Inflammatory Differentiation and Lung Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Indonesia is ranked as the most highly polluted country in Southeast Asia and the 26th on the list of the most polluted countries worldwide. Exercising in polluted spaces can have complex effects on inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in the lungs. The interaction between physical activity and pollution exposure may affect lung health. This study aimed to analyse the different effects of exercise in polluted open spaces and antioxidant administration on lung inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis. The research approach used was a quantitative approach with a comparative descriptive design using random assignment technique. The research sample used male white rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Wistar strain aged 8-10 weeks with a body weight of 200-300 g obtained from Biofarma Animal Breeding Facility. The sampling technique used in this study was random assignment technique. In this study, the number of members of the treatment group was 5, so the total research sample amounted to 5 x 9, namely 45 samples. The results showed that there was a differentiation in the level of inflammation represented by the level of IL-6 and NF-κB and lung mitochondrial biogenesis level represented by PGC-1α, TOM20, and COX IV with moringa administration in physical activities, as indicated by the comparison of the mean values of the inflammatory process and lung mitochondrial biogenesis in the nine treatment groups. The implication of this research is that it is necessary to consider appropriate sport strategies or guidelines for individuals who exercise in a polluted environment to reduce the negative impact on the respiratory system and overall lung health.

Skin Flap's Viability Improvement after Erythropoietin Injection on Extended Random Skin Flap Model in Wistar Rats

Introduction: Wound defect closure using flaps has advanced in many areas, as have the methods to increase its viability. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein produced by the kidney for erythrocyte production. EPO has the ability to stabilize vascular integrity, increase endothelium cells, protect cells from ischemia and apoptosis, stimulate angiogenesis, and reduce inflammation. The aim of this study is to evaluate flap viability for an extended random skin flap. Methods: In a randomized posttest only control group design experiment, thirty male Wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into groups of ten rats with flap model of 2 cm × 8 cm were injected with EPO in the middle of the flap. Group 1 was injected with EPO 50 IU, Group 2 with EPO 100 IU, and Group 3 is the control group with no injection. Flaps were evaluated on the 7th day to check the necrotic area using imitoMeasure®. Specimens were taken in the middle of the flap to evaluate the capillary vessels, and histopathology examinations were performed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Capillary vessels and necrotic area data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results: The amount of capillary vessels in the random skin flap showed significant differences between 50 IU Group, 100 IU Group, and control group (P = 0.000). The Necrotic area measured in the random skin flap also showed significant differences between 50 IU group and control group (P = 0.020), whereas, 100 IU group compared to the control group showed no significant difference (P = 0.680). Conclusion: EPO 50 IU injection showed significant differences compared to control and EPO 100 IU injection for maintaining flap viability. EPO could be a modality to enhance flap viability.

The effect of preconditioning hypoxia in schwann-like-cells-derived adipose mesenchymal stem cells and rat sciatic nerve-derived stem cells: experimental research.

This study aims to explore the response of Schwann-like cells derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SLCs) and Schwann cells rat sciatic nerve-derived stem cells (SCs) with their secretomes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. SLCs and SCs were isolated from the adipose tissue and the sciatic nerve of the adult white male rat strain Wistar. Cells were incubated in 21% O2 (normoxic group) and 1%, 3%, and 5% O2 (hypoxic group) conditions. Concentration values of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), basic Fibroblast Growth factor (bFGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nerve growth factor were detected and calculated utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the growth curve was described. SLCs and SCs indicated positive expression for mesenchymal markers and negative expression for hematopoietic markers. Normoxic conditions SLCs and SCs showed elongated and flattened morphology. Under hypoxic conditions, SLCs and SCs showed a classic fibroblast-like morphology. Hypoxia 1% gave the highest concentration in TGF-β and bFGF from the SLCs group and TGF-β, bFGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor from the SCs group. No significant differences in concentration of growth factors between the SLCs group compared to SCs group in all oxygen groups. Preconditioning hypoxia has an effect on the composing of SLCs, SCs, and their secretomes in vitro; no significant differences in concentration of growth factors between the SLCs group compared with the SCs group in all oxygen groups.