WISC Scores Research Articles

Static and Dynamic Assessment of Intelligence in ADHD Subtypes.

There is a debate about the measure of IQ in children with ADHD. Some studies report that, compared to static assessment procedures, dynamic assessment of intelligence can better measure cognitive modifiability and plasticity. The present study was designed to examine children belonging to different ADHD subtypes (inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined) in terms of both static (WISC scores) and dynamic measures (Modifiability index). Thirty-four children (12 ADHD-I, 10 ADHD-H, and 12 ADHD-C) were compared to a sample of 27 typically developing children. Results indicate that only the inattentive and the combined subtypes, compared with the normative sample, show lower IQ scores. The ADHD-I group presents generally low WISC scores and ADHD-H presents generally high WISC scores. Moreover, the ADHD-C group shows a low static score and a high dynamic score, indicating a wide breadth of Vygotskian children’s zone of proximal development. Static and dynamic measurements together can indeed be considered a comprehensive examination of intelligence levels in ADHD children and may be essential in predicting learning capacities.

Relationship between serum folic acid and 25(OH)D levels and intelligence and core symptoms in children with autism

To study the relationship between folic acid and 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25(OH)D] and intelligence and core symptoms in children with autism. A total of 124 children with autism aged 3-6 years who were admitted to The Fouth Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College from March 2018 to March 2021 were enrolled as the case group, and 120 healthy children who underwent physical examination in hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Respectively in the hospital the same day or physical examination on two groups of children fasting venous blood collected 4 mL, let stand centrifugal after processing into-80 ℃ refrigerator, using chemiluminescence immunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection of two groups of children folic acid and serum 25(OH)D level, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent method to detect the serum level of folic acid metabolites. For the children in the case group and the control group, the Wechsler scale for early childhood and child intelligence(WISC) was used to assess intelligence. Core symptoms of autism were assessed using the behavior scale for autistic children(ABC). T test was used to compare serum folic acid and 25(OH)D levels, WISC and ABC scale scores between the case group and the control group. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between serum folic acid, 25(OH)D level and intelligence and core symptoms in children with autism. The serum folic acid and 25(OH)D levels in the case group were(16.13±4.26) ng/mL and(25.78±3.24) ng/mL respectively, which were lower than those in the control group(21.58±5.37) ng/mL and(36.94±6.11) ng/mL, with statistical significance(all P<0.05). The WISC scale score of the case group was(62.83±11.73) points, lower than that of the control group(89.42±12.58) points, while the ABC scale score was(77.39±10.28) points, higher than that of the control group(42.30±5.87) points, with statistical significance(all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum folic acid and 25(OH)D levels were positively correlated with WISC score(r=0.512, 0.584; P=0.012, 0.001), and was negatively correlated with ABC scale score(r=-0.546, -0.602; P=0.008, <0.001). The serum THFA and 5-MTHF levels in the case group were(3.85±1.22) ng/mL and(4.84±1.32) ng/mL respectively, which were lower than those in the control group(4.30±1.51) ng/mL and(5.34±1.34) ng/mL respectively. The serum FRAA level was(433.29±74.34) pg/mL, higher than that of the control group(402.10±65.87) pg/mL, with statistical significance(all P<0.05). The serum folic acid and 25(OH)D levels are lower in children with autism, and are closely related to the intelligence and core symptoms of the children, that is, with the decline of the two serological indicators, the lower the intelligence of children with autism, and the more obvious the core symptoms.

Cognitive function of children and adolescent survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A meta-analysis.

Pediatric cancer and its treatment may have an impact on the neurocognitive functions of childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The aim of the present meta-analysis was to compare the intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between CCS of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and controls. A comprehensive electronic search identified original research articles that reported scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC; WISC-III, WISC-IV and WISC-R) for children and adolescents, aged 6–16 years at evaluation, survivors of ALL and healthy controls. The included CCS had completed anticancer treatment and were in remission at the time of assessment. A total of 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis, out of 128 extracted studies, and involved a total of 1,676 children and adolescents: 991 CCS (ALL) and 685 healthy controls. Among the studies, a random effects model revealed a moderate estimate of effect size [standardized mean difference (SMD), −0.78; 95% CI, −1.05 to −0.50], indicating that the WISC scores for total IQ were significantly lower in the CCS than in the controls. The mean total IQ range was 85.2–107.2 in the CCS and 88.4–114.1 in the controls. The difference in the mean total IQ between controls and CCS ranged from −13.8 to 20.6. As regards the WISC scores for verbal IQ, 11 studies were included. A random effects model revealed a moderate estimate of effect size (SMD, −0.71; 95% CI, −1.05 to −0.38), indicating that the WISC scores for verbal IQ were significantly lower in the CCS than in the controls. Among the 9 studies that had available data for performance IQ scores, a fixed effect model revealed a moderate estimate of effect size (SMD, −0.80; 95% CI, −1.09 to −0.52), indicating that the WISC scores for performance IQ were significantly lower in the CCS than in the controls. As the survival rates of children and adolescents with ALL are steadily increasing, regular, lifelong follow-up for neurocognitive late effects is imperative in order to improve their education and employment prospects and overall, their quality of life.

Effects of Hydroxyurea (HU) on Neurocognitive Performance in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: A Prospective Trial

Background: Sickle cell anemia is associated with progressive compromise of neurocognitive function exacerbated by stroke or silent cerebral infarction. Despite decades of experience with chronic transfusion, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and HU, improvement in neurocognitive performance from these interventions has not been clearly demonstrated; only one study has reported improvement in global cognitive index from HU (Puffer, Child Neuropsychology, 2007). As part of a comprehensive prospective evaluation of the effects of HU treatment on the central nervous system, we evaluated neuropsychological performance in school-age children with sickle cell anemia.Methods: Subjects had HbSS/Sβ0 thalassemia and no history of previous central nervous system (CNS) events and were 7-18 years old. After informed consent, baseline evaluations included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV) and the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Test Version III (WJ-III). Treated patients received HU beginning at 20 mg/kg/d with gradual escalation to maximum tolerated dose (MTD) within one year. They were evaluated with the same CNS studies after 12 months. A control group who declined HU treatment was matched by diagnosis and age and was also evaluated at baseline and after one year. Summary statistics of WISC and WJ-III scores were reported for each time point and for their change between two time points in each group and were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, respectively.Results: Age and gender distributions in HU-treated (n=21) and untreated control patients (n=11) were comparable. In HU-treated patients, but not in controls, there was significant improvement in mean full scale IQ (FSIQ) after one year (Table 1). In treated subjects, mean WISC subscale scores were all higher after one year, although none were statistically significant. Among controls, FSIQ and all subscales, except working memory, showed a numerical decrease in mean scores, with the greatest decline in perceptual reasoning. Subtest scores from the WJ-III Achievement test in HU-treated patients showed significant improvement in comprehension of word passages. Among controls, WJ-III Achievement subtest scores showed no significant changes. When mean changes in WISC scores from baseline to one-year follow-up were compared (Table 2), treated patients showed greater positive changes than controls, but differences were not significant. Changes in WJ-III scores for treated and control subjects also were not significant.Conclusions: In children with sickle cell anemia, HU treatment over a one year period was associated with a significant improvement in the Wechsler Full Scale IQ; subscales showed small to medium positive changes although the differences were not statistically significant. By contrast, in the untreated control group, most scores were lower after one year and mean changes in scores from baseline were less positive than those in the HU group. In measures of achievement, the treated group demonstrated improved passage (reading) comprehension, a skill related to executive function. Overall, these results suggest that HU may improve cognitive function or prevent decline. Correlation of standard and functional MR neuroimaging in these subjects with neurocognitive performance is pending. Future trials are needed to examine the impact of other interventions (e.g., memory training, multisensory reading intervention), possibly in conjunction with HU. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Sequential prefrontal lobe volume changes and cognitive dysfunctions in children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome presenting with status epilepticus

Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is usually not associated with neurodevelopmental problems. However, neuropsychological impairments may also be present in at least some of the patients with PS. On the other hand, several degrees of neuronal damage due to status epilepticus (SE) may occur in the cortex. We prospectively measured frontal and prefrontal lobe volumes using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D-MRI)-based volumetry in patients with PS with and without SE. Moreover, the neuropsychological outcome in relation to the presence of SE in children with PS is also discussed. We studied six patients with a final diagnosis of PS, including three cases with SE and cognitive impairments/behavioral problems (SE group) and three cases without SE (non-SE group). Serial 3D-MRI studies were performed five times (at onset of clinical symptoms and 1-4 years after onset) in both the SE and non-SE patients. All patients were studied with a set of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, version III (WISC-III) or Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence tests and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). Growth of the frontal and prefrontal lobes was slightly decreased for some time after SE episodes in the SE patients. Moreover, the prefrontal-to-frontal lobe volume ratio was stagnant for some time after SE in the SE patients. The scores on the neuropsychological tests were decreased in the SE patients. Moreover, the average WISC and K-ABC scores in the SE group remained low and did not reach the levels of the initial examinations. Occurrence of SE in patients with PS at least in some patients may be associated with retarded prefrontal lobe growth, which was related to neuropsychological problems and ultimately, neuropsychological outcomes. Treatment management may be required to prevent SE as much as possible to achieve optimal prognosis in PS at least in some patients.

Organophosphate pesticide exposure, PON1, and neurodevelopment in school-age children from the CHAMACOS study

IntroductionOrganophosphate (OP) pesticides remain widely used in agriculture. Previously, we reported that PON1 genotype was directly associated with neurodevelopment at age two, and that PON1 genotype may increase susceptibility to OP exposure. ObjectivesWe examined the relationships of maternal and child PON1 genotype and enzyme activity levels and neurodevelopment at school age and examined their interaction with maternal dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolite levels to investigate differential susceptibility to OP-related neurotoxicity. MethodsParticipants were from the CHAMACOS longitudinal birth cohort of Latino families in an agricultural region of California. We measured DAP metabolites of OP pesticides in maternal and child urine samples, and analyzed PON1192 and PON1−108 genotypes and enzyme activity [arylesterase (ARYase), paraoxonase (POase)] in maternal and child blood. We examined their association with children׳s performance on the Conners׳ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 5 years (n=296) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at 7 years (n=327). ResultsMaternal and child PON1 genotype was not related to performance on K-CPT or WISC, although WISC scores tended to be lowest in children and children of mothers who carried the PON−108TT genotype. Pregnancy ARYase levels were positively associated with all WISC subscales (e.g., 4.0 point increase in Full Scale IQ per standard deviation increase in ARYase, 95% CI=1.6, 6.4), while pregnancy POase levels were positively associated with WISC Processing Speed only. Maternal PON1−108 weakly modified the relationship of maternal DAPS and K-CPT scores (pinteraction=0.21) and WISC verbal IQ (pinteraction=0.71). The association between DAPs and Full-Scale IQ was strongest for children of mothers with lowest-tertile ARYase levels (pinteraction=0.27). This relationship held for both diethyl and dimethyl DAPs and for all subscales of the WISC. ConclusionsWe extend our previous findings that PON1 genotype and enzyme levels may be directly related to performance on certain domains of neurodevelopment in school-age children. Lower maternal PON1 enzyme levels during pregnancy may also increase susceptibility of children to neurotoxicity from OP pesticide exposure.

El papel de la impulsividad motora en el ajuste socioemocional de niños de alto riesgo y de controles sanos de 7 años de edad: Un estudio de seguimiento.

Methods: We administered the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (BASC), the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), and the Go/No-go task to 14 high-risk 7 year-olds and 20 matched healthy controls. High-risk children had been classified as so shortly after birth, due to the presence of perinatal risk factors, and later released from the early care unit. They are currently schooled according to their age.Aims: The main aim of the present study was two-wise: first, to assess the presence behavioral and intellectual disturbances in high-risk 7-year-old children, compared to healthy controls; and, second, and most importantly, to evaluate the discriminative validity of a motor impulsivity neuropsychological task (Go/No-go) as an indicator of daily-life socioemotional adjustment.Hypothesis: We expect performance in the Go/No-go task to be a good indicator of behavioral disturbances in high-risk children, and more specifically of those related to socioemotional adjustment.Results: High-risk children showed significantly worse scores in most BASC and WISC subscales, and committed more commission and omission errors on the Go/No-go task. Most importantly, regression analyses showed that performance on the Go/No-go task (but not WISC scores) was an independent indicator of socioemotional adjustment problems. This result is in accordance with proposals that motor impulsivity is an important mediator between altered executive function development and socioemotional adjustment.

No association between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Japanese children

Objective: This study ascertained the association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Japanese children and a polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a dopamine-control gene. The secondary aim of the study was the evaluation of a putative association between methylphenidate (MPH) effect/adverse effects and the COMT genotype. Methods: To ascertain the distribution of the Val158Met variant of COMT, 50 children meeting ADHD inclusion criteria were compared with 32 healthy children. Clinical improvement and the occurrence of adverse effects were measured before and 3months after MPH administration in children with ADHD, and analyzed for genotype association. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), age, MPH dose were included as co-variables. Results: The occurrence of the COMT Val/Val genotype was significantly higher in children with ADHD (χ2(1)=7.13, p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the Val/Val genotype according to disorder, and WISC and ADHD rating scale scores, after correcting for the interaction between disorder and COMT genotype. Furthermore, no significant difference in MPH effect/adverse effects was observed in association with the COMT genotype in the ADHD group. Conclusions: These results showed a lack of association between the COMT Val/Val genotype and ADHD in Japan.

The influence of sandplay and imaginative storytelling on children's learning and emotional-behavioral development in an Icelandic primary school

The motivation behind the study on sandplay and storytelling was the assumption that creative imagination is a powerful tool in the process of learning and emotional-behavioral development, an assumption grounded in scholarship that emphasizes the importance of play in child development and learning.The study investigated and evaluated the use of sandplay and storytelling and its influence on children's learning and emotional-behavioral development. The study took place in a primary school in Iceland. The pupils observed had learning disabilities, poor reading competence, attention and/or emotional problems.Each pupil made 12 sandplay creations and stories during the school year. Among the assessment tools were psychological tests: WISC, Achenbach and ADHD scales. All participants made progress in one or more area under observation. It is of special interest that eight pupils made significant improvement in their WISC scores. The most striking result occurred in perceptual scores, as 16 of 19 participants made progress in this area. The outcome of the psychological tests suggests that sandplay and imaginative storytelling facilitate children's emotional-behavioral development.

Funcionamento intelectual em pacientes pediátricos com epilepsia: comparação de crianças controladas com medicação, não controladas com medicação e controladas com cirurgia

OBJETIVO: Comparar o quociente intelectual (QI) em tres grupos de criancas com epilepsia: 1) controlados com medicacao, 2) nao controlados com medicacao e 3) controlados com cirurgia. METODOS: Noventa e oito pacientes pediatricos, com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, foram selecionados de dezembro de 2007 a julho de 2008. A Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Criancas - terceira edicao (WISC-III) foi utilizada para a avaliacao neuropsicologica dos pacientes. Os resultados foram relacionados com a sindrome epileptica, a etiologia da epilepsia, o tratamento medicamentoso, a idade do paciente no inicio da epilepsia e a duracao da epilepsia. RESULTADOS: Os escores da WISC foram significativamente melhores no grupo controlado com medicacao quando comparados aos do grupo nao controlado com medicacao. O grupo controlado com medicacao obteve um desempenho significativamente melhor na maioria dos subtestes da WISC quando comparado ao grupo nao controlado com medicacao: vocabulario, aritmetica, compreensao, memoria de digitos, completar figuras, arranjo de figuras e cubos. Um numero significativamente maior de pacientes com epilepsia idiopatica e uso de monoterapia foi observado no grupo controlado com medicacao quando comparado ao grupo nao controlado. O grupo controlado com cirurgia nao apresentou diferenca significativa no desempenho do QI quando comparado ao grupo controlado com medicacao. CONCLUSOES: As criancas com um bom controle de crises tiveram um melhor desempenho no QI geral, verbal e de execucao quando comparadas as criancas com epilepsia refrataria. Esses resultados podem ser influenciados por fatores clinicos como o uso de monoterapia, o tipo de droga antiepileptica utilizada, a sindrome epileptica e a etiologia da epilepsia. A cirurgia de epilepsia pode causar um impacto positivo no desempenho cognitivo das criancas que ficaram livres de crises apos o procedimento cirurgico.

Drs. Russell and Murray Reply

Drs. Russell and Murray Reply

The New York high-risk project: social and general intelligence in children at risk for schizophrenia

Social deficits, as well as low performance on intelligence tests, are known early symptoms of schizophrenia. We studied whether impairment of social intelligence can be detected before the outbreak of the disorder. In the New York High-Risk Project, children at risk for schizophrenia (HRSz) or affective disorder (HRAff) and a normal control group (NC) were studied over the past 26 years. The children are now in mid-adulthood, with known psychiatric outcomes. Developmental and clinical data from childhood can now be related to adulthood diagnoses. We compared mean WISC (or WISC-R) and WAIS (or WAIS-R) scores from childhood and adolescence, and change of IQ, between the risk groups, as well as between the adulthood outcomes. We were specifically interested in the development of social intelligence (the Picture Arrangement and Comprehension subtests). We used logistic regression analyses to generate a model predicting adulthood schizophrenia. Results: IQ at age 9,7 was lower in children with HRSz than with HRAff. Adulthood schizophrenia, compared with major depressive disorder and no psychiatric diagnosis could not be related conclusively to low IQ. This may be a result of the study design, since children with IQ below 70 or behavioral problems were not eligible as study subjects. There was no evidence of lower scores or more decline in social intelligence related to age or group membership (risk or outcome). Subtest-Scatter, a nondirectional measure of the differences between all subtests and Vocabulary, reflecting a lesser difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence, was identified as a significant predictor of adulthood schizophrenia, in the whole group as well as in the HRSz group alone.

IQ variability in children with SLI: Implications for use of cognitive referencing in determining SLI

The practice of cognitive referencing assumes that IQ scores can be used as a measure of intellectual potential from which language scores may deviate. To test the validity of this assumption the WISC scores of children with specific language impairment were compared over time. The variability of WISC scores from children with SLI from their initial evaluation and from the federally-mandated three year re-evaluation was analyzed. Significant differences in the performance scale scores were found. This indicates that the IQ scores of these children are more properly interpreted as reflecting current abilities rather than potential for language learning. This further calls into question the practice of cognitive referencing as a method of determining the presence of a language impairment, eligibility for services, and the service delivery model for which a child qualifies.

Long-term follow up of patients with classical phenylketonuria after diet relaxation at 5 years of age. The Paris Study.

The age for discontinuing dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) has been a worldwide source of controversy for many years. It is the reason we report here the results of a prospective, controlled study in which the diet was relaxed at 5 years of age in 31 so far well-treated children with classical PKU. The increase of phenylalanine (Phe) plasma levels to about 1500 mumol/l (25 mg/dl) after relaxing the diet was not associated with any significant decline of intellectual performance as measured by the Wechsler scores. Paired comparisons at 7-8 years and 11-13 years of age (n = 12) have shown WISC scores of 102.6 +/- 16.2 and 104.8 +/- 16, respectively, which were not significantly different. Similarly, paired comparisons at 9-10 years and 14-16 years (n = 6) did not demonstrate a significant loss of IQ points (107.7 +/- 13 vs 104.8 +/- 18). Of course, it is possible to argue that we should have observed an increase in IQ with increasing age in our patients and that the absence of deterioration cannot be considered by itself as a good result. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that the subtle but global intellectual impairments that have been documented in early-treated subjects are, to a very substantial degree, determined in the pre-school years, long before there is any question of stopping or relaxing the diet.

Correlations between Hand Test Variables and Intelligence for Public School Students

Correlations of Hand Test scores with Binet scores for 60 grade school children (age 8.0 yr.) produced an R of .49, retaining variables DES and DIR. Correlations with WISC scores for 112 children (age 10.5 yr.) produced an R of .47, retaining REP, AOS, BALL, and ACQ. Significant variables paralleled those found in previous studies with brain-impaired and retarded subjects but caution was urged in using the Hand Test to estimate the intelligence of children.

75 STATUS OF HYPOTHTROID PATIENTS AT 6 YEARS

Fifty-six hypothyroid children diagnosed on neonatal screening were examined at 6 years with appropriate school achievement tests, tests of neuropsychologic functions, and the WISC-R. Controls were 31 sibs of hypothyroid patients and 29 euthyroid children with deficient T4 binding. The 56 patients,as well as other younger patients, had been examined at ages 3-5 for gross neurologic abnormalities including ataxia, nystagmus, and strabismus, and tested with the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, the Vineland Social Maturity Scales, and the Beery-Buktenica Test of Visual-motor Integration. They did not differ in any of these examinations from suitable controls. At 6 years, the patients and controls did not differ in overall WISC scores nor in any of the WISC subtests. More importantly, they did not differ in results of tests of school achievement, of varying modalities of sensory perceotion, of spatial orientation, of concept formation or of accuracy of fine movements. The patients did not suffer from short attention span or hyperactivity. They did,however, lag behind the controls in developing speed of motor performance.The speed of motor performance in the patients did not correlate with their IQ. This was the only failure of correlation between any neuropsychologic test and IQ in either patients or controls. Determination of the practical significance of delayed development of motor speed as well as final evaluation of the patients' intellectual development awaits results of school achievement tests after completion of the second or third grades, but none of the studies to date suggests potential school problems.

Longitudinal comparisons of wechsler scales in educable mentally handicapped children and adults

The change in IQ scores over an extended period of time (approximately 17 years) of subjects who had been placed in classes for the Educable Mentally Handicapped was investigated. Analysis indicated that a significant difference existed between WISC scores administered at the time of initial placement (mean age, 11–9) and WAIS scores administered at a later date (mean age, 17–6). In addition, although a difference was revealed with respect to WAIS scores when the students were divided into two groups based upon initial WISC scores (⩽70 vs. >70), it was determined that the change was in a uniform fashion over time; i.e., neither regression nor interaction effects were detected. A final analysis revealed that those students who were located for a follow-up testing approximately 10 years later (mean age 28–8) continued to show a significant increase in IQ scores. The importance placed upon IQ scores for initial placement of students in EMH programs appears to remain suspect.

HEIGHT AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

We analyzed data from the National Health Examination Survey (Cycle III), a representative sample of non-institutionalized US youth (3545 males (M), 3223 females (F), 12-17 yr of age), to examine the relationship between the height (normalized for age) (H) and measures of: intellectual development (WISC), academic achievement (WRAT), evaluations by teachers, and the educational aspirations and expectations of subjects and their parents. Parental education and income were used as measures of socio-economic status (SES); sexual maturation (by Tanner score) was categorized by age into early, mid, and late-maturers. WISC and WRAT scores were both significantly correlated with H (r=0.22 & 0.20 white M; r=0.22 & 0.22 white F; p<0.0001). Parental expectations that their child would finish college were higher for adolescents above the 50th percentile of height for age. (43% vs 33%, M; 30% vs 24%, F). Adolescent expectations that they would finish college were likewise higher in the taller group (48% vs 39%, M; 38% vs 29%, F). Teachers ranked the taller adolescents in the upper third of their class more frequently then the shorter adolescents (25% vs 18%, M; 33% vs 25%, F). These findings persist in both blacks and whites, in the lower and middle SES groups and when subjects with early and late maturation are excluded. These data demonstrate a consistent and statistically significant, although modest, correlation between H and these measures of intellectual and academic performance, as well as educational expectations of both the adolescent and parent.

Wechsler scale performance patterns of American Indian children

Using WISC, WISC-R, and WPPSI subtest scores recategorized according to the Bannatyne scheme, the study uncovered evidence for the existence of an Indian Wechsler Scale performance pattern that is different from that found in normal and learning disabled groups. The Indian pattern finds spatial abilities more well developed than sequencing skills, which are superior to conceptual and acquired knowledge performances. The sample was composed of 142 Indian children, primarily Ojibwa (Chippewa). Supporting hypotheses addressed differences between groups of traditional Indian children and those who are more Anglo acculturated. The traditional children evidenced the Indian pattern of recategorized Wechsler subtest performance, while the more acculturated groups did not. Discussion of results centers on factors that may be related to the Indian pattern, such as cultural heritage, otitis media, and the school curriculum.

A comparison of the WISC and WISC‐R on hispanic children

AbstractAdministered the WISC and the WISC‐R in a counterbalanced design to 20 Hispanic children. Ss scored significantly lower on the WISC‐R on Similarities, Object Assembly, Coding, and Mazes subtests, which resulted in lower Performance and Full Scale IQs. WISC‐R scores tended to increase after practice on the WISC, but WISC scores tended to decrease after practice on the WISC‐R. There was an overall difference of approximately 14 points between the Verbal and the Performance IQs on both tests. The only sex difference occurred on the Coding subscale; girls' mean score was higher than boys'. The tests were highly correlated. Important implications are that the WISC‐R is as culturally biased as the WISC and that more Hispanic children may be labeled as mentally deficient. It is suggested that the Verbal IQ reflects the extent of acculturation, while the Performance IQ reflects actual ability.