Wire System Research Articles

Test Study of the Bridge Cable Corrosion Protection Mechanism Based on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

The cable system is an important bearing element of a bridge with stay cables or slings and a matter of major concern in the safety of the bridge structure. Bridge cables are vulnerable to corrosion induced by leakage and soaking during their service life. To solve this problem, and based on the idea of proactive control by means of the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) of bridge cables, this study designs and develops an ICCP system device for bridge cable protection. In this study, an accelerated corrosion test was conducted to test the ICCP system of steel wires inside the cables and the cables under acid rain conditions. The corrosion protection behavior of ICCP was analyzed to reveal the corrosion protection mechanism of bridge cable ICCP. The results show that in the cable ICCP system, the impressed current generated by a more negative voltage may improve the efficiency of corrosion protection, but an excessively negative voltage may cause hydrogen embrittlement of the cable steel wire due to overprotection. The rational range of −1.13 V to −1.15 V was set as the result of the overall consideration. Within this range, the cable is subject to the joint protection of ICCP and sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP). Corrosive products can delay the development of cable corrosion to a certain degree; the SACP protection efficiency of the galvanized coat reduces gradually with corrosion development; and cable ICCP protection efficiency increases gradually. The ICCP for cable corrosion protection is transformed from joint protection using both a sacrificial anode and impressed current into protection, mainly using an impressed current.

Improved left atrial appendage closure procedural efficiency using radiofrequency transseptal wire system.

The radiofrequency(RF) needle has been shown to improve transseptal puncture efficiency and safety compared to mechanical needles. This study aimed to investigate the use of VersaCross RF transseptal wire system (Baylis Medical) to improve procedural efficiency of left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) compared to the standard RF needle-based workflow. Eighty-one LAAC procedures using WATCHMAN FLX were retrospectively analyzed comparing the standard RF needle-based workflow to a RF wire-based workflow. Study primary endpoint was time to WATCHMAN device release, and secondary endpoints were transseptal puncture time, LAAC success, fluoroscopy use, and procedural complications. Twenty-five cases using standard RF needle-based workflow were compared to 56 cases using the RF wire-based workflow. Baseline patient characteristics were similar between both groups. LAAC was successful in all patients with no differences in intraprocedural complication rates (p = 0.40). Transseptal puncture time was 1.3 min faster using the RF wire-based workflow compared to the standard RF needle-based workflow (6.5 ± 2.3 vs. 7.8 ± 2.3 min, p = 0.02). Overall, time to final WATCHMAN device release was 4.5 min faster with the RF wire-based workflow compared to the RF needle-based workflow (24.6 ± 5.6vs. 29.1 ± 9.6 min, p = 0.01). Fluoroscopy time was 21% lower using the RF wire-based workflow (7.6 ± 2.8vs. 9.6 ± 4.4 min; p = 0.05) and fluoroscopy dose was 67% lower (47.1 ± 35.3vs. 144.9 ± 156.9 mGy, p = 0.04) and more consistent (F-test, p ˂ 0.0001). The RF wire-based workflow streamlines LAAC procedures, improving LAAC efficiency and safety by reducing fluoroscopy, device exchanges, and delivery sheath manipulation.

Triple One Wire System without Grounding

Triple One Wire System without Grounding

Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging using RFID

Electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging using radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a novel technology that enables the charging of electric vehicles without the need for wires or cables. The technology utilizes RFID tags that are installed on the EV, which communicate with the charging pad through electromagnetic fields. The charging process is initiated when the RFID reader detects the presence of the EV with the installed RFID tag, and the charging pad is activated. The power transfer is then enabled between the charging pad and the EV, allowing for the charging process to begin. RFID-based wireless charging technology offers numerous benefits over traditional wired charging systems. For instance, it eliminates the need for physical connectors, thereby reducing the wear and tear of components and increasing the convenience of charging. Moreover, the technology is more efficient, with minimal energy losses, and reduces the risk of electrical hazards. It also minimizes the impact of weather conditions and road debris on the charging process, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor charging application. In conclusion, EV wireless charging using RFID is a promising technology that can potentially revolutionize the EV charging industry. It offers numerous benefits, including increased convenience, efficiency, and safety, and has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact of transportation.

Reduced Reference Frame Transformation Assessment in Unbalanced Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems

Three-phase four-wire systems require a reference frame similar to that used in 3-phase 3-wire system configurations that allow them to be easily analysed, modelled and controlled. A new reference frame called Reduced Reference Frame (RRF) was presented by the authors in a previous work to satisfy these objectives. This is based on the locus of the voltage space vector which is used to perform a transformation applied to 3-phase 4-wire systems. This paper uses the proposed RRF to demonstrate the benefits of this transformation under different conditions of load or voltage imbalance. To this end, the different types of imbalances considered are studied by comparing the results in the classical αβγ axes, the so-called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mno</i> -transform specifically developed for 3-phase 4-wire systems and the RRF coordinates. In addition, a theoretical identification of some types of imbalances is done comparing the simulation results and the fundamentals of the RRF.

Primena kvantitativnih metoda prognoziranja zaliha u lancima snabdevanja na primeru kompanije "Leoni"

In order to effectively manage the supply chain, it is important to effectively manage the inventory within it. The application of quantitative forecasting methods contributes to the accuracy and validity of forecasting and defining stock flows. The subject of this paper is to review the use of quantitative methods of inventory forecasting, namely exponential smoothing, adaptive filtering, the method of moving averages and regression analysis. The aim of the paper is to show inventory forecasting using the mentioned quantitative methods on the example of the company "Leoni Wiring System Prokuplje". The results of the research indicate that applied quantitative methods of forecasting in the supply chain provide reliable and accurate forecasts on the basis of which material orders can be defined in order to ensure the smooth functioning of production, on the example of the company "Leoni Wiring System Prokuplje".

Grain growth of Cu wires during Joule heat welding

The Joule heat welding technique requires only current to join fine-scale materials together and is a useful way to create and repair electric circuits. During Joule heat welding, the temperature in the wire system increases, leading to grain growth and affecting the mechanical properties of the welded wires. This paper reports the grain growth of Cu wires during Joule heat welding and the mechanical properties of the welded wires. The diameter of a Cu wire was 25 μm, and the welded wires were subjected to tensile testing. Although the welded wires were broken outside the welds, the yield stress and fracture stress of the welded wires were two-thirds of the yield stress and fracture stress of the as-received Cu wire. The decrease in the yield stress and fracture stress of a Cu wire was due to its grain growth. Tensile testing of Cu wires heat-treated at various temperatures by current was also conducted. The region around the fracture position of the Cu wires was heated to around 900 °C during welding, and the grain there was found to have grown to about twice the size of that before testing.

High Reliable Lead Wire System of the Rotor Winding in Pumped Storage Power Stations

High Reliable Lead Wire System of the Rotor Winding in Pumped Storage Power Stations

Analysis of importance priority to be studied on igniter system of 450 caliber X rocket

A rocket is a flying platform that gets energy from the combustion process that performs a thrust that is large enough to reach hypersonic speed. It becomes quite vital considering the speed of the combustion process in double configuration propellant type, which is r=7 mm/s. The ignition of the propellant is supported by a squib as a conductor of electricity to the igniter which will then conduct heat to the propellant in the rocket motor. The main focus of this research is to analyze the development potential of the X rocket igniter system. This research uses a Quantitative Method approach, with the research analysis using a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach. Based on the benchmark values ​​obtained from each supporting instrument used in the 450 caliber X rocket igniter system, the results were obtained on a priority scale for the development of a rocket igniter system as an effort to overcome the igniter from malfunctions when the operating system is running. The results show that the instruments that need to be developed are the squib, pyrotechnics, emergency button, ground system, and wiring system.

Design of Robust Control for Vehicle Steer-by-Wire System

This study presented the design of a robust controller based on Integral Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) for controlling the Vehicle Steer-by-Wire (VSbW) system. The dynamic model of the VSbW system is first developed and then the design of ISMC has been conducted via the states of the system. The VSbW system has been described by two terms; one term represents the nominal model, which is free from nonlinearities, and the other term lumps the uncertainties in system parameters. The integral sliding mode controller has been designed for controlling the VSbW system. The control design consists of two parts. The first control part has addressed the nominal term of the system, while the second control part tackles and eliminates the effects of uncertainties and perturbation due to the uncertain term of the system. The numerical simulation has been conducted to show the robustness of ISMC and its capability to reduce the chattering effect in the control signal. In addition, a comparison study in performance has been conducted between the proposed controller and other controllers in the literature. We also carry out bibliometric analysis to see research trends. Based on our analysis, the number of publications regarding the keywords "controller", "steer", and "wire system" changes every year (25 (2018), 56 (2019), 51 (2020), 71 (2021), and 61 (2022)).

Underlying Methodology for a Thermal Process Monitoring System for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

The Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process has a high potential for industrial applications in aviation. The interlayer temperatures influence the dimensions and geometric deviations of the part. Monitoring the absolute interlayer temperature values is necessary for quantifying these influences. This paper presents an approach for determining the absolute values of the interlayer temperatures during the process using Ti-6Al-4V. The emissivity and transmittance are determined and calibrated, enabling precise thermographic measuring during the WAAM process. The recorded thermographic data are then compared to signals of thermocouples so that the absolute temperature values can be aligned. The methodology is validated by its transfer to measure the interlayer temperature at different regions of interest. The effect of a heat accumulation using Ti-6Al-4V in WAAM was determined. The methodology enables a reproducible and non-tactile measurement of the interlayer temperature during the WAAM process. The results show that with an interlayer temperature of 200 °C, a heat accumulation occurs within a layer. The heat accumulates in the center of the layer because the free ends of the layer cool down faster than the center of the layer.

Low-Pressure Optical Detection, Location, and Quantification of Electrical Discharges in Aircraft Wiring Systems

Strict regulations issued by international administrative bodies limit the CO2 equivalent emissions for new aircraft, while increasing efficiency requirements. To reach this goal, next generations of aircraft will use more electrical power than their predecessors, so distribution voltage levels will inevitably increase to limit the weight of the electrical wiring interconnect system (EWIS). However, such increased voltage levels generate higher electric stresses in insulation materials as well as in electric and electronic components; thus new failure modes triggered by electrical discharges will appear, their effects being aggravated by harsh environments typical of aircraft systems. The combined effect of higher electrical stresses, compact designs, and low-pressure operating conditions greatly intensifies the risks of premature insulation failure due to electrical discharge activity. This paper shows that by using image sensors, it is possible to detect, localize, and quantify the intensity of electrical discharges occurring in aircraft environments. Through experiments carried out in a low-pressure chamber using an image sensor, this work detects and determines the intensity of electrical discharges generated in electrical wires in their initial stage, long before major faults develop. This paper also shows that the intensity of the discharges calculated from the digital images obtained with the image sensor is directly proportional to the electrical energy involved in the discharge process and increases linearly with the applied voltage. Due to the difficulty of detecting these failure modes at a very early stage, this strategy could potentially facilitate predictive maintenance tasks while contributing to increased levels of aircraft safety.

Validity and reliability of short-term heart-rate variability from disposable electrocardiography leads.

Single-use electrocardiography (ECG) leads have been developed to reduce healthcare-associated infection. This study compared the validity and reliability of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) obtained from single-use disposable ECG leads. Thirty healthy subjects (33 ± 10 years; 9 females) underwent 5-minresting HRV assessments using disposable (single use) ECG cable and wire system (Kendall DL™ Cardinal Health) and a standard, reusable ECG leads (CardioExpress, Spacelabs Healthcare). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) between disposable and reusable ECG leads was for the time domain [R-R interval (ms); 0.99 (0.91, 1.00)], the root mean square of successive normal R-R interval differences (RMSSD) (ms); 0.91 (0.76, 0.96), the SD of normal-to-normal R-R intervals (SDNN) (ms); 0.91 (0.68, 0.97) and frequency domain [low-frequency (LF)normalized units (nu); 0.90 (0.79, 0.95), high frequency (HF) nu; 0.91 (0.80, 0.96), LF power (ms2); 0.89 (0.62, 0.96), HF power (ms2); 0.90 (0.72, 0.96)] variables. The mean difference and upper and lower limits of agreement between disposable and reusable leads for time- and frequency-domain variables were acceptable. Analysis of repeated measures using disposable leads demonstrated excellent reproducibility (ICC 95% CI) for R-R interval (ms); 0.93 (0.85, 0.97), RMSSD (ms); 0.93 (0.85, 0.97), SDNN (ms); 0.88 (0.75, 0.95), LF power (ms2); 0.87 (0.72, 0.94), and HF power (ms2); 0.88 (0.73, 0.94) with coefficient of variation ranging from 2.2% to 5% (p > 0.37 for all variables). Single-use Kendall DL™ ECG leads demonstrate a valid and reproducible tool for the assessment of HRV.

The development of logic-probabilistic reliability model of the main electrical scheme

The issues of construction and analysis of the topological model in reliability analysis of main electric schemes connections in power plants and substations are considered in this article. The multi-matrix method for reliability analysis is proposed in this article for different electric schemes: two operating systems of built-up wires and one bypass system of built-up wires; two operating systems of built-up wires; one operating system of built-up wires and one bypass system of built-up wires by the obtaining multi-states. The main conclusions were made on the further direction of research.

Smart load balancing system for 3-phase 4 wire distribution system

In 3-phase 4 wire distribution system, imbalance phenomena arise because of disproportionate distribution of single-phase loads among 3-phases. To address this issue, distribution system requires equitable load sharing in each phase. In this paper, we proposed an intelligent system which can sense the loading in each phase and distribute the load proportionately in each phase of 3-phase 4-wire distribution system. In our proposed hardware, AI based micro-controller is used to sense the least loaded phase and gives command to relay module to connect the load to the least loaded phase whenever any new load is connected to the line. The load on each phase can be monitored in real-time with the help of IoT based data communication. The results of the proposed work shows that whenever any new load is connected to any phase, it automatically gets connected to the least loaded phase. This work is effective in balancing of load in each phase of 3-phase 4-wire distribution system.

Requirements and limitations of the pulsed wire technique for measuring short-period long undulators’ magnetic field

The pulsed wire method is an attractive option to measure the magnetic field in insertion devices, mainly for those with restricted access (e.g., small gaps, in-vacuum/cryogenic environments, etc.). Besides first and second field integrals, experiments have proved the feasibility of reconstructing the magnetic field profile. Undulators with a small gap and short period are — and are planned to be — used at diffraction-limited storage rings and free-electron lasers. This contribution outlines the pulsed wire system’s requirements to perform magnetic field reconstruction in such undulators. We examine the main expected limitations, particularly the dispersive, finite pulse-width, discretization error, and sag effects. Furthermore, we present the current status of developing the pulsed wire system at the European XFEL.

Combination of surgical exposure and fixed orthodontic appliance in bilateral impacted canine

Objective: This case report is to describe the management of bilateral impacted canine due to the persistence of deciduous teeth with surgical procedures and retraction with orthodontic tools.&#x0D; Methods: Orthodontic treatment used a Straight Wire system with a 0.22 bracket slot. It began with the use of Niti 0.14 for the correction of anterior teeth crowding. Teeth 53 and 63 extraction were performed and continued with Niti 0.18 wire to correct crowding and obtain sufficient eruption spaces for teeth 13 and 23. The surgery used an open window procedure with a full-thickness triangular flap to open the canine crown, bracket placement, and canine retraction using an elastomeric chain.&#x0D; Results: Within five months, the crowding was corrected, and enough space was obtained for the canine eruption, and within three months, the canine had reached the occlusal plane perfectly.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bilateral impacted canines can be treated with a combination of surgical procedure and retraction with orthodontic treatment to achieve optimum occlusion and aesthetic function.

Performance Evaluation of Dispersion Compensation Fiber-based Coherent Optical OFDM-WDM for Long Haul RoF

Demanding extra Bandwidth and high data rates has been meet by the integration both of wired and wireless communication systems. For that the Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology has gained a traction. In this article a Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) is proposed as the main wired system for transmitting data at high rates suffers from the polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion of the optical channel which mitigates the data rates. Thus, to combat these limitations a Desperation Compensation Fiber (DCF) which adds negative attenuation to the optical signals transmitted in optical fiber is suggested. Moreover, the addition of Wavelength- Division- Multiplexing (WDM) to the system of transmission provides better bandwidth saving, high data rates, and better spectral efficiency, and power utilization. The efficiency of high data rate CO-OFDM integrated with RoF for long haul transmission between 100km and 450km with data rates up to 10 Gbps have been investigated in this article with SMF-DCF with 16 DPSK and 16-QAM modulations schemes respectively. The simulation results showed that the proposed system can achieve a high data rate up to 55 Gbps but when integrated with WDM, with a fiber link length can be increased to up to 6600 kilometers, with highest data rate up to 1.65 Tbps.

EVALUATION OF THE INTEGRATION PROCESSES SELF-ORGANIZATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES

Purpose. Organizations develop cyclically, there are changes in the elements of their systems, which are accompanied by changes in the internal and external environment of business entities, their communication processes, and so on. These changes lead to the need for innovations that can be accompanied by integration processes at enterprises. This work is related to the interaction, mutual influence, and penetration of elements of the organization’s subsystems. To ensure the systematic integration of business entities and increase the level of management decisions made by business entities, integration processes in enterprise management should be considered as objects of analysis. The article considers approaches to the analysis of integration processes at enterprises and their corresponding implementation methods that ensure the systematic integration of business entities, and ensure an increase in the level of management decisions made in the field of enterprise integration. Design/methodology/approach. The article uses methods of induction, deduction, methods of theoretical generalization, observation, systematization, etc. Economic, mathematical, and statistical methods and analysis of distribution series are used to assess the self-organization of integration processes in enterprise management. Findings. Based on the results of the analysis, it was established that the ability of enterprises to independently organize integration processes in management subsystems requires more thorough research. Self-organization of integration processes in enterprise management should be carried out according to production, personnel, financial, marketing, information, and management subsystems of the enterprise. As an indicator indicating the state of uniformity (heterogeneity) of the integration system of the enterprise and the level of self-organization, the coefficient of variation should be used, for which the appropriate scale of values is recommended. Originality/value. To assess self-organization and information support of integration processes in enterprise management, the procedure is recommended for: goal setting and defining tasks that should be performed in the process of integration processes in enterprise management self-organization evaluation; information support of evaluation processes; selection of evaluation method; formation of a system of indicators as a means of determining the level of self-organization of integration processes of the enterprise; direct calculations; interpretation of results and formation of management decisions based on the results of self-organization assessment of integration processes in enterprise management. Practical implications. Assessment of the level of self-organization of integration processes took place at LLC “LEONI Wiring Systems UA GmbH”, JSC “Galychpharm”, PJSC “Npk-galychyna”, LLC “Lviv Insulator Company”, LLC “Agrotechnika”, where their subsystems were ranked. The results indicate that the identified levels of self-organization of integration processes for certain evaluation elements are not systematic.

The Effect of Some Meteorological Parameters on Wireless Data Transmission

It is essential to bring together the data measured in agricultural lands, greenhouses and animal shelters transmit to follow the data online. Wireless and wired systems have advantages and disadvantages. In wired systems, there is a cost of cabling, but data can be transmitted more securely. In wireless systems, system installation is cheap, but there are losses in data transmission. Wireless data transmission carried out in the outdoor environment takes place under surrounding climatic conditions. In this study, the effect of atmospheric meteorological factors on data loss in wireless data transmission system was tried to be determined. For this purpose, the losses that occur during the transfer of the data measured in the greenhouse in Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Agriculture Research Farm to the office 150 m away are discussed. Temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure were used as meteorological parameters, and 4 different frequencies from the civil use frequency range (2420, 2440, 2460 and 2480 Mhz) were used as data transmission frequency. The SPSS package was used for the correlation analysis with the data set. According to the results of the correlation analysis, relative humidity has a statistically significant effect on the data transmission losses at all data transmission frequencies (p