Wireless Transmission Method Research Articles

Summary of Wireless Charging Technology for Electric Vehicles

The rapid popularity of electric vehicles has promoted the rapid development of wireless charging technology. This paper reviews the current research progress and application status of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles. Inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and non-directional radiofrequency radiation, three main wireless power transmission methods, including their principles and advantages, are introduced. In addition, the practical application of the technique, such as near field application and far field application, is also discussed. Finally, the development direction of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles in the future is looked forward, including the key technical paths of optimizing system design, improving energy transmission efficiency and reducing system cost. In summary, this paper aims to provide comprehensive theoretical support and practical guidance for the research and practice of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles.

Wearable Fall Detectors Based on Low Power Transmission Systems: A Systematic Review

Early attention to individuals who suffer falls is a critical aspect when determining the consequences of such accidents, which are among the leading causes of mortality and disability in older adults. For this reason and considering the high number of older adults living alone, the development of automatic fall alerting systems has garnered significant research attention over the past decade. A key element for deploying a fall detection system (FDS) based on wearables is the wireless transmission method employed to transmit the medical alarms. In this regard, the vast majority of prototypes in the related literature utilize short-range technologies, such as Bluetooth, which must be complemented by the existence of a gateway device (e.g., a smartphone). In other studies, standards like Wi-Fi or 3G communications are proposed, which offer greater range but come with high power consumption, which can be unsuitable for most wearables, and higher service fees. In addition, they require reliable radio coverage, which is not always guaranteed in all application scenarios. An interesting alternative to these standards is Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, which minimize both energy consumption and hardware costs while maximizing transmission range. This article provides a comprehensive search and review of that works in the literature that have implemented and evaluated wearable FDSs utilizing LPWAN interfaces to transmit alarms. The review systematically examines these proposals, considering various operational aspects and identifying key areas that have not yet been adequately addressed for the viable implementation of such detectors.

Wireless transmission method of electromagnetic wave of cross screw signal

Abstract Based on the near-bit azimuthing gamma measuring instrument developed by Changqing Drilling Company, this paper uses comsol multiphysics(COMSOL) numerical simulation software to build the electromagnetic wave wireless transmission model of cross-bolt signal while drilling. By using finite element method and a large amount of calculation and analysis, the influence law of source distance, drill wire conductivity, borehole and mud conductivity and other parameters on the response characteristics is obtained. The simulation modeling method presented in this paper and the conclusions obtained have important guiding significance for further optimizing and upgrading the near-bit wireless short-pass device and better understanding and mastering the signal transmission law of this kind of instrument.

Free Space Optical Communication and its Implementation Using Diffractive Optical Elements Using Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Background: Free Space Optics (FSO) is a wireless data transmission method for infrastructure that uses laser beam energy to transmit information waves through the atmosphere. Furthermore, due to its high bandwidth potential and simple deployment, FSO has garnered considerable interest. However, atmospheric turbulence and misalignment present obstacles to establishing dependable and effective FSO links. Objective: For systems varying from space invariant to totally space variant, the optimal design of free-space optical connectivity systems using diffractive optics is found from an engineering perspective. Parameters such as the light's wavelength, the system's total number of optical sources and detectors, their sizes, and their spacing are used to determine the system's volume. Another important parameter is the diffractive lens's f-number. Diffraction Optical Elements (DOEs) have emerged as a promising means of addressing these difficulties. Also, the patent related to automated honey beehive box gives the insight of its monitoring system. Methods:: This paper provides an overview of the implementation and advancements of FSO systems utilizing DOEs, including the fundamental principles, design considerations, and performance improvements. The study discusses the basics of diffraction and the role of DOEs in FSO systems. It explores the diffraction grating equation and the Huygens-Fresnel principle to understand wave propagation and interference phenomena. Design considerations for FSO systems equipped with DOEs are discussed, including the selection of appropriate DOEs and evaluation of performance benefits. The study also investigates the application of AI methods, such as machine learning and deep learning, in optimizing FSO systems with DOEs. Results: A thorough overview of Free Space Optics (FSO) systems utilizing Diffraction Optical Elements (DOEs) is given in this review study. It examines diffraction theory and DOE use in FSO, emphasizing their potential for beam forming, beam steering, and adaptive optics. The study examines FSO with DOE design concerns, performance improvements, applications, and future approaches. FSO systems may overcome problems with air turbulence, misalignment, and fading by using the characteristics of DOEs, opening the door for dependable and effective wireless communication. Conclusion: In conclusion, the effect of DOEs on BER efficiency is also modified by the obscuration ratio. Transmission power is increased when more DOEs are used by an amount defined by their obscuration ratios. Additionally, because of the increased power complement in these systems, the effect of DOEs is more pronounced. The integration of AI further enhances FSO capabilities by providing adaptive optimization, fault detection, predictive maintenance, and improved security. Future research directions may include exploring advanced AI techniques and conducting practical implementations of FSO systems with DOEs for various applications, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios.

Revolutionizing Heart Monitoring with Oximetry

Innovative medical gadgets are now critically needed to monitor and analyze the situation, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. In light of this, a portable, affordable, IOT-based heart rate and SpO2/level sensor device with effective performance has been developed. In order to publish data to a software web page and display data on the OLED, the suggested system has an integrated LED with basic internet access. Its mobility, user-friendliness, and distinctive method of sending collected data are its key qualities. data online, enabling it to perform better than the solutions that are currently on offer in a number of ways. The project is designed in such a way that the analogue quantities which are to be recorded continuously are taken and converted into corresponding digital values using a six-channel ADC. Here we consider temperature and monitor the heart rate. The processed data from ADC is sent to the microcontroller. With the help of a six-channel ADC, the project's architecture transforms the analogue numbers that must be continuously recorded into equivalent digital values. Here, we keep an eye on the heart rate and take the temperature into account. The microcontroller receives the data from the ADC that has been processed. The microcontroller is designed to continuously monitor the status of the sensors. To transfer sensor data to the server web page in the form of a database, the microcontroller and the Wifi Module will be interfaced using serial connection. Monitoring physiological data, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, offers a new avenue for ease of control and prevention in modern healthcare. Consequently, a new era of proactive, intelligent healthcare would emerge—especially considering the major barrier of scarce medical resources. It was shown how to use a mobile ECG monitoring service hosted in the cloud. With the use of a pulse oximeter and a wireless transmission method like WI-FI, these may identify ECG signals and display them on a screen. IOT based on ECG monitoring has been the subject of various works.

A PLC-based pomegranate sprout removal device design

Aiming at the current low degree of mechanization of pomegranate sprouting tiller pruning in China, all relying on manual pruning, this paper designs a PLC-based pomegranate sprouting tiller removal machine. This machine adopts the identification method of wireless map transmission, the sprouting tiller removal method of multi-cylinder cooperative operation, and the MCGS configuration to realize the interaction between the user and the system, which realizes the displacement and angle compensation of the end-effector under complex conditions to realize the all-around accurate removal of the pomegranate sprouting tiller. The performance test and finite element analysis showed that the device could remove up to 74.62% of sprouting tillers, and the damage rate was as low as 18%. This meets the requirements of pomegranate plantations for the removal of emergent tillers.

Transmission of information on a single carrier frequency in a full-duplex radio line

Telecommunication communication is usually provided in duplex mode, which requires the provision of two carrier frequencies and at least twice the bandwidth of the radio channel in a wireless version (subject to a priori equality of the capacities of information sources at both ends of the radio line). Throughout the development of wireless telecommunications technologies, the issue of the efficiency of using the frequency spectrum allocated for transmitting/receiving messages is acutely relevant, namely, reducing the bandwidth occupied by the message. This task has significant limitations, primarily based on minimizing the distortion of transmitted messages that may occur when artificially limiting the bandwidth. Information compression/compaction methods provide some savings in the width of the frequency spectrum, but a marginal reduction in the occupied frequency band can be achieved when the receiving and transmitting paths of both directions operate at the same carrier frequency. The article provides a brief overview of methods to improve the efficiency of using the frequency resource, provides a computer model and a study of the method of wireless information transmission that allows a full-duplex wireless communication channel to be implemented on a single carrier frequency. The above and investigated computer model of the method based on the use of a circulator made it possible to evaluate the effect of additive noise, the difference in amplitude and phase of the interference signal from the transmitter and a copy of the signal from the radio transmitter in "antiphase" on the number of errors (BER). According to the research results, it can be concluded that in order to reduce the number of errors when using a compensator, it is necessary to ensure an exact match of the interference signal from the transmitter and a copy of the signal from the radio transmitter in "antiphase" in amplitude and the phase difference between these signals is equal to 1800. Since an increase in the amplitude difference starting from 0.001 and the phase deviation from 0.10 from 1800 leads to a significant increase in the number of errors even with large values of the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, when developing a device based on this method, it is necessary to take into account the difference in the amplitudes of the useful signal and "interference from the transmitter". This parameter specifies additional requirements for the device. The task of compensating for interference from the transmitter is simplified by the fact that the parameters of the transmitting signal and the characteristics of the device elements are known in advance.

Machine Learning Based Foreign Object Detection in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

As power electronics continue to drive advancement in electronic devices by managing the system's energy flow, it is advantageous to examine all areas of energy transfer. Wireless power transfer is one section seeing increased adoption in consumer, industrial, and healthcare applications. This consequently increases the concern for safety, reliability, and efficiency. Power transmission to any unintended load is a primary safety issue in high-power wireless power transfer applications, such as unmanned aircraft systems. Foreign object detection is utilized to selectively transmit power to only the intended target to mitigate this issue. This paper seeks to demonstrate a novel alternative method of using machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques for performing foreign object detection solely on the transmitter portion of the system by only monitoring the TX coil current. This method is first evaluated in SPICE simulation software. Then by transitioning to a closed-loop hardware-based testbed designed to be deployed in unmanned aircraft systems. During the test process for the novel FOD method, the aggregate detection accuracy achieved was 83%, including worst-case misalignment conditions with the RX coil. When the outlying worst-case conditions are excluded, the detection accuracy improves to 97%. To measure the FOD effectiveness in preventing temperature rise in a metallic object, the metallic object was placed at the peak power draw location on the transmitter coil. When the metallic object is left at this location for extended periods, the novel FOD method lowers the maximum temperature reached by 86.8°C when compared to no FOD being active. The primary advantage to this novel method is the simplistic hardware additions, which only require minimal alterations to a WPTS without any FOD implemented. Along with this, implementing this foreign object detection method in the transmitter would mitigate the need for a direct communication link between the receiver and transmitter. As a result, the entire system complexity would decrease, thus increasing the UAS power density while maintaining a safe, effective, and reliable wireless power transmission method.

A Novel Method of Wireless Micro Energy Transmission Based on MEMS Micro Coil.

Based on current implantable devices, a battery's rigidity and large size makes it prone to immune rejection and wound incisions. Additionally, it is limited by its finite lifespan, which hinders long-term usage. These limitations greatly restrict the development of implantable medical device systems towards miniaturization and minimally invasive approaches. Consequently, obtaining high-fidelity and stable biological signals from the target tissue area of the organism remains challenging. Therefore, there is a need to develop wireless power transmission technology. In this paper, we propose a wireless micro energy transfer method based on MEMS micro coils for charging implantable devices. Through simulation calculations, we first investigate the influence of coaxial distance, horizontal displacement, and rotation angle between the MEMS micro coil and the transmitting coil on power transmission. Subsequently, we utilize micro nanofabrication technology to create a MEMS micro spiral copper coil with a line width, thickness, and spacing of 50 µm and a total of five turns. Finally, we conduct wireless power transmission tests on the coil. The results show that, when the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are 10 mm apart and the operating frequency is 100 kHz, the power of the wireless power transmission system reaches 45 µW. This power level is sufficient to meet the power supply requirements of implantable pacemakers. Therefore, this technology holds great potential for applications in the field of wireless power transmission for implantable medical devices, including pacemakers and brain neurostimulators.

A transient flow analysis method for high-rate mud pulse telemetry in rotary steerable system

With the development of ultra-deep offshore and onshore deep-water wells, there is a growing demand for high-speed data transmission. Mud pulse telemetry (MPT) is the most commercially mature wireless data transmission method. The time-domain parameter analysis of the down-hole mud pulse pressure signal is useful to study the optimization measures of the down-hole signal. Currently, the main approaches are experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations, but both methods are time-consuming and costly, which is not conducive to multi-parameter studies. transient flow modelis widely used to analyze water hammers in pipelines, but its application to mud pulse telemetry (MPT) systems has been less studied. In this paper, based on the classical transient flow equation, the method of characteristics (MOC) is used to solve the governing equation, and the boundary conditions suitable for the MPT are proposed and verified with the experiment and CFD method. Based on the newly established transient flow mathematical model, the generation characteristics of the downhole pressure wave and the influence law of key parameters are studied. The results show that the essence of continuous wave is a three-wave coupling of pressure wave, density wave and flow wave. With the transmission of continuous wave, unsteady friction will be generated in the wave region of the wellbore, increasing the attenuation degree of the signal. The amplitude of continuous wave increases with the increase of density and displacement, independent of frequency and viscosity. However, as the frequency and viscosity increase, the continuous wave will decay faster. This paper provides the new transient flow method with fast computational time and a technical means for MPT studies under subsequent drilling conditions.

Research on Double LCC Compensation Network for Multi-Resonant Point Switching in Underwater Wireless Power Transfer System

This paper introduces a control method suitable for AUVs to transmit underwater radio energy that improves the stability of AUV charging under water based on double LCC compensation. The coupling coefficient decreases with the rise of the coil offset in the underwater wireless power transfer system, such that the power transmission capability is reduced. To solve the above-mentioned problem, a double LCC resonant compensation network impedance characteristic is proposed in this study through the analysis of the double LCC resonant compensation network. To be specific, the wireless power transmission method for multi-resonant point switching of the LCC compensation network is developed. The multiple resonance points of the developed method are not correlated with the load impedance in the double LCC resonance compensation network, and the multiple resonance points are consistent with the power transmission characteristics. Moreover, the appropriate resonance frequency is matched based on different coupling coefficients, and the multi-resonance points are switched to each other to increase the system’s transmission power and transmission efficiency. As revealed by the results of the simulation and experimental studies, the double LCC compensation network with multi-resonance point switching is capable of achieving the output characteristics of constant-voltage/constant-current of the wireless power transfer system, reducing the system current harmonics effectively, and enhancing the power transmission capability and anti-offset capability.

Hermitan matrices based malicious cognitive radio detection and bayesian method for detecting primary user emulation attack

Cognitive radio (CR) is a facilitating technology to efficiently deal with the spectrum scarceness, and it will significantly enhance the spectrum deployment of upcoming wireless transmission method. Security is a significant concern, although not well tackle in cognitive radio networks (CRN). In CR networks, this approach regard as a security issue happen from primary user emulation attack (PUEA). A PUEA attacker forwards an emulated primary signal and defraud the CR users to avoid them from accessing spectrum holes. Here, we introduce a Hermitan matrices based malicious cognitive radio (CMCR) detection and Bayesian method for detecting PUEA attack in the CRN. In this approach, the Bayesian method is used for detecting the PUEA attack. The trust analyzer evaluates the CR trust. Here, the node trust value is computed by node activeness and inactiveness, degree of data transmission, and hermitan matrics verification. In addition, the Hermitan Matrices method is used to detect the malicious CR user in the CRN. The simulation outcomes propose that the CMCR leads to improve the performance in terms of better detection ratio, minimized the possibility of miss detection ratio. Furthermore, it minimized the possibility of false alarm in the CRN.

Monitoring the Modest Sensory Network Utility Device Watcher

Abstract: The proposed system introduces the android application using modest sensor device. The objective of the system is to develop a system to collect data from sensors, and to transmit this data through wireless network which passes the data to an application. Wireless transmission methods have been investigated, and it was decided that a HTTP GET method would be used. When the information is sent by different sensors it will displayed with the help of machine learning algorithms. Following an exploration of personal area networks (PAN) and mesh networking, a system was implemented to discover physical intrusion. To the end our network employed sensors are connected with motion sensors and accelerometers. Then it communicates with a generic infrastructure, adaptable to future wireless sensor projects, which stores the data in a database and through interfaces monitor the status of the entire system.

Survey on Modest Sensory Network Utility Device Watcher Using Android Database System

Abstract: This report introduces the android application using a modest sensor device. The objective of this project is to develop a system to collect data from sensors, and to send this data broadcast through a network which passes the data to an application. Wireless transmission methods have been detected, and it was decided that a HTTP GET method would be used. This report also saysthe progress made to date on the project, and proposes a timeline for the completion of the project. The aim of this project was to design and build a wireless sensor network. These are the exploration of personal area networks and mesh networking, this system was implemented to detect physical intrusion. This network communicates with the generic infrastructure, resilient to future wireless sensor projects, which stored sensor data in a database. Also it was a user interface to monitor the status of the entire application

Ecological impact on the environment of laser space solar power plants

Climate stabilization and replacement of oil with alternative energy sources are urgent problems in the modern world. Space solar power plants [SSPP] can solve these problems simultaneously. Based on the review of literary sources, we raised one of the primary issues of the SSPP creation related to the need to identify the nature and the extent of its impact on the environment. First, we analyzed the environmental impact of the SSPP and traditional energy sources (thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants). Second, we considered the environmental impact of various wireless transmission methods of energy from the SSPP: ultrahigh-frequency (microwave) and infrared [IR] laser radiation, and the efficiency of energy transmission from the SSPP. One should emphasize the specific concept of efficiency for these power plants since they have an infinite energy source in the form of the Sun. Thus, the superiority of space solar power plants lies in the absence of nuclear radiation and chemical toxicity, a much higher efficiency, locality of impact (a site with a diameter of 40–50 m on Earth when broadcasting from a geostationary orbit), and a lower cost. For several reasons, mainly due to the terrorist threat, it is advisable to abandon the use of tethered balloons for receiving laser radiation above the clouds to eliminate losses in the atmosphere and carry out a live broadcast and reception of energy on the Earth, creating lasers operating in the windows of atmospheric transparency. One can use local illumination of the atmosphere during the operation of these power plants. The use of laser SSPP is especially relevant for solving the problems of the Arctic and continental shelf development with an extreme climate (taiga and tundra with swamps and permafrost) and for mobile objects and transport.

Spatial Modulation: An Attractive Secure Solution to Future Wireless Networks

As a green and secure wireless transmission method, secure spatial modulation is becoming a hot research area. Its basic idea is to exploit both the index of activated transmit antenna and amplitude phase modulation signal to carry messages, improve security, and save energy. In this article, we review its crucial challenges: transmit antenna selection, artificial noise projection, power allocation (PA), and joint detection at the desired receiver. We proposed a low-complexity maximum likelihood (ML) detector, which efficiently reduces the complexity of detection. Meanwhile, for the sake of improving further secrecy rate (SR) performance, a PA strategy is designed on the basis of a deep neural-network (DNN). Simulation results show that the proposed low-complexity ML detector achieves lower complexity but the same bit error rate performance, compared to the traditional ML method, while the proposed DNN method strikes a good balance between complexity and SR performance.

Node localization algorithm for detecting malicious nodes to prevent connection failures and improve end-to-end delay

In sensor network applications, the measured data makes sense only if the location is known. The location of the node is known, and the wireless communication line and transmission method between the two nodes can be an unknown collaboration process where a sensor with a known location is used to locate the node in an unknown location. Various localization algorithms are available that use linear and nonlinear methods to find nodes. Security is a major issue in localization. After the data is sent from the beacon node to the binding node, an error occurs because the virus-safe or unsafe mobile beacon acts like the original mobile beacon, sending the wrong message. One of the basic problems of wireless sensor networks is the localization and security of nodes. This article analyses the performance of optimization algorithms like Ant Colony Optimization algorithms, opportunity routing algorithms, and the proposed Buffalo optimization algorithm. The performance of the buffalo algorithm is compared with these optimization algorithms. Performance metrics such as throughput, residual energy, packet forwarding rate, packet loss rate, delay, and cost were measured. Then the algorithm is implemented as a hardware system for measuring system performance in real-time. Based on a detailed analysis of the performance of optimization algorithms in wireless sensor networks, the buffalo algorithm provides higher efficiency and performance in wireless sensor network applications.

Sensor-Integrated Tool for Self-Optimizing Single-Lip Deep Hole Drilling

Single-lip deep-hole drilling (SLD) is characterized by high surface quality and compressive residual stress in the subsurface of the drill hole. These properties depend significantly on the thermo-mechanical conditions in the machining process. The required subsurface properties can be adjusted in-process via process monitoring and control when the thermo-mechanical conditions are maintained in the optimum range. Herein, a sensor-integrated SLD tool is introduced, which allows the temperatures near the cutting zone to be measured and the vibrations occurring directly at the drill head to be recorded. A microcontroller-based wireless measurement data transmission method is presented.

Periodic Artifact Removal With Applications to Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapies have shown clinical success in the treatment of a number of neurological illnesses, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. An emerging strategy for increasing the efficacy of DBS therapies is to develop closed-loop, adaptive DBS systems that can sense biomarkers associated with particular symptoms and in response, adjust DBS parameters in real-time. The development of such systems requires extensive analysis of the underlying neural signals while DBS is on, so that candidate biomarkers can be identified and the effects of varying the DBS parameters can be better understood. However, DBS creates high amplitude, high frequency stimulation artifacts that prevent the underlying neural signals and thus the biological mechanisms underlying DBS from being analyzed. Additionally, DBS devices often require low sampling rates, which alias the artifact frequency, and rely on wireless data transmission methods that can create signal recordings with missing data of unknown length. Thus, traditional artifact removal methods cannot be applied to this setting. We present a novel periodic artifact removal algorithm for DBS applications that can accurately remove stimulation artifacts in the presence of missing data and in some cases where the stimulation frequency exceeds the Nyquist frequency. The numerical examples suggest that, if implemented on dedicated hardware, this algorithm has the potential to be used in embedded closed-loop DBS therapies to remove DBS stimulation artifacts and hence, to aid in the discovery of candidate biomarkers in real-time. Code for our proposed algorithm is publicly available on Github.

A Method for Underwater Wireless Data Transmission in a Hydroacoustic Channel under NLOS Conditions

Wireless data transmission in the hydroacoustic channel under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions, for example, during a wreck penetration, is difficult to implement reliably. This is mostly due to the multipath propagation, which causes a reduction in the quality of data reception. Therefore, in this work an attempt has been made to develop a reliable method of wireless underwater communication test it under the NLOS conditions. In our method, we used multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK) modulation, sending a single bit on two carriers, and diversity combining. The method was tested in laboratory conditions which simulated underwater signal propagation during the penetration of the wreck. The propagation conditions were investigated by determining the impulse responses at selected measurement points using the correlation method. Additionally, for comparison, the data transmission quality was determined by the bit error rate (BER) under the same conditions using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The obtained results confirmed the usefulness of the application of the developed method for wireless data transmission in a hydroacoustic channel under NLOS conditions.