Wireless Topology Research Articles

Delay-Sensitive Multi-Sensor Routing Scheduling Method for Underground IoT in Mines.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in underground construction safety, during activities such as subway construction, underground mining, and tunnel excavation. While Internet of Things (IoT) sensors help to monitor these conditions, large-scale deployment is limited by high power needs and complex tunnel layouts, making real-time response a critical challenge. A delay-sensitive multi-sensor multi-base-station routing scheduling method is proposed for the IoT in underground mining. First, a mixed network topology of wireless and wired networks is formed based on the irregular distribution characteristics of multiple tunnels in the mine construction environment. Based on this topology, a multi-sensor and multi-base-station real-time routing scheduling problem is proposed, proving that the problem is NP-hard. Secondly, the corresponding solving algorithms are designed based on the greedy strategy and the heuristic strategy. Finally, an experimental platform is built, and the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared and analyzed.

Energy Efficient ECC Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol for Star Topology Wireless Sensor Networks

The article proposes a new energy-efficient protocol designed for star topology wireless sensor networks. The protocol has been implemented using ECC, although it can be easily adapted to any algebraic structure, where the discrete logarithm problem is computationally challenging. In addition to the formal description, the authors provide the results of an investigation concerned with the protocol's security properties, conducted by verifying the model using Scyther software. The publication also includes an analysis of the protocol's energy consumption, performed with the use of hardware platforms with ARM microcontrollers.

A Novel Optimization Method of Compensation Network Parameters for LCC Topology Wireless Power Transfer System With Anti-Offset Characteristics

A Novel Optimization Method of Compensation Network Parameters for LCC Topology Wireless Power Transfer System With Anti-Offset Characteristics

Distributed Physical-layer Network Coding MAC protocol

Physical-layer Network Coding (PNC) was first proposed for a Two-Way Relay Channel (TWRC) to improve the spectrum efficiency since it allows nodes to transmit simultaneously via a relay node. This technique requires multiple nodes to transmit their packets with accurate synchronization. Therefore, in many works of literature, centralized scheduling with perfect synchronization has been assumed to be employed on top of PNC.Such assumptions are not applicable in general random access multi-hop wireless networks. Therefore, this paper proposes a distributed MAC protocol that supports PNC in static multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed MAC protocol is based on the Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) strategy, where RTS/CTS frames are used to detect PNC opportunities and to offer the appropriate scheduling of the involved transmissions that should occur simultaneously. This packet exchange process is coordinated by the relay node and was designed to guarantee compatibility with other conventional relaying schemes with specific concerns for the hidden node issues. Our solution was practically tested on a real testbed with different static wireless topologies and several physical settings.With numerical results, we investigate the effectiveness of PNC in distributed wireless multi-hop networks. Compared to the conventional CSMA/CA and the PNC opportunistic (PNCOPP) MAC protocols, the proposed protocol’s performances are advantageous in various scenarios, especially in large networks.

Telehealth Support System Using Wireless Technologies: The Case of Ethiopia

Telehealth is an inter-disciplinary area and is basically the delivery of health and medical information and services over large and small distances using electronic information and communication technologies. Broadband wireless services available today, along with more powerful and convenient handheld devices, will enable a transformational change in health management and healthcare with the introduction of real-time monitoring and timely responses to a wide array of patient needs. Further, a network of low-cost sensors and wireless systems help in creating constantly vigilant and pervasive monitoring capability at home and at work. This paper addresses recent efforts in this growing field, including standards, system architectures, and lower layer protocols for body area networks. The paper also suggests the use of cooperative transmission-based strategies for such wireless topologies. Keywords: Telehealth, Telemedicine, Telecare, Wireless Technology. DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/12-2-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Low-complexity scheduling algorithms with constant queue length and throughput guarantees

Distributed scheduling algorithms based on carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) are optimal in terms of the throughput and the steady-state queue lengths. However, they take a prohibitively long time to reach the steady-state, often exponential in the network size. Therefore for large networks that operate over a finite time horizon, apart from the guarantees on the steady-state queue lengths, performance guarantees on the short-term (i.e., transient) queuing behaviour are also required. To that end, we propose distributed scheduling algorithms that are guaranteed to have O(1) expected queue lengths not just in the steady-state but at every time instant, where O(⋅) is with respect to the network size. Further, our algorithms have O(1) complexity and support a constant fraction of the maximum throughput for typical wireless topologies. The central idea of our algorithms is to resolve collisions among pairs of conflicting nodes by assigning a master–follower hierarchy. The master–follower hierarchy can either be chosen randomly or based on the topology of the conflict graph, leading to different performance guarantees.In addition to these hierarchical collision resolution algorithms, which are primarily designed for the conflict graph-based interference model, we also propose an Aloha-based algorithm for the K-neighbour collision tolerance interference model, which is a generalization of the conflict graph model. We show that the proposed Aloha-based algorithm supports a constant fraction of the maximum throughput for typical wireless topologies.

Security Considerations to Enable Time-Sensitive Networking Over 5G

The evolution of 5G is set to bring about radical deployments in new sectors and novel use cases in the industrial, automotive, and retail segments. Moreover, the guarantee of providing ultra-high reliability and low latencies across the 5G bearer starting from 3GPP Release 16 along with the support of the Ethernet Protocol Data Unit (PDU), opens a plethora of time-sensitive networking applications enabled until now only over wired connections to over 5G. This progression also brings about challenges to end-to-end security for user data and for addressing safety risks due to hazards resulting from functional insufficiencies or foreseeable misuse by persons or rogue devices. In this paper, on one hand, we provide an overview of 5G architecture - take a deep dive into its built-in security mechanisms, and the User Plane Function, and on the other hand, we introduce principles of time-sensitive networking (TSN). We then bring about the correlation of the time-sensitive networking over wired (Ethernet) and wireless (5G) topology and draw the focus on the TSN-related assets and their corresponding possible vulnerabilities in the system and finally, propose approaches to address them.

Trust Management in Industrial Internet of Things using a Trusted E-Lithe Protocol

The IoT has gained significant recognition from research and industrial communities over the last decade. The concept of Industrial IoT (IIoT) has emerged to improve industrial processes and reduce downtime or breach in secure communication. If automated, industrial applications can make the implementation process more convenient, it also helps increase productivity, but an external attacker may cause distortion to the process, which could cause much damage. Thus, a trust management technique is proposed for securing IIoT. The transition of the Internet to IoT and for industrial applications to IIoT leads to numerous changes in the communication processes. This transition was initiated by wireless sensor networks that have unattended wireless topologies and were comprised due to the nature of their resource-constrained nodes. In order to protect the sensitivity of transmitted information, the security protocol uses the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) mandated by Secure Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). However, DTLS was designed for powerful devices and needed strong support for industrial applications connected through high-bandwidth links. In the proposed trust management system, machine learning algorithms are used with an elastic slide window to handle bigger data and reduce the strain of massive communication. The proposed method detected on and off attacks on nodes, malicious nodes, healthy nodes, and broken nodes. This identification is necessary to check if a particular node could be trusted or not. The proposed technique successfully predicted 97% of nodes' behavior faster than other machine learning algorithms.

Problem solution of different sensors location in organizing a Mesh topology wireless sensor network

Problem solution of different sensors location in organizing a Mesh topology wireless sensor network

Analysis of dynamic topology wireless sensor networks for the internet of things (IoT)

SummaryThe availability of the smart existing systems utilizes the system assets for crucial internet of things (IoT). The IoT visions to develop effectively with the processing model. Past customary versatile figuring set‐ups utilize advanced mobile phones and portables. A sensor could drop out for various reasons, for the system to act naturally adjusting and consider multipath steering. Dynamic topology for a remote sensor arranges all the detecting hubs that are associated together for gathering information that are transmitted. The goals that are accompanying are set for exploring the work that are to be finished. Several sensor hubs in the system are arranged for the improvement of proficiency dynamic topology. The novel strategy has been proposed for the improvement in oneself sorting out, multi‐bounce systems for the remote sensor hubs. Because of its ability to decrease energy utilisation, a cluster‐based model is the best in the remote sensor arrangement. The cluster head selection processes are a lumbering procedure that influences execution on the system execution. Few investigations propose the determination of the cluster head techniques that are being large portion of them that are not fitting for a powerful grouping condition. The calculations for the proposed methodology work better inside a solitary bounce grouping model structure, and the system lifetime establishes a major issue if there should be an occurrence of multi‐jump bunching conditions. The manuscript presents cluster head determination technique novel single‐hop and multi‐hop cluster head selection by GA (S/M HCH‐GA) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for both one‐hop as well as multi‐hop cluster models. The technique that is proposed intends to meet the prerequisites of dynamic situations; this is done by choosing cluster head that is dependent on the energy that remains along with the energy that is consumed.

Achieving Long-Range Ambient Scatter Communication Networks: A Primary User Interference Perspective

Ambient Scatter Communications (ASC) is an emergent field of scatter-based-radio which promises low-power, low-cost, and “regulation-free” wireless communications. Ambient Scatter Communication Systems (ASCS) uniquely employ previously modulated and transmitted ambient RF energy as its RF carrier, creating non-trivial complexity in matters of signal processing and RF propagation. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of past ASC works, demonstrating how Primary User Interference (PUI) - the non-scattered signal which travels directly from the ambient source to the ambient receiver - limits the operating range for current ASCS's. First-time theoretical descriptions are developed for the PUI Power Differential in ambient bistatic links and for describing bistatic radio topologies. A large survey of current devices in the field of ASC's is compiled and compared to each other using these new metrics as reference, illustrating ways to greatly enhance the range of ASCs in the future.

A Vision of an XR-Aided Teleoperation System toward 5G/B5G

Extended reality (XR)-aided teleoperation has shown its potential in improving operating efficiency in mission-critical, information-rich, and complex scenarios. The multi-sensory XR devices introduce several new types of traffic with unique quality of service (QoS) requirements, which are usually defined by three measures: human perception, corresponding sensors, and present devices. To fulfill these requirements, cellular-sup-ported wireless connectivity can be a promising solution that can largely benefit robot-to-XR and XR-to-robot links. In this article, we present industrial and piloting use cases and identify the service bottleneck of each case. We then cover the QoS of robot-XR and XR-robot links by summarizing the sensors' parameters and processing procedures. To realize these use cases, we introduce potential solutions for each case with cellular connections. Finally, we build testbeds to investigate the effectiveness of supporting our proposed links using current wireless topologies.

Utility-Based Wireless Routing Algorithm for Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks

With the development of 5G communication, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is getting more and more attention. Massive MIMO uses a large amount of simultaneous transmitting and receiving antennas to reduce power consumption and raise the level of transmission quality. Meanwhile, the diversification of user equipment (UE) in the 5G environment also makes heterogeneous networks (HetNets) more prevalent. HetNets allow UE of different network standards to access small cells, while the base stations of small cells access a macro base station (BS) to form a multihop wireless heterogeneous backhaul network. However, how to effectively combine these two technologies by efficiently allocating the antennas of each BS during the route construction process of heterogeneous wireless backhaul networks is still an important issue that is yet to be solved. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called preallocated sequential routing (PSR). Based on the links’ channel conditions and the available antennas and location of BSs, it builds a wireless heterogeneous network backhaul topology and adjusts each link’s transmitting and receiving antennas to maximize total utility. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm significantly improved the overall utility and the utility of the outer area of heterogeneous networks.

Inkjet-Printed Electronics on Paper for RF Identification (RFID) and Sensing

The newly developed research area of inkjet-printed radio frequency (RF) electronics on cellulose-based and synthetic paper substrates is introduced in this paper. This review paper presents the electrical properties of the paper substrates, the printed silver nanoparticle-based thin films, the dielectric layers, and the catalyst-based metallization process. Numerous inkjet-printed microwave passive/ative systems on paper, such as a printed radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an RFID-enabled sensor utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW), fully printed vias, an autonomous solar-powered beacon oscillator (active antenna), and artificial magnetic conductors (AMC), are discussed. The reported technology could potentially act as the foundation for true “green” low-cost scalable wireless topologies for autonomous Internet-of-Things (IoT), bio-monitoring, and “smart skin” applications.

Topology Sensing of Wireless Networks Based on Hawkes Process

With the popularization of wireless heterogeneous networks, it is becoming more and more important to infer network behavior. Topology sensing, as a fundamental issue in the field of network confrontation, can help network make optimal decisions. However, most of the related studies focus on topology sensing with complete and perfect observations, while the characteristics of wireless channel are relatively few investigated. Consequently, this paper investigates the issue of wireless network topology sensing with unreliable information caused by imperfect channels. First, a robust system model for external topology sensing considering unreliable information is formulated. Then, a wireless channel-oriented topology sensing scheme based on Hawkes process is proposed to address the challenge of unreliable information. In addition, simulations are carried out to demonstrate that the scheme we proposed is effective to deal with the imperfect channels. The performance under various parameter configurations is also analyzed, which can help us to find an optimal solution in practice.

Reliable Data Transmission with Heightened Confidentiality and Integrity in IOT Empowered Mobile Networks

The revolution caused by the communication without wires has brought in multitudes of basic modifications in the data network and the telecommunication, making the integrated networks a reality. The further advancements in the wireless communication has enabled to set personal networks using the portable devices, and are termed as the adhoc networks. The networks formed under specific circumstances or a reason could follow any one of the topology to convey the information. W ireless mesh network is the form of such network mentioned above that organized in a mesh topology. This network formed in mesh topology contains several consumers who are arranged in the distributed manner and forward the packets in a one or more than one hop model. The protocols that help in sorting out the path for sending and receiving the information are has a vital influence over the network in mesh topology as they affect the throughput, life of established links etc. Integrating the wireless mesh topology to the internet of things has improved the way of information sharing by linking multitudes tangible things around. The mesh topology wireless networks formed using the portable devices or other –wise called as the mobile networks that are connected over internet are open to security breaches as the mesh holds few nodes that are malicious. This makes the information conveyed to be either compromised or manipulated. The article in order to ensure the reliability in the transmission of the data with the heightened confidentiality and integrity in the IOT empowered mobile networks proposes a routing strategy that is robust across the consumers in mesh, the gateway and the routers. The channels across the devices in the mesh are formed based on the efficiency of the connections for the distribution of the data. The simulation process of the proposed work using the network simulator 2 shows the performance improvement of the proposed work with respect to throughput of the network, packet loss rate, packet delivery rate, latency, energy efficiency and the computational overhead.

Performance Analysis of Linear Topology Wireless Sensor Network in Oil and Gas Industry

Oil and gas industry is one of the largest corporations in the world. The process and machinery involved for the petroleum product to be extracted, refined and transported are usually critical and complex. Hence, it is crucial to have a stable and reliable system to control, monitor and manage the security the industrial assets. Since Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can sense, process and communicate, it is one of the best and popular solution to the problem existed in the oil and gas industry. In this paper, a detailed performance analysis of AODV, DSDV and FIXRT with 32 and 128 packet size is presented by using linear topology in accordance with IEEE 802.11 standards by using ns2.35 simulator. The results showed that FIXRT protocol increases the overall performance of the network by almost 30%.

A STUDY ON GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING WITH ADAPTIVE POSITION UPDATE

Geographical Routing is a routing methodology mainly used for wireless mobile networks (Mobile Adhoc Networks, MANETs). MANETs are comprised of mobile nodes or mobile computing devices which are free to move randomly and thus the network's wireless topology may also change randomly. In Geographical Routing, nodes need to maintain the current positions of their neighbors for making forwarding decisions and hence the Adaptive Position Update (APU) method is proposed. Based on the flexibility of the nodes and the forwarding decisions made in the network, APU dynamically keeps in track of the rate of position updates. It is based on nodes with movements which are complex to predict their updated positions frequently and also the nodes which are closer to forwarding paths and update their positions more frequently. The APU is validated by network simulations showing that APU can potentially reduce the traffic load and acknowledge the mobility of nodes. It also improves the routing performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and packet delays.

Monitoring water quality using star topology wireless sensor networks

The main purpose of this paper is how to implement wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using the star topology for water quality. This system using three devices. Two devices are the data transmitters and one device are the data receiver. Each device uses a NRF24L01 wireless module. There are two sensors that are temperature and Power of Hydrogen (pH) for each transmitter device. Each transmitter device can send temperature and pH data directly to the receiver. Receiver collects data from transmitter and sends it using serial communication to personal computer for monitoring. The result in the experiments is the data can be sent properly. The temperature sensor has an average error of 1.26 percent from 10 different data experiments. Data from the pH sensor test results explain that the pH sensor has an average error rate of 1.88 percent. The wireless module NRF24L01 can transmit data up to a distance of 30 meters. WSNs system using star topology has worked well and can be used in aquaculture ponds.

Topology influence on the radio communication range of sensor networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) applications use wireless technologies in order to establish Internet connection. Communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, cellular, ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc. are used to transfer data in IoT. The choice of the appropriate technology or combination of technologies depends on the type of application, its characteristics, user requirements, and other factors such as communication range, security requirements, battery life, etc. In our project, we will focus on Star, Cluster and Mesh wireless topologies, conduct comparative analysis between them, and testing different XBee devices with specialized software. The experiments are connected to the quality of the transferred data using different XBee devices and how this will affect the transmission range. The results of our research show that in terms of the range and quality of packet transmission, the cluster topology shows the best results.