MAC Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

The Application Research of Sensors Non-autonomous Moving WSN MAC Protocol in Tailings Dams

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is widely used in environmental monitoring such as Tailings Dams, because of its low cost, high accuracy, and can remotely get monitoring information. We focuses on Tailings Dams monitoring application, proposed a MAC protocol with sensors non-autonomous moving. This protocol can quickly response events and fully considers about energy consumption. To develop network connectivity, this paper also developed the drift trajectory generation algorithm. At last, we make a simulation about the algorithm in MATLAB platform, and make a comparison between visual trajectory and real trajectory. The result shows that both trajectories are highly flt in speed and direct, there is an internal consistency between them.

Comparative Study on Priority Based QOS Aware Mac Protocols for WSN

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), QoS (Quality of Service) in sensor application plays a very important role. QoS based routing is required to ensure the best use of nodes in WSN. In this paper, a comparative study of QoS based routing in Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are presented based on the traits to solve problems like prioritization, timeliness, reliability etc. The study mainly focuses on some priority based QoS protocols used in WSN and a comparison among them. The study reveals that among the five mentioned protocols; QMAC, PRIMA, DB-MAC, RAP, GTS; PRIMA shows the best performance in the category of Packet Prioritization, Scheduling Scheme, Queue Type, Energy Awareness and QoS.

A multi-channel cooperative MIMO MAC protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks

Recently, several multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to improve network capacity and boost energy efficiency. In addition, cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique has been shown to be able to significantly enhance the energy efficiency of WSNs if properly configured. However, these two promising techniques have not been jointly considered in clustered WSNs. In this paper, we explore such a joint design by proposing a novel MAC protocol for clustered WSNs that takes advantage of both multiple channels and cooperative MIMO to further boost network performance. Specifically, sensor nodes in a WSN are organized into clusters and each cluster head selects some cooperative nodes to help forward traffic to or receive from other clusters by utilizing a cooperative MIMO technique. For intra-cluster communications, different channels are assigned to adjacent clusters to reduce collisions, while for inter-cluster communications, cooperative MIMO links are scheduled to improve energy efficiency and concurrent transmissions are enabled by assigning different channels to them. We also provide a network-wide time synchronization approach to facilitating the functionality of this protocol. We carry out extensive simulations and the results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can significantly increase throughput and improve energy efficiency compared to other schemes. For example, for a WSN with 150 sensors in a 250×250m2 field, with five available channels, the protocol can achieve three times saturated throughput while saving 14% energy per bit for inter-cluster communications.

Probability Detection CSMA with Monitoring Based on the Improved Binary Tree Conflict Resolution Algorithm

This paper presents a new wireless sensor network MAC protocol: the probability detection CSMA protocol with monitoring function based on the improved binary tree conflict resolution algorithm. By using the average cycle method, the paper gets the mathematical expressions of the throughput, system average delay of the probability detection CSMA protocol with monitoring function and the probability detection CSMA protocol with monitoring function based on the improved binary tree conflict resolution algorithm through complicated mathematical modeling, rigorous mathematical derivation. The computer simulation results not only confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis but also show that the probability detection CSMA protocol with monitoring function based on the improved binary tree conflict resolution algorithm due to adding to the conflict resolution algorithm, resulting in the increases of systemic throughput but increase the time delay of the system.

Research on Sensor Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The design of S-MAC protocol focuses on how to save energy effectively , how to adapt to the requirements of network scale, node density and topological structure change , and equality, throughput, and bandwidth utilization efficiency are placed on the secondary position This paper points out the classification, basic principal, main mechanisms and key technology of a wireless sensor network MAC protocol.

Analysis of the WSN MAC Protocols under Jamming DoS Attack

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. The design of wireless sensor networks depends of many factors, such as transmission errors, network topology and power consumption. Many routing protocols, protocols for data transmission, are specifically designed for wireless sensor networks where energy consumption is essential. This paper provides a brief description of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard, also surveys the known attacks on wireless sensor networks. WSNs are particularly vulnerable to several key types of attacks. These attacks can be performed in several different ways. One of the commonly used methods is a denial of service (DoS), but there are also other types of attacks from which we should be aware as a traffic analysis, privacy violation, physical attacks etc. Three MAC protocols, such as IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, T-MAC, and S-MAC are proposed to analyse the performance of the WSN under DoS attack using OMNeT++ simulator. Different application scenarios have been evaluated. Performance parameters such as throughput, network delay, energy consumption in the coordinator, and network load are the main considered factors in our study.

No Communication Nodes Synchronization for a Low Power Consumption MAC Protocol in WSN based on IR-UWB

Synchronization is an important issue in multi hops Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Such networks are known by their limited resources of energy, storage, computation, and bandwidth. In addition if the networks entities are deployed with high density, it makes the synchronization mandatory for these networks. Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) technology is a promising solution for this kind of networks due to its various advantages such as its robustness to severe multipath fading even in indoor environments, its low cost, low complexity, and low power consumption. To exploit the specific features of this technology, we need a convenient MAC protocol. WideMac was presented as a new low power consumption MAC protocol designed for WSN using IR-UWB transceivers. Because of the luck of synchronization in this protocol, this paper presents a solution for the synchronization problem especially in the case of no communication between the Network’s nodes. To implement and evaluate the proposed synchronization mechanism, we used MiXiM platform under OMNet++ Simulator.

ON/OFF Markov Model Based Energy-Delay Aware MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Today, the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasingly used in many applications, and in parallel the scientific researches to improve the features of such networks are accelerated. As the nodes are small components that suffer from very limited energy resources, several researches carried out at the MAC layer in order to minimize energy costs. The techniques based on periodic active/passive mode are energy efficient, but the node can not adapt the behavior of the transceiver according to the network traffic. Our approach aims to reduce the latency without increasing energy consumption. We propose to manage the radio in a dynamic way according to ON/OFF Markov model. The passage from passive to active mode is set according to the transition probability from OFF to ON state. Based on this probability, we give the period that the transceiver can stay in sleep mode. Through simulation we show that the proposed technique outperforms the well known MAC protocol for WSN.

Research of wireless sensor networks MAC protocol model based on QoS

Research of wireless sensor networks MAC protocol model based on QoS

A Survey of Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE 802.15.4 is the de facto standard for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that outlines the specifications of the PHY layer and MAC sub-layer in these networks. The MAC protocol is needed to orchestrate sensor nodes access to the wireless communication medium. Although distinguished by a set of strengths that contributed to its popularity in various WSNs, IEEE 802.15.4 MAC suffers from several limitations that play a role in deteriorating its performance. Also, from a practical perspective, 80.15.4-based networks are usually deployed in the vicinity of other wireless networks that operate in the same ISM band. This means that 802.15.4 MAC should be ready to cope with interference from other networks. These facts have motivated efforts to devise improved IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocols for WSNs. In this paper we provide a survey for these protocols and highlight the methodologies they follow to enhance the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol.

Investigating Energy Efficiency and Timeliness for Linear Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) keep attracting the attention of researchers due to the newly emerging areas of application fueled by the development of inexpensive sensors and advanced communication technologies. A large group of applications - monitoring of pipelines, roads and bridges, as well as recently evolving IoT applications - specifically requires linear topology. Compared to traditional WSNs, these linear wireless sensor networks (LWSN) pose additional challenges in terms of overall delay and energy efficiency. Even though there are numerous and also very successful MAC protocols for WSN, very few of them take into consideration the specifics of linear topologies. Thus our aim is to address these challenges by proposing LINE-MAC, a MAC protocol tailored especially for LWSN. Our simulation results show that LINE-MAC achieves significant improvement in end-to-end delay, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio (PDR) compared to a general, energy and delay efficient MAC protocol for WSN.

CSMA/CA Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network Based on Probability Function Detection

This paper mainly analyzes a type of wireless sensor network MAC protocol based on probability function detection with random multi-access protocol to ensure a higher systemic throughput and stability by using channel load equilibrium. By using the average cycle method, we get the mean waiting time of information packet, the formulas of performance index of the systemic throughput, and the life cycle of node through mathematical derivation strictly. At last, gives the simulation results.

Ticket Based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for WSN

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the existing energy efficient MAC protocol does not describe about the interaction among the source and sink. Also the continuous broadcast of node status to other nodes can cause energy depletion and collisions. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper, we propose a Ticket Based Energy Efficient MAC (TBEEMAC) protocol in WSN. Each node deployed in the network generates its own sleep/wake up schedule based on a pseudo random generator. When any node desires to transmit the data to the sink, it initially has to acquire ticket from the sink for establishing the connection. The sink provides the ticket to requested node based on its sleep or wakeup schedule for proceeding with data transmission. Since only one node containing the ticket can interact with the sink at a time, the collision and energy expenditure is greatly minimized. By simulation results, we show that proposed TBEEMAC minimizes the energy consumption, packet drop and overhead when compared to the existing S-MAC protocol.

Ticket Based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for WSN

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the existing energy efficient MAC protocol does not describe about the interaction among the source and sink. Also the continuous broadcast of node status to other nodes can cause energy depletion and collisions. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper, we propose a Ticket Based Energy Efficient MAC (TBEEMAC) protocol in WSN. Each node deployed in the network generates its own sleep/wake up schedule based on a pseudo random generator. When any node desires to transmit the data to the sink, it initially has to acquire ticket from the sink for establishing the connection. The sink provides the ticket to requested node based on its sleep or wakeup schedule for proceeding with data transmission. Since only one node containing the ticket can interact with the sink at a time, the collision and energy expenditure is greatly minimized. By simulation results, we show that proposed TBEEMAC minimizes the energy consumption, packet drop and overhead when compared to the existing S-MAC protocol.

Optimal Load and Mobility Aware MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In mobile environment of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the fixed frame of MAC protocol causes performance degradation such as packet collision due to overloading etc. In this paper an optimal load and mobility aware MAC protocol for WSN is proposed. Each node measures the received signal strength (RSS) from the receiver by monitoring the acknowledgement packets and based on the RSS value, the link quality and mobility of the node can be predicted. Depending on the predicted link quality and mobility, the relay node selection process is initiated. In relay node selection process the neighbors with minimum load and good RSSI values is selected as the relay node. The moving source then transmits the packets through this relay node. This protocol reduces the packet drop due to overload and weak link quality. By simulation results, it is shown that the proposed approach minimizes the energy consumption.

Z-MAC: Performance Evaluation and Enhancements

Most of the hybrid wireless sensor networks MAC protocols are based on conventional Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) wireless protocols. Z-MAC is an efficient hybrid protocol which alternates between CSMA and TDMA. It utilizes CSMA in low channel contention and switch to TDMA mode in high channel contention. In this paper, we show that Z-MAC does not perform well under high traffic load. It also proposes few enhancements to achieve better performance.

Supporting bursty traffic in wireless sensor networks through a distributed advertisement-based TDMA protocol (ATMA)

Nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are battery powered and oftentimes deployed in remote and hostile locations. Energy conservation is, therefore, one of the primary goals of MAC protocols designed for these networks. Contention-based protocols employ static or variable duty cycles to minimize energy dissipated in idle listening. TDMA-based protocols, on the other hand, use reservation and scheduling to minimize energy loss. Further energy savings may be obtained by taking the nature of the network traffic into consideration. Several WSN applications such as surveillance applications and habitat monitoring applications generate bursty traffic. In this paper, we combine the advantages of contention-based and TDMA-based protocols to form Advertisement-based Time-division Multiple Access (ATMA), a distributed TDMA-based MAC protocol for WSNs, that utilizes the bursty nature of the traffic to prevent energy waste through advertisements and reservations for data slots. We provide detailed comparisons of the ATMA protocol with contention-based protocols (S-MAC, T-MAC and ADV-MAC), a TDMA-based protocol (TRAMA) and hybrid protocols (Z-MAC and IEEE 802.15.4) through extensive simulations and qualitative analysis. The simulation results show that with bursty traffic, ATMA outperforms these existing protocols in terms of energy consumption with reductions of up to 80%, while providing the best packet delivery ratio (close to 100%) and latency among all the investigated protocols for several simulation scenarios studied.

Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks - A Review

Energy efficiency is the kernel issue in the designing of wireless sensor network(WSN) MAC protocols. Energy efficiency is a major consideration while designing wireless sensor network nodes. Most sensor network applications require energy autonomy for the complete lifetime of the node, which may span up to several years. These energy constraints require that the system be built such that Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. Each component consumes minimum possible power, ensure the average successful transmission rate, decrease the data packet average waiting time, and reduce the average energy consumption. Influencing by the design principles of traditional layered protocol stack, current MAC protocol designing for wireless sensor networks (WSN) seldom takes load balance into consideration, which greatly restricts WSN lifetime. As a novel Forwarding Election-based MAC protocol, is presented to prolong WSN lifetime by means of improving energy efficiency and enhancing load balance.

An asynchronous scheduled MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprise a number of autonomous sensors and one or more sinks to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Energy efficiency is a key design factor of a MAC protocol for WSNs. Due to the importance of the problem, a number of energy efficient MAC protocols have been developed for WSNs. Preamble-sampling based MAC protocols (e.g., B-MAC and X-MAC) have overheads due to their preambles, and are inefficient at large wakeup intervals. SCP-MAC, a synchronous scheduled energy-efficient scheduling MAC protocol, minimizes the preamble by combining preamble sampling and scheduling techniques; however, it does not prevent energy loss due to overhearing; in addition, due to its synchronization procedure, it results in increased contention and delay. In this paper, we present an energy efficient MAC protocol for WSNs that avoids overhearing and reduces contention and delay by asynchronously scheduling the wakeup time of neighboring nodes. We provide an energy consumption analysis for multi-hop networks. To validate our design and analysis, we implement the proposed scheme in TinyOS. Experimental results show that AS-MAC considerably reduces energy consumption, packet loss and delay when compared with existing energy efficient MAC protocols.

MAC2: A Multi-Hop Adaptive MAC Protocol with Packet Concatenation for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network MAC protocols switch radios off periodically, employing the so-called duty cycle mechanism, in order to conserve battery power that would otherwise be wasted by energy-costly idle listening. In order to minimize the various negative side-effects of the original scheme, especially on latency and throughput, various improvements have been proposed. In this paper, we introduce a new MAC protocol called MAC2(Multi-hop Adaptive with packet Concatenation-MAC) which combines three promising techniques into one protocol. Firstly, the idea to forward packets over multiple hops within one operational cycle as initially introduced in RMAC. Secondly, an adaptive method that adjusts the listening period according to traffic load minimizing idle listening. Thirdly, a packet concatenation scheme that not only increases throughput but also reduces power consumption that would otherwise be incurred by additional control packets. Furthermore, MAC2 incorporates the idea of scheduling data transmissions with minimum latency, thereby performing packet concatenation together with the multi-hop transmission mechanism in a most efficient way. We evaluated MAC2 using the prominent network simulator ns-2 and the results show that our protocol can outperform DW-MAC — a state of the art protocol both in terms of energy efficiency and throughput.