Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks Research Articles

Stability Analysis through a Stability Factor Metric for IQRF Mesh Sensor Networks Utilizing Merged Data Collection.

This paper introduces a novel stability metric specifically developed for IQRF wireless mesh sensor networks, emphasizing flooding routing and data collection methodologies, particularly IQRF's Fast Response Command (FRC) technique. A key feature of this metric is its ability to ensure network resilience against disruptions by effectively utilizing redundant paths in the network. This makes the metric an indispensable tool for field engineers in both the design and deployment of wireless sensor networks. Our findings provide valuable insights, demonstrating the metric's efficacy in achieving robust and reliable network operations, especially in data collection tasks. The inclusion of redundant paths as a factor in the stability metric significantly enhances its practicality and relevance. Furthermore, this research offers practical ideas for enhancing the design and management of wireless mesh sensor networks. The stability metric uniquely assesses the resilience of data collection activities within these networks, with a focus on the benefits of redundant paths, underscoring the significance of stability in network evaluation.

Performance Assessment of a Wireless Mesh Network for Post-harvest Food Quality Traceability of Fruit Products: A Case Study

This paper presents the performance evaluation of a wireless sensor mesh network, for monitoring temperature and humidity in horticultural products when transported in truck galleys. For this purpose a software solution was proposed using ESP8266 devices powered by batteries. The mesh network was managed by the painlessMesh library. The proposed solution aims to minimize the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. The validation of the solution was performed in an area simulating a galley of a truck, where five sensor nodes and a root node were distributed. The tests were developed considering four different models involving variations in messages delivery confirmation, number of attempts until successful delivery and duty cycle duration of the nodes. The performance evaluation of the solution aimed to determine, connectivity rate, sending rate after connection and delivery rates of the first and second attempts. The results obtained show that the message delivery confirmation does not bring added value to the solution, contributing only to increase energy consumption. The use of synchronous duty cycles also showed worse results than the asynchronous use. These results allow the creation of a knowledge base for the use of this solution in a real context.

Microservice architecture for a remote management platform for pastured poultry farming using Amazon Web Services and wireless mesh sensor networks

Introduction: A variety of innovative solutions known as Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies have been developed for the management of animal production industries, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for poultry farming.
 Problem: Current WSN-based systems for poultry farming lack the design of robust but flexible software architectures that ensure the integrity and proper delivery of data.
 Objective: Designing a microservice-based software architecture (MSA) for a multiplatform remote environmental management system based on Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSN) to be deployed in pastured poultry farming spaces.
 Methodology: A review about MSAs designed for animal farming was conducted, to synthesize key factors considered for the design process of the system data flow, microservice definition and the environmental monitoring system technology selection.
 Results: A cloud MSA with a multi layered scheme using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform was developed, validating the persistence of environmental data transmitted from WMSN prototype nodes to be deployed in mobile chicken coops.
 Conclusion: Defining an End-to-End data flow facilitates the organization of tasks by domains, allowing efficient event communication between components and network reliability both at the hardware and software levels.
 Originality: This study presents a novel design for a remote environmental monitoring system based on WMSN for mobile coops used in pastured poultry and a multi layered MSA cloud management platform for this specific type of food production industry.
 Limitations: Software architecture technology selection was based only on services offered, to the date of the study, in the free tier of the Amazon Web Service platform.

Сензорна мрежа за интелигентно, многосекторно управление на осветление

This article describes a mesh wireless sensor network that manages the lighting of large buildings and areas that allow separation of individual sectors within them. If there are no visitors in any of the sectors, the system turns off the lights in them and thus saves electricity. When any visitor appears, the system activates the lighting in the corresponding sectors and in the adjacent ones, thus preserving the comfort of the vision and the visitor is left with the impression that the whole area is fully illuminated. Apart from being a green technology, this approach provides additional benefits, such as easier guarding of open spaces and buildings with windows in the dark hours. The components used are easily available and allow for budget and, at the same time, efficient implementations.

Optimization and Simulation of a Dynamic Management System for Building Construction Based on Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we use a low-power wireless sensor network to conduct in-depth research and analysis on the optimization simulation of the dynamic management system of building construction and study the specific application of BIM technology in the information management of building construction sites. By analysing the classical delustering routing and combining the advantages in the delustering routing protocols, we propose a two-level Mesh wireless sensor network delustering routing protocol in terms of cluster head uniformity, energy consumption and balance, working mode, and handling of isolated nodes. The most important feature of this protocol compared to other delustering protocols is that it retains the design of flat network topology and designs three routing methods with the corresponding functions of wireless sensor networks to achieve better network performance. The supported personnel location technology and construction measures and environmental monitoring technology are introduced, the applicability of the technology in the building construction process is compared and analysed, the topology of construction measures and environmental monitoring technology is designed, and finally, the targeted development of the collection scheme for personnel, scaffolding, formwork, pits, cranes, construction hoists, and physical environment is completed. Firstly, it analyses the development status of BIM-based building construction site information management technology and application and discusses the basis of BIM technology implementation and the advantages of BIM technology application in information management. Then, this paper constructs the framework of a BIM-based building construction site information management system from three dimensions: functional, logical, and physical. To ensure the realizability and operability of the system, this paper discusses the operation mechanism of the BIM-based building construction site information management system, studies the key technology of system operation, designs the basic operation process of each application system of the system, and elaborates the organizational structure of the building construction site and the functional division of the relevant personnel.

Wireless Sensor Network as a Mesh: Vision and Challenges

Nowadays, network technologies are developing very rapidly. The growing volume of transmitted information (video, data, VoIP, etc.), the physical growth of networks, and inter-network traffic are forcing manufacturers to produce more powerful and “smart” devices that use new methods of transferring and sorting data. Such connected smart devices (IoT) are used in intelligently controlled traffic for self-driving vehicles in Vehicle Adhoc Networks (VANET), in electricity and water in smart cities, and in-home automation in smart homes. These types of connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices are used to leverage different types of network structures. Such IoT sensor devices can be deployed as a wireless sensor network (WSN) in a mesh topology. Both WSNs and Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are easy to organize as well as to deploy. In this case, there are many reasons for combining these different types of networks. In particular, the detailed sensory capabilities of sensor networks may be improved by increasing bandwidth, reliability and power consumption in the mesh topology. However, there are currently only a handful of studies devoting to integrate these two different types of networks. In addition, there is no systematic review of existing interconnection methods. That is why in this article we explore the existing methods of these two networks and provide an analytical basis for their relationship. We introduce the definition of WSN and WMN and then look at some case studies. Afterward, we present several challenges and opportunities in the area of combined Wireless Mesh Sensor Network (WMSN) followed by a discussion on this interconnection through literature review and hope that this document will attract the attention of the community and inspire further research in this direction.

Parallelization of data buffering and processing mechanism in mesh wireless sensor network for iot applications

Parallelization of data buffering and processing mechanism in mesh wireless sensor network for iot applications

Secure Routing Algorithm in Wireless Mesh Network

In the today’s’ era of communication technology disaster management plays important role in life saving. Regardless of men made disasters or natural disasters proper communication network can be used to exchange information. In natural calamities wireless sensor mesh network proved to be as good option for communication. Low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which is associated with WLAN Mesh Networks (WMNs) can be used in disaster management areas. The advantage of it is it can be installed on demand and it can use for efficient exploration of sized areas. The WMN is consisting of different components such as mesh clients, mesh routers and base station. It is more prone to have attacks of different types such as Denial of Service attack, black hole, gray hole , reply attack, Sybil attack etc. The most important attack which can damage whole working of WMN is routing attack. IEEE 802.11i is used as standard protocol for security in WLAN and IEEE 802.11s is used as secure algorithm for communication in WLAN mesh network. But both of them fail to address issue of routing problem in WLAN mesh network. The primary purpose of this paper is to outline routing algorithm and to design assured routing protocol. In this paper we have proposed improved secure Position-Aware, Secure, and Efficient mesh Routing approach (S-PASER). The proposed mechanisms have obviated more attack than regular IEEE 802.11s/i security mechanism and well known, secure routing protocol. The proposed methodology can be implemented on omnet++ simulator. The simulation results proved to be have better performance and throughput than existing algorithm.

Implementation of a Battery-Free Wireless Sensor for Cyber-Physical Systems Dedicated to Structural Health Monitoring Applications

This paper addresses the concept of a wirelessly powered and battery-free wireless sensor for the cyber–physical systems dedicated to the structural health monitoring applications in harsh environments. The proposed material architecture is based on a smart mesh wireless sensor network composed of sensing nodes and communicating nodes. The sensing nodes are used to sense the physical world. They are battery-free and wirelessly powered by a dedicated radiofrequency source via a far-field wireless power transmission system. The data collected by the sensing nodes are sent to the communicating nodes that, between others, interface the physical world with the digital world through the Internet. A prototype of the sensing node—using a LoRaWAN uplink wireless communication and temperature and relative humidity sensor—has been manufactured, and the experiments have been performed to characterize it. The experimental results prove that the periodicity of measurement and communication can be controlled wirelessly by using only the wireless power transmission downlink. In this paper, we highlight the performance of this complete implementation of a wirelessly powered and battery-free wireless sensing node—not yet integrated or miniaturized—designed for implementing complete cyber–physical systems and based on the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. Finally, an investigation of comparable implementations of the battery-free sensing nodes for the cyber–physical systems is carried out.

Green Survivable Collaborative Edge Computing in Smart Cities

As an integrated environment deployed with wired and wireless infrastructures, the smart city heavily relies on the wireless-optical broadband access network. The information flows captured by indoor devices are sent to optical network units through front-end wireless mesh sensor networks (WMNs) and, finally, reach the optical line terminal for industrial/commercial decision making via the passive optical network backhaul. To reduce the backhaul bandwidth saturated by this conventional approach, edge devices are deployed at the front-end WMN to preprocess information flows. Based on collaborative edge computing, home users or factory workers customize their computing services as virtual networks embedded onto the common WMN. In this paper, we propose the green survivable virtual network embedding for the collaborative edge computing in smart cities. We mathematically formulate the problem and derive the corresponding bound. Extensive simulations with real traces demonstrate the algorithm effectiveness.

Robust Wireless Communication for Small Exploration Rovers Equipped with Multiple Antennas by Estimating Attitudes of Rovers in Several Experimental Environments

We are developing a robotic system for an asteroid surface exploration. The system consists ofmultiplesmall size rovers, that communicate with each other over a wireless network. Since the rovers configure over a wireless mesh sensor network on an asteroid, it is possible to explore a large area on the asteroid effectively. The rovers will be equipped with a hopping mechanism for transportation, which is suitable for exploration in a micro-gravity environment like a small asteroid’s surface. However, it is difficult to control the rover’s attitude during the landing. Therefore, a cube-shaped rover was designed. As every face has two antennas respectively, the rover has a total of twelve antennas. Furthermore, as the body shape and the antenna arrangements are symmetric, irrespective of the face on top, a reliable communication state among the rovers can be established by selecting the proper antennas on the top face. Therefore, it is important to estimate which face of the rover is on top. This paper presents an attitude estimation method based on the received signal strength indicators (RSSIs) obtained when the twelve antennas communicate among each other. Since the RSSI values change depending on an attitude of the rover and the surrounding environment, a significantly large number of RSSIs were collected as a training data set in different kinds of environments similar to an asteroid; consequently, a classifier for estimating the rover attitude was trained from the data set. A few of the experimental results establish the validity and effectiveness of the proposed exploration system and attitude estimation method.

A Multi Route Rank Based Routing Protocol for Industrial Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks

Abstract Wireless Mesh Sensor nodes are deployed in harsh environments, like Industrial Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (IWMSN). There the equipment is exposed to temperature and electrical noise, so providingareliable, interference free and efficient communication in this environment isachallenge. We proposea Multi Route Rank based Routing (MR3) protocol, which enhances the link dynamics for IWMSNand also provides interference free reliable packet delivery in harsh environments. The rank ofanode is estimated based on density, hop count, energy and Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). The route discovery phase finds the rank value to forward the data packet inareliable path. Once the forwarding path is established, subsequently the data packets can be propagated towards the destination without using any location information. Our simulation results show that this method improves the packet delivery ratio and the throughput tremendously, and at the same time minimizes the packet delay, in heavy traffic condition.

Back-Off Time Calculation Algorithms in WSN

In a Mobile Wireless Sensor Mesh Network (MWSMN), based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, low power consumption is vitally important since the network devices are mostly battery driven. This is especially true for devices dependent on small form factors, such as those used in wireless sensor network. This paper proposes four new approaches to reduce the Back-Off Time in ZigBee standard in order to minimize the collisions caused by transmission between neighbouring nodes within the mesh network. The four alternate algorithms for the Back-Off Time calculation are compared to the ZigBee standard Back-Off Time algorithm regarding their energy needs using the simulation suite OPNET Modeler. To study the behaviour of the parameters of all algorithms in all scenarios, the statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been used and it shows that the null hypotheses are rejected except for one case. The results show that the two passive algorithms Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing search techniques are suitable for battery-driven, energy-sensible networks. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) approaches increase throughput and reduce the packet loss but cost more in terms of energy due to the implementation of additional control packets. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first approach for MWSMN that uses the Swarm Intelligence technique and the search solution algorithm for the Back-Off Time optimization.

On packet transmission scheduling for min-max delay and energy consumption in wireless mesh sensor networks

Optimization of channel utilization in wireless networks is typically based on transmission parallelization under signal-to-interference and noise constraint assuming minimum frame-length scheduling. In application scenarios like sensor networks this approach may not be suitable since it does not explicitly consider end-to-end packet delay nor energy consumption. In the paper we propose a mixed-integer programming formulation for scheduling optimization in wireless sensor networks characterized by periodic data gathering where minimization of the maximum packet delay and sensor node energy consumption are the main objectives. The model, which assumes cooperation in packet forwarding and interference cancellation, is compared to traditional single path forwarding.

Distributed Dynamic Memetic Algorithm Based Coding Aware Routing for Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks

Network coding has been confirmed as a potential technology to improve performance of wireless mesh networks (WMNs); network coding has great advantages for sensor networks like minimization of communication needed to collect sensor data and error recovery. A few network coding aware routings have been proposed. However, these mechanisms detect coding opportunities through local traffic pattern checking, which hardly obtains optimal routes. This paper proposes a Distributed Dynamic Memetic Algorithm Based Coding Aware Routing (DDMCAR) for wireless mesh networks, which employs memetic algorithm to optimize routes and coding opportunities. This paper proposes an improvement over GCAR algorithm by employing memetic algorithm and also meme sharing among nodes to increase the chance of finding optimal solution and continuous monitoring and update of meme fitness to achieve a dynamic tracking of network conditions, and finally using most fit memes for load balancing elevating congestion. Through simulations on randomly generated wireless mesh networks, DDMCAR is to be shown to find optimal routes within a short time and achieve more improvements than GCAR.

UTILIZING ACTIVE RFID ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK PLATFORM FOR PRODUCTION MONITORING

In today’s manufacturing environment, delay in monitoring output performance might cause production mess in the industry. Therefore, an efficient communication and real time feedback to maximize uptime and improve productivity seems vital. Adapting the capabilities of RFID technology and Wireless Mesh Sensor Network (WMSN) through web-based monitoring system might solve this problem. Thus, an embedded system namely ERFIDC was developed as a potential solution in addressing this demand. This paper reports the proposed embedded system architecture and evaluation of its reading range in point-to-point and WMSN setup at the selected production plant.

Transmission Reliability Evaluation for Wireless Sensor Networks

Network reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is difficult to be evaluated because of its complexity, multistates, and dynamic characteristics. To satisfy the user's need of reliability evaluation for network transmission we propose some evaluation models and a dynamical evaluation framework. The evaluation models are mission-oriented and based on transmission paths (uplink and downlink). The dynamic evaluation framework can be on-demand customized and it will be autoupdated once the communication environment changes or the nodes fail. Finally, we simulated clustered and mesh WSNs with NS-2. Simulation result shows that the proposed evaluation framework was effective and accurate.

Performance Analysis of ZigBee Mesh WSN in Carbon Monoxide Gas Monitoring System

The need for air pollutant monitoring system is very substantial especially in the developing countries such as Indonesia. In this research, we have performed a test of such system for carbon monoxide gas based on wireless sensor network (WSN) using ZigBee. This system is working with a mesh topology where each sensor node can communicate with one another. There are seven nodes that serve as sensor nodes and one node serving as Coordinator. Each sensor node has five components that represent of gas sensors. We measure three performance metrics during the test, i.e. throughput, delay, and packet loss. The system has been successfully implemented which is capable of displaying information in real time. The experiment resulted in an average carbon monoxide value of 25.1 ppm and showed a good performance. It showed a throughput more than 1.017 kbps, delay and packet loss ratio less than 409 ms and 5 %, respectively.

Performance Analysis of ZigBee Mesh WSN in Carbon Monoxide Gas Monitoring System

The need for air pollutant monitoring system is very substantial especially in the developing countries such as Indonesia. In this research, we have performed a test of such system for carbon monoxide gas based on wireless sensor network (WSN) using ZigBee. This system is working with a mesh topology where each sensor node can communicate with one another. There are seven nodes that serve as sensor nodes and one node serving as Coordinator. Each sensor node has five components that represent of gas sensors. We measure three performance metrics during the test, i.e. throughput, delay, and packet loss. The system has been successfully implemented which is capable of displaying information in real time. The experiment resulted in an average carbon monoxide value of 25.1 ppm and showed a good performance. It showed a throughput more than 1.017 kbps, delay and packet loss ratio less than 409 ms and 5 %, respectively.

On the influence of the hidden and exposed terminal problems on asynchronous IEEE 802.15.5 networks

Hidden and exposed terminal problems are known to negatively impact wireless communications, degrading potential computing services on top. These effects are more significant in Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs), and, particularly, in those based on the IEEE 802.15.5 Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN mesh) standard, a promising solution for enabling low-power WMSNs. The first contribution of this paper is a quantitative evaluation of these problems under the IEEE 802.15.5 Asynchronous Energy Saving (ASES) mode, which is intended for asynchronous data-collection applications. The results obtained show a sharp deterioration of the network performance. Therefore, this paper also reviews the most relevant approaches that cope with these problems and are compatible with ASES. Finally, a set of these proposals is assessed to find out those more suitable for their potential integration with ASES, which constitutes the second major contribution of the paper.