Wireless Routing Research Articles

Wireless Router Placements for Long-Distance Communications in MoCs

Wireless Router Placements for Long-Distance Communications in MoCs

Improvement and application of information communication technology in wireless routing protocol based on adaptive K-means clustering algorithm

Improvement and application of information communication technology in wireless routing protocol based on adaptive K-means clustering algorithm

Realization of a Robust Fog-Based Green VANET Infrastructure

This article proposes an efficient employment of a self-powered fog-based vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) infrastructure. Miscellaneous techniques and algorithms are suggested to help the realization of such framework. In the current work, we decided to enhance the network architecture of the traditional VANET by adopting the concept of self-powered fog computing concepts for better networking, computing, and storage performance. The green fog layer consists of three components: a self-powered edge server, wireless solar routers, and a new device resulted from the integration between a solar-powered smart camera and a solar-powered road side unit in order to create a better sensing mechanism of the road traffic. A proper power management strategy is suggested to be installed locally in the self-powered devices to decrease their power utilization and lengthen the lifetime of their batteries. On the system level, the design steps concentrate on building a sustainable, secured, reliable, and scalable communication infrastructure and this was done by adopting several approaches, such as VANET fog clustering, malicious nodes detection, and a combination of various security methods. The performance of the different methods and algorithms suggested in this article is evaluated using different simulation and experimental tools to discover their impact on enhancing the robustness of the fog-based Green VANET.

Dynamic detection of wireless interface faults and fault-tolerant routing algorithm in WiNoC

Wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) face serious reliability challenges, and the fault-tolerant design of wireless routers (WRs) has a significant impact on the transmission efficiency of the overall on-chip network. Due to the continuous shrinking of CMOS technology and the integration of wireless technology in complex circuits, WRs appear to become more prevalent. In this paper, we propose a dynamic detection strategy for wireless interface faults in WiNoC, which classifies the fault scenarios of wireless interfaces in WRs, implements wireless interface fault detection in WiNoC operation, and updates the fault scenarios. Meanwhile, a fault-free WR table-based nearest route algorithm is also presented to maximize the network performance. The Evaluations show that the proposed scheme can effectively guarantee the network performance when WR faults occur in the network and is also effective under the case of moderate WR fault rate.

Data Dissemination in VANETs Using Particle Swarm Optimization.

A vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a type of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) that uses wireless routers inside each vehicle to act as a node. The need for effective solutions to urban traffic congestion issues has increased recently due to the growing number of automobile connections in the car communications system. To ensure a high level of service and avoid unsafe situations brought on by congestion or a broadcast storm, data dissemination in a VANET network requires an effective approach. Effective multi-objective optimization methods are required to tackle this because of the implied competing nature of multi-metric approaches. A meta-heuristic technique with a high level of solution interactions can handle efficient optimization. To accomplish this, a meta-heuristic search algorithm particle optimization was chosen. In this paper, we have created a network consisting of vehicles as nodes. The aim is to send emergency messages immediately to the stationary nodes. The normal messages will be sent to the FIFO queue. To send these messages to a destination node, multiple routes were found using Time delay-based Multipath Routing (TMR) method, and to find the optimal and secure path Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used. Our method is compared with different optimization methods such as Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Firefly Optimization (FFO), and Enhanced Flying Ant Colony Optimization (EFACO). Significant improvements in terms of throughput and packet loss ratio, reduced end-to-end delay, rounding overhead ratio, and the energy consumption are revealed by the experimental results.

FiWi network planning for WiFi enabled gram panchayats of India: A frame work using component placement optimization

Fiber Wireless (FiWi) access network consists of high speed passive optical network (PON) at back end and wireless mesh network at front end. It is emerging as the most prominent access network due to its inherent feature. It may provide fast Internet services at minimum possible cost. Many of the villages of the India are still not connected with high speed network hence the present paper provides FiWi network planning for creating the Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) enabled villages (Gram Panchayats) of India. The main aim of the paper is to deploy the cost effective FiWi network to provide the faster internet services at reasonable prices to the users of the gram panchayat (GP) in India. The area of the GP and the user’s location in particular GP is taken as input for network planning. The proposed planning provides the optimized position of wireless routers and Optical Network Units (ONUs) in terms of latitude and longitude. For optimizing position of wireless router and ONUs, we propose to use customized Slime Mould algorithm (SMA). We considered four gram panchayats of Indore region of India to make them WiFi enabled using FiWi access network. The customized SMA algorithm provides the best possible position and number of wireless routers and ONUs to connect all the users of gram panchayat. Beside, the total fiber length from the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) to all the ONUs and total cost estimation is also given to create the complete network.

An accurate identification method for network devices based on spatial attention mechanism

With the metaverse being the development direction of the next generation Internet, the popularity of intelligent devices, and the maturity of various emerging technologies, more and more intelligent devices try to connect to the Internet, which poses a major threat to the management and security protection of network equipment. At present, the mainstream method of network equipment identification in the metaverse is to obtain the network traffic data generated in the process of device communication, extract the device features through analysis and processing, and identify the device based on a variety of learning algorithms. Such methods often require manual participation, and it is difficult to capture the small differences between similar devices, leading to identification errors. Therefore, we propose a deep learning device recognition method based on a spatial attention mechanism. Firstly, we extract the required feature fields from the acquired network traffic data. Then, we normalize the data and convert it into grayscale images. After that, we add a spatial attention mechanism to CNN and MLP respectively to increase the difference between similar network devices and further improve the recognition accuracy. Finally, we identify devices based on the deep learning model. A large number of experiments were carried out on 31 types of network devices such as web cameras, wireless routers, and smartwatches. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed recognition method based on the spatial attention mechanism is increased by 0.8% and 2.0%, respectively, compared with the recognition method based only on the deep learning model under the CNN and MLP models. The method proposed in this paper is significantly superior to the existing method of device-type recognition based only on a deep learning model.

Fiber Wireless (FiWi) Access Network Planning & Deployment using Reptile Search Algorithm

Aim: The aim of this study is the deployment of components in an efficient manner to make a cost-effective FiWi network. Background: Fiber Wireless access network is the boost to broadband access technology for providing network services to Internet users at a lower cost. Deployment of components in FiWi access network is very crucial since it affects the deployment cost and network performance. Objective: We investigate the planning process for efficient placement of components in FiWi access networks. For optimizing the position of components (wireless routers and ONUs) in the network, a novel nature inspired Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA) is proposed in the paper. Methods: Extensive simulation is carried out to implement proposed work. A simulation model and code is developed in MATLAB to get the optimized position of components for existing and proposed algorithms. Result: We compare the performance of proposed algorithm with existing algorithm. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm has superior performance than the existing algorithm. Conclusion: The present work optimizes the position of components using RSA algorithm. RSA returns the lower number of required wireless routers/ONUs, lesser TCD, increased AONUC, fast convergence rate, lesser execution run time than WSSA algorithm. The outcome of the paper highlights the importance of the proposed work in network planning and component deployment in FiWi access network.

Hybrid Harris Hawks With Sine Cosine for Optimal Node Placement and Congestion Reduction in an Industrial Wireless Mesh Network

The optimal performance of a wireless mesh network (WMN) can be greatly improved by strategically placing wireless mesh routers. As a result, it is crucial to optimally locate the WMN routers for better coverage and connectivity. Besides the optimal placement, the network congestion due to overlaying routers has to be taken into consideration. These issues have become a motivation for researchers to identify a variety of approaches to optimize WMN performance. Multiple metaheuristic algorithms have been employed for identifying the trade-offs between coverage and connectivity in WMN. Consequently, a novel hybrid Harris Hawks optimization with the sine cosine algorithm (HHOSCA) is presented in this work to tackle the aforementioned WMN optimization problems. The proposed HHOSCA seeks optimal router placement that leads to significantly increased network coverage and achieves full connectivity between the mesh routers. In addition, the proposed HHOSCA produces a cost-effective WMN by reducing the congestion in the network to the minimum number of routers whilst ensuring maximum coverage and connectivity. The superiority of the proposed HHOSCA in comparison to the other algorithm was validated by using 33 benchmark functions. It was compared against four well-known algorithms including Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), Harris Hawks optimization (HHO), Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These algorithms are statistically analyzed and compared to the simulated results of the proposed method. In addition, the performance of HHOSCA is compared to the state-of-the-art to highlight the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. The statistical analyses and simulation findings confirm that the HHOSCA outperforms the other algorithms in terms of network connectivity, coverage, network reduction, and convergence. The experimental results reveal that the proposed HHOSCA method achieves favourable optimization results compared with other relevant methods.

A reliable routing mechanism with energy-efficient node selection for data transmission using a genetic algorithm in wireless sensor network

Energy-efficient and reliable data routing is critical in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) application scenarios. Due to oscillations in wireless links in adverse environmental conditions, sensed data may not be sent to a sink node. As a result of wireless connectivity fluctuations, packet loss may occur. However, retransmission-based approaches are used to improve reliable data delivery. These approaches need a high quantity of data transfers for reliable data collection. Energy usage and packet delivery delays increase as a result of an increase in data transmissions. An energy-efficient data collection approach based on a genetic algorithm has been suggested in this paper to determine the most energy-efficient and reliable data routing in wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm reduced the number of data transmissions, energy consumption, and delay in network packet delivery. However, increased network lifetime. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method, considering the parameters energy consumption, network lifetime, number of data transmissions, and average delivery delay.

Modeling and analyzing malware propagation Over wireless networks based on hypergraphs

Malware posts an increasing threat to the security of cyberspace, given the growing popularity of wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a hypergraph-based model to describe the malware propagation over a large-scale wireless network, where the hypergraph adequately describes the limited range and Internet-independent transmission over the wireless network. In the proposed model, the malware on an infected device will attack the wireless router and infect all normal devices on the wireless network. From a heterogeneous mean-field approach, we obtain the malware outbreak threshold. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, we show that the malware pandemic on large-scale wireless networks depends mainly on the number of devices covered by the wireless network and the nature of the malware. Moreover, we find that isolating connections on the Internet does not completely inhibit the malware pandemic. These phenomena are also reflected in the hypergraph constructed from real data. We demonstrate that heterogeneous distributions of devices on wireless networks can lead to malware outbreaks more easily. Finally, we show that malware propagation on large-scale wireless networks is more sensitive to the number of initially infected devices compared to the propagation on the Internet.

Game-based congestion-aware routing algorithm in wireless network on chips

Wireless network on chip (WiNoC) has been introduced to alleviate some challenges with conventional NoC such as high latency and power consumption. Routing the packet through the wireless links for arriving to far apart destination leads to a shorter path. Therefore, many of nodes prefer to send their packets to nearest wireless router on the WiNoC. When the demand for a wireless node increases, the likelihood of the congestion increases. To address this problem, we propose a game-based yet simple routing algorithm to balance the traffic in this paper. The WiNoC is modelled with a mixed-strategy Bayesian-game in which the nodes are the players with two valid actions namely, routing the packets with and without the wireless links. The simulation results show that using the proposed mixed-strategy for considerably improves the performance of the network, more precisely, the system performance is improved 10%-42% compared with the previous related works.

Preventing Attacks on Wireless Networks Using SDN Controlled OODA Loops and Cyber Kill Chains

Impersonation-based attacks on wireless networks are easy to perform and can significantly impact network security. Their detection is problematic due to the attacks utilizing legitimate functions. This paper proposes a novel algorithm based on Observe-Orientate-Decide-Act (OODA) loop and Cyber Kill Chain (CKC) strategies to detect and neutralize these attacks. To evaluate this approach, we conducted experiments using four attack methods on a wireless router equivalent device, five wireless client devices, and two attack devices. The system employs a Radio Frequency (RF) device identification system and attack state machine implemented using a Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture and the P4 programming language. The technique remains compliant with the IEEE 802.11 standard and requires no client-side modifications. The results show that the RF section detected 97.5% (average) of impersonated frames, and the overall method neutralized all attacks in the four attack scenarios. This outcome demonstrates that this technique, built on the OODA loops and CKC methodology, using SDN architecture and P4, is suitable for real-time detection and prevention of wireless impersonation attacks.

Comparative Analysis of Network Parameters using Noxim Simulator

In the field of Network-on-Chip, simulation is one of the primary techniques used to examine and evaluate novel ideas. It is necessary to have simulation tools available that are frequently restricted to modelling particular network configurations in order to evaluate the performance and power figures of NoC and WiNoC systems. This article introduces Noxim, a SystemC-developed open, extendible, customizable, cycle-accurate NoC simulator that enables the analysis of the performance and power statistics of both established wired NoC and new WiNoC designs. The Noxim simulator stands out among the many simulators that can be discovered in the literature. A lot of scholars use it since it supports wifi and is open-source. Hybrid wired-wireless networks aim to combine the finest aspects of the two strategies. In this study, investigation on various optimal configurations are carried out considering various test scenarios. Different parameters like Throughput, delivered packets, delay, and battery consumption and Packet Injection Rate are considered for optimisation. The findings demonstrate that the test cases utilised only require a small number of wireless routers, enhancing the metrics desired.

Energy-Efficient Network Protocols and Resilient Data Transmission Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks—An Experimental Survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are considerably used for various environmental sensing applications. The architecture and internal specifications of WSNs have been chosen based on the requirements of particular applications. On this basis, WSNs consist of resource (energy and memory)-limited wireless sensor nodes. WSNs initiate data communication from source to destination via physical layer management principles, channel slot scheduling principles (time division multiple access), wireless medium access control (WMAC) protocols, wireless routing protocols and application protocols. In this environment, the development of WMAC principles, routing protocols and channel allotment schemes play crucial roles in network communication phases. Consequently, these layering functions consume more energy at each sensor node, which leads to minimal network lifetime. Even though the channel management schemes, medium control protocols and routing protocols are functionally suitable, the excessive energy consumption affects the overall network performance. In this situation, energy optimization algorithms are advised to minimize the resource wastage of WSNs during regular operations (medium control and routing process). Many research works struggle to identify the optimal energy-efficient load balancing strategies to improve WSN functions. With this in mind, the proposed article has conducted a detailed literature review and notable experimental comparisons on energy-efficient MAC protocols, channel scheduling policies and energy-efficient routing protocols. To an extent, the detailed analysis over these wireless network operations helps to understand the benefits and limitations of recent research works. In the experimental section of this article, eight existing techniques are evaluated under energy optimization strategies (WMAC, channel allocation, sleep/wake protocols, integrated routing and WMAC policies, balanced routing and cooperative routing). The proposed review and the classified technical observations collected from notable recent works have been recognized as crucial contributions. The results infer the suggestions for feasible WSN communication strategies with optimal channel management policies and routing policies. Notably, the simulation results show that cross-layer or multi-layer energy optimization policies perform better than homogeneous energy optimization models.

Polarization Selective Partial Reflective Decoupling Layers for Mutual Coupling Reduction of Two Closely Spaced Dual-Polarized Antennas

In this communication, two polarization selective partial reflective decoupling layers (PRDLs) are utilized to mitigate at least two kinds of mutual couplings between two closely spaced dual-polarized dipole antennas. The PRDL is a large-scale model of an actual dielectric board, obtained by arranging a large number of identical conducting obstacles in a regular two-dimensional pattern. The two PRDLs are designed at proper distances from the antenna aperture with well-engineered dielectric constants for two preset polarizations. Each layer is selective to only one polarization by appropriately designing the dimension of the unit cells. Consequently, the two dominant couplings between the two dual-polarized antennas are reduced significantly. The measured isolation between all ports of the two antennas are increased to more than 21 dB, while their reflection coefficients can still maintain in satisfactory status. The radiation patterns, total efficiencies, and envelop correlation coefficients of the proposed antenna, as well as its counterpart without any decoupling measures, are also obtained through measurement, showing significant and reasonable improvements, which further indicates that it has great potential to be extended and applied to 5G MIMO arrays in both base stations and wireless routers.

PERANCANGAN MANAJEMEN BANDWIDTH MENGGUNAKAN MIKROTIK ROUTER WIRELESS PADA SEKOLAH MENEGAH KEJURUAN NEGERI 4 KOTA BENGKULU

ABSTRAC This study aims to conduct Bandwidth Management Design Using a Wireless Router Mikrotik at SMKN 4 Bengkulu City to carry out activities that occur on the wifi network at SMKN 4 Bengkulu City. And also as one of the requirements to obtain a bachelor's degree in informatics Study Program, The University of Dehasen Bengkulu. The research method used is the Network Development Life Cycle (NDLC) method which aims at the development process by designing a bandwidth management system using the Mikrotik RB951Ui-2HnD. The design process is how to connect Mikrotik with a computer and then create a network division for Staff, Admin, Teachers and Students using the Winbox application. Mikrotik can do bandwidth management well on the Wi-Fi network at SMKN 4 Bengkulu City with the results of network sharing and display of user logins and
 passwords so that it can be easier and more organized.
 Keywords: Bandwidth Management, Mikrotik, Winbox.

An Investigation of CTP Use for Wireless Structural Health Monitoring of Infrastructure

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a very important research domain whereby civil infrastructure is monitored. Using wireless technologies can boost SHM by providing the level of autonomous operation that is essential for these tasks. Wireless routing, with its subset, geographic routing, is an important procedure that needs to be optimised, in order to lead packets to the basestation. Occasionally, routing is susceptible to interference and collisions due to a large number of connected devices. This fact led to cooperative transmission; cooperative networks are the ones that utilise relays to accomplish the transmission of packets; thus, resulting in link quality as well as throughput increase. In this paper, we investigate the Collection Tree Protocol (CTP) to show that it can be cooperative when used in an SHM for civil infrastructure monitoring applications giving a geographical essence to the routing protocol. We do that by exploiting the fact that the CTP’s mechanism uses its tree formation for a node to transmit to the best link quality parents. An example of a cooperative model to show that it may be applied to the protocol is given. Further, Indriya testbed results of direct and cooperative transmissions are given to strengthen the case of this work, with which a scenario where the CTP exhibits better link quality when using a relay is given. A practical addition is suggested, whereby an extra field in the packet struct is proposed, which will provide the CTP with further strength to changing conditions and direct communication loss.

DARCAS: Dynamic Association Regulator Considering Airtime Over SDN-Enabled Framework

The massive influx of mobile devices and their increasing use in recent years have resulted in the overprovision of access points (APs) in networks. Unlike in residential environments, network administrators in enterprises and universities make every endeavor to enhance the user experience (UX) of WiFi networks where the network dynamics (e.g., traffic load and user mobility) are usually unexpected. To this end, an existing mechanism for WiFi association is client driven, i.e., users associate themselves to the AP with higher signal strength. However, they still incur dissatisfaction due to the insufficient available bandwidth. To cope with this in a centralized manner, we propose DARCAS, a software-defined network (SDN)-enabled WiFi framework for association regulation. DARCAS adopts a notion of bandwidth satisfaction ratio (BSR), which is closely related to UX. It maximizes the aggregated network throughput while satisfying the BSR of each user with sufficient airtime (i.e., channel occupancy time) provision. We use this idea in a metaheuristic genetic algorithm called DARCAS-GA, which effectively finds the suboptimal association distribution of the maximum BSR in polynomial time. We implement the DARCAS system on off-the-shelf wireless routers and an SDN controller. We report real-life experimental results in the considered scenarios and conduct extensive simulations on the NS-3 simulator to examine its performance with scalability. With fine-tuned settings, DARCAS exhibits up to 80% of the BSR gain compared to existing solutions.

Dual Band Rectenna for Wireless Energy Harvesting in the 2.40 GHz and 5.38 GHz

The objective of this study, reflected in this document, was to implement a rectenna for 2.45 GHz and 5.38 GHz wireless local area applications. For this purpose, the antenna dimensions were set to 18 mm × 44 mm, which is simulated using the optimization software CST Studio, manufactured on FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm, where the conductive material has a thickness of 0.035 mm. Likewise, the rectangular slot technique was used to improve the bandwidth of the antenna; this technique consists of inserting slots in the structure to modify the displacement of the surface current. The above presented a gain of 2.49 dB at the 2.45 GHz frequency and 4.01 dB at the 5.38 GHz frequency. The proposed antenna for RF energy harvesting applications exhibits a dipole type radiation pattern, which enhances the capture of RF energy from various directions. The triple slotted-band rectifier with T-shaped impedance matching network was designed in FR4, using a Schotkky HSMS-286C diode for AC to DC RF control switching. A tp-link TL-WR940N wireless router was used as the RF emitting source at 30 cm separation between it and the proposed rectenna. The DC output of the rectenna is 3 volts with a generated signal power of 20 dBm at 2.4 GHz. The low-cost rectenna can be used for power-charging applications in the Internet of things (IoT) systems.