Wireless Radio Frequency Identification Research Articles

Performance Analysis of the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in a VLC System for Localization in Hospital Environments

Localization in hospitals can be valuable in improving different services in medical environments. In this sense, an accurate location system in this environment requires adequately enabling communication technology. However, widely adopted technologies such as Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Bluetooth, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are considered poorly suited to enable hospital localization due to their inherent drawbacks, including high implementation costs, poor signal strength, imprecise estimates, and potential interference with medical devices. The increasing expenses associated with the implementation and maintenance of these technologies, along with their limited accuracy in dynamic hospital environments, underscore the pressing need for alternative solutions. In this context, it becomes imperative to explore and present novel approaches that not only avoid these challenges but also offer more cost effective, accurate, and interference-resistant connectivity to achieve precise localization within the complex and sensitive hospital environment. In the quest to achieve adequate localization accuracy, this article strategically focuses on leveraging Visible Light Communication (VLC) as a fundamental technology to address the specific demands of hospital environments to achieve the precise localization and tracking of life-saving equipment. The proposed system leverages existing lighting infrastructure and utilizes three transmitting LEDs with different wavelengths. The Received Signal Strength (RSS) is used at the receiver, and a trilateration algorithm is employed to determine the distances between the receiver and each LED to achieve precise localization. The accuracy of the localization is further enhanced by integrating a trilateration algorithm with the sophisticated Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed method improves the localization accuracy, for example, at a height of 1 m, from a 11.7 cm error without PSO to 0.5 cm with the PSO algorithm. This enhanced accuracy is very important to meet the need for precise equipment location in dynamic and challenging hospital environments to meet the demand for life-saving equipment. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed localization algorithm is compared with conventional positioning methods, which denotes improvements in terms of the localization error and position estimation.

An improvised analysis of smart data for IoT-based railway system using RFID

RFID (radio frequency identification) is a progressively adopted technology in today’s automated world. Wireless technologies have enabled contactless payments, tracking, identifying, and many more features in a system that can be introduced to build a smart environment. This work overviews the usage of the IoT (Internet of Things) platform for tracking passengers and enabling online payments through wireless sensors and RFID technology in Chennai Suburban Railways. The tracking system consists of an RFID reader that can locate and track passive as well as mobile objects attached with passive RFID tags. The proposed system incorporates the installation of RFID readers at every entrance and exit of the railway station, and every passenger carries their own RFID tags. This not only enables online payments for passengers but also helps the government in tracking the crowd for demand monitoring. The new methodology creates a digital workspace and enforces lawful safety regulations both for the administration and the consumers. A prototype of the proposed system is implemented in real-time to understand the workings of the system. Data collection is done through RFID tags that act as transit cards and an analysis for consumer demand is done using the DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise) algorithm with a Randomized KD-tree for the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns. A new algorithm, the iDBSCAN (improved Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise) algorithm is proposed for faster performance on the datasets.

Insulation aging diagnosis and defect location of crosslinked polyethylene cable in the distribution network based on radio frequency identification

With the expansion of power grid construction, the regulatory requirements of various equipment are increasing. Further, the safe and stable operation of the distribution network plays a crucial role in the entire power system. In particular, the cables in DNs are prone to aging during long-term operation due to various factors, such as electricity and heat. Therefore, the effective diagnosis of their operating status is necessary. Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is widely used as the main insulation material for cables in power systems. In this study, the microscale and macroscale performance of the molding process of XLPE cables were compared. Wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was used to diagnose the aging and locate the defects of XLPE cables in the DN. The experiment noted the average insulation crosslinking degree of 88.93% and 87.98% for the suspension chain- and tower-type XLPE cables, respectively. The insulation-melting and crystallization temperatures of the suspension chain-type XLPE cable were approximately 110 °C and 92 °C, respectively, and the crystallinity was approximately 36.5%. The insulation-melting and crystallization temperatures of the tower-type XLPE cable were approximately 105 °C and 88 °C, respectively, and the crystallinity was approximately 34%. Using the wireless RFID technology, the precise positioning of the local aging and insulation damage defects in XLPE cables can be achieved. The error in locating the cable defects using the high-frequency phase spectrum of the cable was less than 0.5 m. Therefore, the study on the manufacture of XLPE cables has significant impact on the physical and chemical properties of their insulation layer. Further, the cable inspection using the wireless RFID technology provides a guarantee on the safe operation of the power system.

Study of Security Threats, Authentication Protocols and RFID Networks

In this paper, we studied about security threats, authentication protocols and RFID networks. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) and radio frequency identification (RFID) are two important wireless technologies that have a wide variety of applications and provide limitless future potentials. RFID facilitates detection and identification of objects that are not easily detectable or distinguishable by using current sensor technologies.

ESPAR array design for the UHF RFID wireless sensor communication system

SummaryIn this paper, in order to improve the received signal strength (RSS) and signal quality, three arrays of electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antennas are suggested for the ultra‐high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) communication and sensing system applications. Instead of the single antenna, the array antennas have recently been widely used in many communication systems because of their peak gains, better radiation patterns, and higher radiation efficiency. Also, there are some important issues to use the antenna array like high data rates in wireless communication systems and to better understand the many targets or sensors. In this article, a wireless sensor network (WSN) is being investigated to overcome multipath fading and interference by antenna nulling technology that can be achieved through beam control ESPAR array antennas. The proposed ESPAR array antennas exhibit higher gains like 9.63, 10.2, and 12 dBi and proper radiation patterns from one array to another. Moreover, we investigate the mutual coupling effect on the performance of array antennas with different spacing (0.5λ, 0.75λ, λ) and configurations. It is found that the worst mutual coupling reduced by −28 to −34 dB for 2 × 2 array, −3 to −43 dB for 2 × 3 array, and finally −42 dB to −51 dB due to the antenna spacing from 0.5λ to λ. Thus, these suggested antennas could effectively be applied in the WSN communication systems, internet of things (IoT) networks, and massive wireless and backscatter communication systems.

Rationally Designed Anti‐Glare Panel Arrays as Highway Wind Energy Harvester

AbstractThe anti‐glare panels along highways can block the dazzling lights of opposing vehicles at night, playing an important role in the highway safety. Inspired by the highway anti‐glare panels, wind energy harvesting triboelectric nanogenerator (AG‐TENG) arrays to properly capture energy from highway moving vehicles is developed. A single AG‐TENG installation module can achieve a high power density of 0.2 Wm−2 at a wind speed of 3 m s−1. This wind speed is too low to drive conventional wind energy harvesting equipment. The performance of the AG‐TENG shows no degradation after 80 h of continuous operation (1 440 000 times). Thus, with the rational consideration and features, the system can generate enough power to drive internet of things (IoT) devices and environmental sensors, as well as offer wireless alarming and radio frequency identification vehicle monitoring. This study provides a promising strategy to properly harvest wind energy on highways using existing infrastructures under the condition of even no natural wind, showing broad application prospects in distributed environmental monitoring, intelligent highways, and the IoT.

A Simple Application: Cloud-Based Vehicle Tracking System

The world has now fully transitioned into the computing era, especially with the emergence of Cloud Computing. Technologies like wireless sensor networks and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) are prepared to take on new tasks. A significant amount of data is generated, acquired, and stored to take control of our lives and make them more comfortable and secure. The use of various machine learning techniques and large data processing is made possible by cloud computing technologies. The Internet of Things (IoT) system connects various things, objects, and sensors using a cloud-based universal global neural network. Cloud computing and the Internet of Things are quickly developing services with unique characteristics. With the recent growth of cloud computing and IoT-based smart applications, data production, data integrity, confidentiality, authentication, and verification have become more crucial. Nowadays, every business demands that its data be updated in the cloud to be accessed from anywhere. In this regard, people can easily access the internet on their computers and smartphones in most countries, making online information transmission much simpler and more affordable. The author’s goal in this project is to develop a smart vehicle tracking system that will help universities, colleges, malls, etc. to monitor incoming and outgoing vehicles, within and out of time, and vehicle owners’ details on one website. This project introduces a novel algorithm that delivers real-time information about the vehicles (vehicle in time, out time, current date & owner details) and all the information stored on the cloud so anyone can show all the real-time information. Key Words: JavaScript, HTML, CSS, RFID, IoT, Cloud Computing, ARDUINO.

Digitalisasi Manajemen Sistem Dokumen Pengelolaan Perpustakaan Universitas Bumigora Menggunakan Teknologi Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Bumigora University developed a web-based library information and data processing system, while the contents of the development of the system were only limited to a single information system in which only admin operators handled the system without any direct interaction with library users, while in the analysis and development of the library system only limited to acquisition and return transactions with a system without involving library human resources, but there are problems that are still often encountered in the management of a library at Bumigora University, there is no guarantee of book safety in the library and the work system of library human resources is not yet optimal. Based on this, a Wireless RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology device is needed. This technology supports the identification of book library reshelving, book libraries, book returns with self-service which is expected to provide more accurate information, improve future library services in addition to complementing security aspects. The purpose of this study is to describe the opportunities for Wireless RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to be applied in the Bumigora University library. This study uses an explanatory theory that must be built by researchers based on general data in observations that must be analyzed, explained and interpreted, and uses qualitative methods. The results show that the use of RFID technology in libraries applies both to university libraries, regional libraries, school libraries and others. The use of RFID by Higher Education Libraries will greatly support the following: a. High Speed ​​Inventory System b. Fast Circulation Process The use of RFID will speed up a borrowing and returning circulation process. Therefore, the application of Wireless RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology in the Bumigora University library is needed to create a safe and professional library management.

High Gain Passive UHF RFID Reader Antenna Using Novel FSS for Longer Read Range

Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is widely used to enhance the gain of antenna & reduces Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this work, a novel Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is designed, analyzed, and fabricated along with passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader antenna operating at global Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) for wireless RFID applications. The antenna & FSS sheet is fabricated on less costly FR4 substrate with resonant bandwidth of 860–960 MHz. The Fabry–Perot arrangement of FSS sheet with antenna increases the gain & directivity without modifying the antenna profile or increasing radiation patch size. The maximum measured gain is 9.8 dB & 7.2 dB with the Reflection coefficient (S11) of −35 dB & −15 dB at 910 MHz & 950 MHz respectively. The proposed antenna of dimension 40 mm by 40 mm is fabricated & tested for further experimental validation with measured read range longer than 8 m. The novelty in proposed work is integration of FSS with passive UHF RFID technology which can be effectively used in wireless RFID applications for improved read range, higher gain, lower power consumption & better immunity within the resonating band. The proposed antenna effectively isolates out-of-band frequencies from in-band frequencies over a required bandwidth reducing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) for UHF RFID applications.

Trust Evaluation Model in IoT Environment: A Comprehensive Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly evolving field that provides seamless connections to a physical object, making it part of a smart environment. To fully realize the potential power of the connections between these objects in IoT, trust between them is critical. Conventional security measures are not sufficient to provide comprehensive security for this smart world. Trust is used to reduce the risk of insecurity when nodes are connected to the Internet. In an IoT environment, various trust models have been proposed for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Nevertheless, these are not fully adapted to the dynamic and uncertain environment of the intelligent IoT. Therefore, this article reviews the characteristics of recent works in IoT trust models. A comprehensive study has been conducted on the classification of trust models. A set of factors are discussed, such as trust characteristics, trust architecture, trust distribution, trust aggregation technique, trust model type, and attack type. In addition, this paper provides readers with an understanding of the current existing trust model and directs future works to propose new models that satisfy all characteristics that should be considered when developing a trust model. Finally, some research challenges and directions are identified.

A Novel Algorithm for Redundant Data Filtering in WSN and RFID Integrated Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) and radio frequency identification (RFID) are base technologies employed in decentralised dynamic environments. In the hybrid network formed by integrating RFID and WSN, RFID data can be used applying WSN protocols for multi-hop communications. However, RFID data contain excessive duplication, which increases time delay and energy consumption, resulting in wastage of different resources. There exist four popular RFID–WSN integration architectures: hierarchical RFID-sensor topology, network RFID-sensor topology, reader-sensor nodes topology, and mixed topology. In this paper, we propose a new plan for a WSN–RFID integrated network. The entire network is divided into clusters, and the clustering hierarchical routing algorithm is employed to send data from the head nodes to the base station. Further, we propose two algorithms to overcome redundant data on the hybrid network. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces redundant data and processing time compared with existing methods.

Battery-Free Wireless Light-Sensing Tag Based on a Long-Range Dual-Port Dual-Polarized RFID Platform.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) represents an emerging platform for passive RF-powered wireless sensing. Differential Multi-port RFID systems are widely used to enable multiple independent measurands to be gathered, or to overcome channel variations. This paper presents a dual-port/dual-integrated circuit (IC) RFID sensing tag based on a shared aperture dual-polarized microstrip antenna. The tag can be loaded with different sensors where the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one IC is modulated using a sensor, and the other acts as a measurand-insensitive reference, for differential sensing. The 868 MHz tag maintains a minimum unloaded read range of 14 m insensitive to deployment on metals or lossy objects, which represents the longest reported range of a multi-port RFID sensing tag. The tag is loaded with a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to demonstrate its functionality as a battery-less wireless RFID light sensor. Following detailed RF characterization of the LDR, it is shown that the impedance, and consequently the RSSI, of the sensing tag are modulated by changing the light intensity, whereas the reference port maintains a mostly unchanged response for a correlated channel. The proposed tag shows the potential for channel variations-tolerant differential RFID sensing platforms based on polarization-diversity antennas.

Concealing RFID: Authentication using Cloud

Abstract: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) has gone from unknown to well-known in recent years as it is frequently employed for security purposes. Because everyone's primary goal is to be safe, our project is heavily focused on security. Because everyone is concerned about data being leaked or misused, this project will ensure that security is increased and that RFID can be used safely. It is a wireless communication technique that allows computers to read the identity of electronic tags from a distance using computers. There are numerous advantages to RFID, but it also has certain disadvantages. This article use card/tag detection to ensure that RFID users are permitted. Radio frequency is the technology that allows smart labels to be attached to objects. As a result, even physical objects can take part in the computing process. It is gaining popularity as a result of its technological advancements and capacity to overcome line-of-sight issues. RFID has become commonplace in smart applications or IoT use cases such as smart education, smart housing, smart healthcare, and smart cities, to name a few. IoT, RFID, and a slew of other technologies and standards make it possible to connect the digital and physical worlds. When RFID technology is used to uniquely identify linked devices and things, it is critical to understand its utility in the authentication process as well as the security concerns that may arise. In wireless communication, RFID tags and RFID readers are used. Keywords: Radio frequency Identification ,smart IoT applications, Internet of Things, cloud-based remote RFID authentication

A NOVEL ALGORITHM FOR REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WSN AND RFID INTEGRATED NETWORKS

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) and radio frequency identification (RFID) are base technologies employed in decentralized dynamic environments. In the hybrid network that is induced by integrating RFID and WSN, RFID data can be used by applying WSN protocols for multi-hop communications. RFID data, however, includes a significant amount of duplicate information, which lengthens response time and consumes more energy, wasting a variety of resources. The hierarchical RFID-sensor topology, network RFID-sensor topology, reader-sensor nodes topology, and mixed topology are the four most commonly used RFID-WSN integration architectures. In this article, a novel plan for a WSN–RFID integrated network was proposed. The entire network is divided into clusters, and the Huffman algorithm is used to reduce energy consumption in sending information to the base station. Further, we propose two algorithms to overcome the redundancy of the data on the hybrid network. Our simulation findings demonstrate that the studied method decreases redundant data, energy consumption, and processing duration in comparison with existing methods.

Relative Localization Method of Wet Spot of Grain using Array of Passive RFID Tags

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) enables a large number of object monitoring since semi/passive tags are independent of batteries. In our previous work, the possibility of using different wireless technologies such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to determine the moisture content in rice was investigated. Finding from our previous work suggest that RFID can be used to determine the moisture content of rice. While numerous research have been conducted for moisture content of grain, however, to author’s knowledge, there is only a few studies conducted on the localization of grain hostpot. Therefore, this study aims to investigate if the passive RFID array can be used to localize the location of the wet spot of grain. Prior, the experiment, a suitable setting for the RFID system were determined. In addition, a simple test was conducted to select a suitable operating frequency. From the investigation, the result indicates that only frequency channels 865, 866, 867, 868 and 869 MHz can detect all 30 tags. Meanwhile, frequency channel in the range 902 to 928 MHz detects 26 to 29 unique tags. Hence, 868 MHz was selected as the operating frequency throughout the experiment. The findings indicate that the RSSI value measured by the RFID reader decreased as the moisture of the sample increased when the tags were blocked by the sample placed at the designated location during the test.

Investigation the influence of miniaturized RFID tag sensor on coupling effect

Purpose The skin and skeleton of aircraft are connected by adhesives or rivets to bear and transfer aerodynamic load. It is easy for crack and fracture damage to occur under the action of cyclic load, thus reducing aircraft bearing capacity/integrity and causing serious security risks. Therefore, it is particularly important that passive wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors be used for the health monitoring of aircraft skin in its whole life cycle. This paper aims to investigate the influence of miniaturization on the coupling effect between RFID tag sensors. Design/methodology/approach Two groups of crack sensing systems based on RFID tags were designed. Gain and mutual impedance of sensor tags were analyzed via mode analysis. The reliability of crack detection of both sensing systems was compared using a preset experimental scheme. Findings Miniaturized antennas can reduce edge influence and the coupling effect. Gain and mutual impedance decrease with the increase in distance between dual tags. Backscatter power shows a decreasing trend and threshold power to activate tags in reader antenna increases. Results show that the miniaturization of size is more suitable for the application of multiple sensors. Originality/value By comparing two groups of sensing systems, the consistency of crack detection sensitivity is better when small tags are placed in parallel, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of small, passive and densely distributed crack sensors in the future.

Intracellular detection and communication of a wireless chip in cell

The rapid growth and development of technology has had significant implications for healthcare, personalized medicine, and our understanding of biology. In this work, we leverage the miniaturization of electronics to realize the first demonstration of wireless detection and communication of an electronic device inside a cell. This is a significant forward step towards a vision of non-invasive, intracellular wireless platforms for single-cell analyses. We demonstrate that a 25 upmu m wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) device can not only be taken up by a mammalian cell but can also be detected and specifically identified externally while located intracellularly. The S-parameters and power delivery efficiency of the electronic communication system is quantified before and after immersion in a biological environment; the results show distinct electrical responses for different RFID tags, allowing for classification of cells by examining the electrical output noninvasively. This versatile platform can be adapted for realization of a broad modality of sensors and actuators. This work precedes and facilitates the development of long-term intracellular real-time measurement systems for personalized medicine and furthering our understanding of intrinsic biological behaviors. It helps provide an advanced technique to better assess the long-term evolution of cellular physiology as a result of drug and disease stimuli in a way that is not feasible using current methods.

RF-Based Moisture Content Determination in Rice Using Machine Learning Techniques.

Seasonal crops require reliable storage conditions to protect the yield once harvested. For long term storage, controlling the moisture content level in grains is challenging because existing moisture measuring techniques are time-consuming and laborious as measurements are carried out manually. The measurements are carried out using a sample and moisture may be unevenly distributed inside the silo/bin. Numerous studies have been conducted to measure the moisture content in grains utilising dielectric properties. To the best of authors’ knowledge, the utilisation of low-cost wireless technology operating in the 2.4 GHz and 915 MHz ISM bands such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have not been widely investigated. This study focuses on the characterisation of 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency (RF) transceivers using ZigBee Standard and 868 to 915 MHz UHF RFID transceiver for moisture content classification and prediction using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) from the wireless transceivers is used for moisture content prediction in rice. Four samples (2 kg of rice each) were conditioned to 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% moisture contents. The RSSI from both systems were obtained and processed. The processed data is used as input to different ANNs models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest, and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). The results show that the Random Forest method with one input feature (RSSI_WSN) provides the highest accuracy of 87% compared to the other four models. All models show more than 98% accuracy when two input features (RSSI_WSN and RSSI_TAG2) are used. Hence, Random Forest is a reliable model that can be used to predict the moisture content level in rice as it gives a high accuracy even when only one input feature is used.

Developing parking queue monitoring system using Wireless Sensor Network and RFID technology

Parking areas in urban centers are increasingly limited, but not in line with technological developments in addressing the problem of parking service needs in the urban public service center by implementing smart city technology. Many times the parking service waiting time is too long, due to a complicated procedure. Waiting time for services that are too long makes the parking queue increase in length, especially when registering for the end of a new parking lot. Besides, the storage of visitors’ parking slip accumulation is still manual and not paperless. Therefore, in this study, a solution was proposed in the form of a system to accelerate administrative services for parking visitors by integrating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies. This system utilizes the database so that the results of data processing can be used by management to obtain visitor data information on parking online and quickly. The results obtained from this study are a prototype of a parking visitor monitoring system using WSN technology based on Zigbee and RFID protocols. Meanwhile, the results of visitor parking information presented in data processing can be used by management to find out statistical data relating to parking services.

Security and Threats of RFID and WSNs: Comparative Study

The Internet of Things (IoT) has garnered significant attention from people with growing changes in human life over the last few years. IoT is a network of a group of smart devices that use sensors to collect information and conduct events in their environments. The information can then be shared on the Internet. IoT uses a range of technologies and finds various applications such as smart homes, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. In this paper, we conducted a comparative study to analyze the difference between two technologies—Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). It is pertinent to note that these technologies would not be effective without incorporating security aspects due to a potential number of threats and attacks on the network. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent approaches to securing RFID and WSNs. We have carefully chosen most of these studies to investigate only the recent technique from 2017 to 2020. The paper also highlights common attacks on RFID and WSNs and the secure authentication mechanisms on these technologies. It further provides a different way of detecting varying attacks in RFID and WSNs.