Wireless Protocol Research Articles

RSSI-based node selection using neural network parameterised by particle swarm optimisation

ZigBee is a popular wireless communication protocol developed for low-cost, short-range networking such as wireless sensor network (WSN) consisting of a large number of sensor nodes. Since the connectivity is limited on each node, some nodes might become isolated from the network, especially during the stage of ZigBee commissioning. The performance of the existing node connection schemes for WSN is significantly influenced by noise or operational condition of the environment. In this paper a machine learning-based scheme for effective node connection of ZigBee-based WSN is proposed. It employs back propagation neural network (BPNN) to accurately estimate the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) samples used for the selection of the nearest node for connection, while the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm is employed to properly initialise the BPNN. Computer simulation reveals that the proposed scheme consistently allows higher accuracy of node selection than the existing RSSI-based schemes in varying operational conditions, even with a small number of RSSI samples. It also requires smaller processing time.

Optimal Algorithm for Shared Network Communication Bandwidth in IoT Applications

In recent years, a variety of wired and wireless network communication protocols in the field of industrial control have become increasingly mature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a Shared network communication bandwidth optimization management algorithm for large-scale industrial networked control systems in Internet of things applications. This algorithm is based on the generalized geometric convex optimization method and can realize the optimal allocation of Shared network communication bandwidth resources. L2 networked control systems is used in this paper for the establishment of various numerical relations between the control performance and the communication network parameters. Based on the generalized geometric convex optimization method for the numerical relationship between convex analysis and fitting, convexity, and with the convex analysis and the numerical relationship between convexity fitting as constraint conditions, the results of integrity for networked control systems with large-scale resource allocation target will share the optimal management of network resources as a generalized geometric convex optimization problem. Using convex optimization software package for optimizing the optimal global solution of management problem, i. e. the optimal allocation of resources, the algorithm realizes the stability of each networked control system and achieve optimal L2 control performance. It is concluded that the predetermined transmission rate between the network node one and network node two, the data flow information sent by the network node two to the network node one is read, the delay time and packet loss rate between the two nodes are determined, the delay time is reduced by about 8 seconds, and the packet loss rate is greatly reduced by 78%.

A Novel Successive-Interference-Cancellation- Aware Design for Wireless Networks Using Software-Defined Networking

In traditional CSMA/CA-based MAC designs supporting successive interference cancellation (SIC), channel utilization is inefficient, because the inherited CSMA/CA-style contention approach often forces the whole channel to remain idle and the early released channel is not utilized. In this paper, we propose Multi-CQ, which is the first software-defined networking (SDN)-based MAC design for wireless LANs that supports SIC and significantly improves the channel utilization. Multi-CQ, adopting SDN’s functional separation idea and OFDMA, makes contention and data transmission be executed over two subchannels independently and concurrently, where the superposition coding are used for decoding combined signals, and multiple CQs (contention queues) are introduced to coordinate the concurrency. This concurrent execution greatly reduces the waste in channel contention. Next, adopting SDN’s central control idea, Multi-CQ controller selects nodes who can finish their frame transmissions in almost equal time, thereby improving the channel utilization. Finally, we develop a theoretical model to optimize bandwidth allocation for channel contention and data transmission. Extensive simulations verify the effectiveness of our design and the accuracy of our theoretical model. This study is also helpful to better design wireless MAC protocols supporting other advanced functionalities such as MU-MIMO.

Optimization of Sports Event Management System Based on Wireless Sensor Network

In recent years, wireless sensor network technology has developed rapidly and its role in managing systems for sports events has been widely used. Wireless sensor networks not only have low wiring cost, high monitoring accuracy, and good fault tolerance but also can be monitored remotely and have outstanding advantages in fault diagnosis and safety monitoring. In this paper, firstly, the wireless sensor network hierarchical routing protocol is studied and its network model and workflow are analyzed; according to the energy consumption of the wireless sensor network, the selection method of the optimal number of cluster heads is proposed to analyze the advantages and disadvantages existing in the protocol. Secondly, the improvement of the routing protocol is proposed to address the problems of uneven distribution of cluster heads and cluster head election without considering the residual energy of nodes in the protocol. When dividing clusters, the number of neighboring nodes is considered so that cluster heads are distributed more evenly in the network; when electing cluster heads, the residual energy of nodes in the cluster is considered to balance the whole network load, and when electing cluster heads, the residual energy of nodes in the cluster is considered to balance the whole network load. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted in this paper using simulation software, and the simulation results show that the data fusion algorithm is more effective than the protocol in reducing the average energy consumption of nodes and extending the network lifetime; these features make wireless sensors more beneficial for better management of sporting events as well as better optimization.

Communication and Security Trade-Offs for Battery-Powered Devices: A Case Study on Wearable Medical Sensor Systems

In order to reduce the workload of hospital staff and to provide better services to hospitalized patients, attempts are made to integrate patient monitoring systems directly into hospital networks. Monitoring systems must respond to more and more technological challenges. They are ideally portable and wireless, to free the patient from the hospital bed. At the same time, to enable better patient follow-up, a large amount of information needs to be transmitted and processed in real time. Challenges in the design of such systems include energy-efficient processing and communication, and guaranteeing the security of the measured data. This paper describes a wearable sensor system, integrated into a hospital network, that supports high data rates generated by multiple sensors. With a strongly motivated focus on end-to-end security, we explore trade-offs with respect to security schemes and implementations, and wireless network protocols. The results show that the energy efficiency of the resulting system is comparable to existing systems that support far less sensor data and that compromise on end-to-end security by offloading security operations to a delegation server. To our knowledge, this is the first work that explores the impact of the security scheme and the wireless network protocol on the energy consumption of a wearable device, while providing true end-to-end security.

WITHDRAWN: BLE in IoT: Improved link stability and energy conservation using fuzzy approach for smart homes automation

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) the studies home automation and creating homes smarter over IoT wireless technologies that link stability and energy efficiency with makes the wireless protocol perfect for use in IoT. Bluetooth-Low-Energy (BLE) has a high possibility to becoming a significant technology for the IoT in low power, low cost and compact devices. Further it can used to decrease the energy-consumption of BLE. This research work proposes a fuzzy logic based method to determine the links stability of nodes position with velocity and sleeping time of home IoT-devices automation using BLE technology. Sleeping time of IoT-devices reduces has battery level and Throughput and Workload (T/W). The present system results has been evaluated using fuzzy logic with triangular membership functions and showed better performance when compared with existing home automation.

WITHDRAWN: Implementation of wireless home-based automation and safety arrangement using power electronic switches

The tools and technology used in home based automation on 6LoWPAN are described in this paper. This is an IP-based protocol, which benefits from the absence of any additional layer or logic for node communication in or out of the network. Remote controls of the home automation system and home appliances have been a field of focus since the conception of the Personal Area Network. Our personal world became smarter and more digital gadgets by implementing IOTs (internet of things) and handheld devices. There are also many foundational wireless protocols for this reason in today's industry. This problem has always been an economical compromise for separate home appliances for a complete house environment and interoperability. This paper looks at both facets of home automation by switching the emphasis from smart to home systems to the point where the technology is powered (the switches). The two aspects of home automation are discussed. For these switches, we have alternate power semiconductor switch alternates and eventually edge them to a module for home automation and control over Internet/intranet. For the entire safety of home automation, a working house automation concept is presented, along with intelligent electronic control changes and a model architype.

Improve energy-efficiency of sensors using cross-layer design technique in WSNs

Energy effectiveness is the chief limitation of Wireless Sensor Network because respectively device node in Wireless Sensor network has incomplete energy-efficiency and further limited resources. Cross layer design method allows straight announcement between procedure stack layers. Growth of cross-layer design method is greatest significant for enhancement excellence of facility corresponding energy-efficiency, scheme quantity and Normal end-to-end suspension of sensor nodes in WSNs. Therefore our emphasis is to expand the QoS of sensors nodes in WSNs. One of the methods to increase QoS is cross layer design technique in Wireless sensor network. QoS is compulsory on completely the coatings of wireless sensor network procedure heap nevertheless maximum effort emphasis individual on enhancing solitary coating in rapports of vitality ingesting for wireless sensor network. In this paper we recommend a CLD method which improves vitality depletion of the sensor nodes at the Network Layer, Data Link Layer and Physical Layers of the wireless protocol mountain since energy ingesting issues and others QoS issues happen in these three layers.

Learning to Fly: A Distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Software-Defined UAV Network Control

Control and performance optimization of wireless networks of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) require scalable approaches that go beyond architectures based on centralized network controllers. At the same time, the performance of model-based optimization approaches is often limited by the accuracy of the approximations and relaxations necessary to solve the UAV network control problem through convex optimization or similar techniques, and by the accuracy of the channel network models used. To address these challenges, this article introduces a new architectural framework to control and optimize UAV networks based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Furthermore, it proposes a virtualized, `ready-to-fly' emulation environment to generate the extensive wireless data traces necessary to train DRL algorithms, which are notoriously hard to generate and collect on battery-powered UAV networks. The training environment integrates previously developed wireless protocol stacks for UAVs into the CORE/EMANE emulation tool. Our `ready-to-fly' virtual environment guarantees scalable collection of high-fidelity wireless traces that can be used to train DRL agents. The proposed DRL architecture enables distributed data-driven optimization (with up to 3.7 × throughput improvement and 0.2 × latency reduction in reported experiments), facilitates network reconfiguration, and provides a scalable solution for large UAV networks.

주기적 Q-table 업데이트를 활용한 무선 라우팅 프로토콜

주기적 Q-table 업데이트를 활용한 무선 라우팅 프로토콜

Intelligent Intrusion Detection System in Internal Communication Systems for Driverless Cars

The modern car is a complicated system consisting of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with engines, detectors and wired and wireless communication protocols, that communicate through different types of intra-car networks. The cyber-physical design relies on this ECU network that has been susceptible to several kinds of attacks using wireless, internal and external access. The internal network contains several security vulnerabilities that make it possible to launch attacks via buses and propagation over the entire ECU network, therefore anomaly detection technology, which represents the security protection, can efficiently reduce security threats. So, this paper proposes new Intrusion Detection System (IDS) using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to monitor the state of the car by information collected from internal buses and to achieve security, safety of the internal network The parameters building the ANN structure are trained CAN packet information to devise the fundamental statistical attribute of normal and attacking packets and in defense, extracted the related attribute to classify the attack. Experimental evaluation on Open Car Test-Bed and Network Experiments (OCTANE) show that the proposed IDS achieves acceptable performance in terms of intrusions detection. Results show its capability to detect attacks with false-positive rate of 1.7 %, false-negative rate 24.6 %, and average accuracy of 92.10 %.

On the Fidelity of NS-3 Simulations of Wireless Multipath TCP Connections.

The multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) is considered a promising wireless multihoming solution, and the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) includes it as a standard feature in the fifth-generation (5G) networks. Currently, ns-3 (Network Simulator-3) is widely used to evaluate the performance of wireless networks and protocols, including the emerging MPTCP protocol. This paper investigates the fidelity of the Linux kernel implementation of MPTCP in the ns-3 direct code execution module. The fidelity of MPTCP simulation is tested by comparing its performance with a real Linux stack implementation of MPTCP using a hardware testbed for two different setups. One setup emulates the existence of a bottleneck link between the sending and receiving networks, whereas the other setup does not have such a bottleneck. The fidelity of ns-3’s simulation is tested for four congestion control algorithms, namely Cubic, linked-increases algorithm (LIA), opportunistic LIA (OLIA) and wVegas for relatively short and long data flows. It is found that the uplink MPTCP throughput performance exhibited by the ns-3 simulator matches the hardware testbed results only if the flows are long-lived and share no common bottleneck link. Likewise, the MPTCP throughput achieved during a downlink scenario using the ns-3 simulator and the hardware testbed are close to each other across all algorithms except wVegas regardless of the flow size if there is no bottleneck link. Moreover, it is observed that the impact of LTE handover on MPTCP throughput is less significant in the simulator than the real hardware testbed, and it is setup-dependent.

Synchronous Transmissions in Low-Power Wireless

Low-power wireless communication is a central building block of cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things. Conventional low-power wireless protocols make avoiding packet collisions a cornerstone design choice. The concept of synchronous transmissions challenges this view. As collisions are not necessarily destructive, under specific circumstances, commodity low-power wireless radios are often able to receive useful information even in the presence of superimposed signals from different transmitters. We survey the growing number of protocols that exploit synchronous transmissions for higher robustness and efficiency as well as unprecedented functionality and versatility compared to conventional designs. The illustration of protocols based on synchronous transmissions is cast in a conceptional framework we establish, with the goal of highlighting differences and similarities among the proposed solutions. We conclude this article with a discussion on open questions and challenges in this research field.

Time-series data optimized AR/ARMA model for frugal spectrum estimation in Cognitive Radio

Wideband and agile Spectrum Estimation (SE) is a fundamental component of the Cognitive Radio (CR) system. However, CR systems generally utilize the classical sensing techniques for SE due to heteroscedasticity of the available spectrum. Unfortunately, analysis of the Time-series data for SE using a testbed is rare to find out. A novel Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) based accurate SE technique for CR system has been proposed in this work involving Time-series data samples generated from Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Wireless open Access Radio Protocol (WARP) testbed having a sampling frequency of 40 MHz. Anderson–Darling (AD) rejection based Null-Hypothesis testing has been employed to implement the CR system within a frequency range of 9 kHz to 10 MHz. 1 MHz sinusoidal signal has been generated by the testbed for digital transmission/reception through Radio Board 1 and 3. Statistical parameters like Mean Square Error (MSE), Final Prediction Error (FPE), Loss Function and Fit(%) of the received samples adjudicate the Convex optimization of the data length. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) are responsible for the selection of the Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) (3,2) model for optimal signal processing. Finally, the Power Spectral Density (PSD) confirms the superiority of the proposed work with the most optimized data length and lag order in real-time. Computation of complexities of the proposed algorithms also indicates a parsimonious choice of the model.

A Wearable MYO Gesture Armband Controlling Sphero BB-8 Robot

In this paper we present the development and preliminary validation of a wearable system which is combined with an algorithm interfacing the MYO gesture armband with a Sphero BB-8 robotic device. The MYO armband is a wearable device which measures real-time EMG signals of the end user’s forearm muscles as the user is executing a set of upper limb gestures. These gestures are interpreted and transmitted to a computing hardware via a Bluetooth Low Energy IEEE 802.15.1 wireless protocol. The algorithm analyzes and sorts the data and sends a set of commands to the Sphero robotic device while performing navigation movements. After designing and integrating the software and hardware architecture, we have validated the system with two sets of trials involving a series of commands performed in multiple iterations. The consequent reactions of the robots, due to these commands, were recorded and the performance of the system was analyzed in a confusion matrix to obtain an average accuracy of the system outcome vs. the expected and desired actions. Results show that our integrated system can satisfactorily interface with the system in an intuitive way with an accuracy rating of 85.7 % and 92.9 % for the two tests, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2020-01-04-05 Full Text: PDF

WITHDRAWN: Advanced implementation patterns of internet of things with MQTT providers in the cutting edge communications

In the current era, a number of devices and gadgets are communicating in real time environment using advanced wireless technologies. In addition, the implementations of smart cities, smart offices, smart home automation and many others are also in the agenda of government as well as corporate sectors. These interconnected things are generally associated with a specific term Internet of Things (IoT) in which enormous gadgets and smart objects communicate with each other on specific wireless protocols. IoT is also referred as Ubiquitous Computing or Pervasive Computing and many real time applications are under deployment using these technologies.

Hybrid beamforming designs for 5G new radio with fronthaul compression and functional splits

In this study, the authors investigate the intra-physical functional splits of 5G new radio protocol stack proposed by different groups. Based on the location of the digital beamforming block, the radio units (RUs) are divided into two categories: Category A and Category B. Two implementation modes of hybrid beamforming at the physical layer are considered, in which digital beamforming is performed either at the distributed unit (DU), as in the Category A RU based hybrid beamforming (HBF-A) scheme, or at the RUs, as in the Category B RU based hybrid beamforming (HBF-B) scheme. To maximise the weighted sum rate, the authors formulate the problems of jointly designing hybrid beamforming, analogue combining and fronthaul compression strategies for both HBF-A and HBF-B. The formulated problems are simplified by adopting the codebook-based design, and further tackled by leveraging the majorisation–minimisation algorithm. Finally, numerical results confirm that the HBF-A scheme outperforms the HBF-B scheme in the large power regime. Compared with the HBF-A method, the HBF-B method is more sensitive to changes in system parameters, such as the compression noise and the number of receive antennas, in the large power regime, while it is less sensitive in the small power regime.

Smart Agriculture Wireless Sensor Routing Protocol and Node Location Algorithm Based on Internet of Things Technology

With the increase of the world’s population, people’s demand for food is also increasing. However, due to various reasons, traditional agriculture cannot make full use of the land. Therefore, to ensure the food supply of the global population and promote the development of agriculture, the implementation of smart agriculture has become essential. The purpose of this research work is to study the smart agricultural wireless sensor routing protocols and node positioning algorithms based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The present study first analyzes the classification of wireless sensor routing protocols. Based on the analysis and research of the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy protocol, the influence of factors such as node energy and distance are considered, and the network’s Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy routing protocol is improved and extended its life. It introduced the classification of positioning algorithm, and then analyzed the DV-HOP positioning algorithm. Aiming at the problem of low positioning accuracy and large error of DV-HOP algorithm, an improved method of DV-HOP algorithm based on average HOP distance was proposed to make positioning more precise. Experimental results prove that the improved algorithm proposed in this paper has better performance. By testing the algorithm proposed in this paper, the improved DV-HOP algorithm reduces the positioning error by 30% compared with the original DV-HOP algorithm.

On spectrally-efficient device-to-device communication with wireless information and power transfer

In this paper, the model of cooperative cognitive radio network is used to explore the two-way communications between a pair of unlicensed users by sharing the spectrum of any existing pair of licensed users. The licensed users of the spectrum are considered as primary users (PUs) and the unlicensed users of the spectrum are considered as secondary users (SUs). SUs are able to access the PUs spectrum by serving the relaying action between PU-to-PU communications. SUs are enabled by harvesting the energy from radio frequency signal following the principle of power splitting (PS) scheme of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer protocol. The closed form outage expressions of both PU and SU systems are derived. Analytical results validated through the simulations results. The results are also compared with existing work on two-way SU communications in presence of two-way PU communications. Based on the comparison, it is found that about $${\sim 191\%}$$ and $${\sim 656\%}$$ performance gains are possible to achieve by using proposed PS protocol in terms of spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency, respectively as compared to similar system using time switching protocol.

Receivers location privacy in avionic crowdsourced networks: Issues and countermeasures

The lack of message encryption characterizing wireless avionic protocols, including Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), recently favored the rise of a few communities that, gathering data collected by receivers at the ground or in space, offer advanced services, while at the same time releasing the cited data to the public.In this context, hiding the location of an ADS-B receiver could be useful for several reasons, including military and privacy aspects. Therefore, taking into account these considerations, the data provided by a few antennas in one of the most popular crowdsourcing platforms, Opensky Network, are released removing any information that could lead to their direct location identification.In this manuscript, we investigate the effectiveness of protecting location privacy in avionic crowdsourced networks. As a worst-case scenario, we demonstrate that, when a feasible number of receivers are deployed in the same area of a protected one, due to the nature of involved ADS-B data, standard time-based localization schemes can identify the location of any protected receiver. Our model, applied to real data, can identify the location of a protected receiver with an error ranging from 0.9 km to 2.6 km, depending on the target sensor—while the location uncertainty induced by the anonymization technique was expected to be of approximately 450 km.Our findings, supported by an extensive experimental campaign run over real data, apply to a variety of potentially protected receivers. Moreover, we also provide effective countermeasures to increase receivers’ location privacy. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs implied by the cited countermeasures, showing that it is possible to increase location privacy while not decreasing data utility.