Wireless Networked Control Systems Research Articles

A Review on Wireless Networked Control System: The Communication Perspective

A Review on Wireless Networked Control System: The Communication Perspective

Priority-Aware Actuation Update Scheme in Heterogeneous Industrial Networks.

In heterogeneous wireless networked control systems (WNCSs), the age of information (AoI) of the actuation update and actuation update cost are important performance metrics. To reduce the monetary cost, the control system can wait for the availability of a WiFi network for the actuator and then conduct the update using a WiFi network in an opportunistic manner, but this leads to an increased AoI of the actuation update. In addition, since there are different AoI requirements according to the control priorities (i.e., robustness of AoI of the actuation update), these need to be considered when delivering the actuation update. To jointly consider the monetary cost and AoI with priority, this paper proposes a priority-aware actuation update scheme (PAUS) where the control system decides whether to deliver or delay the actuation update to the actuator. For the optimal decision, we formulate a Markov decision process model and derive the optimal policy based on Q-learning, which aims to maximize the average reward that implies the balance between the monetary cost and AoI with priority. Simulation results demonstrate that the PAUS outperforms the comparison schemes in terms of the average reward under various settings.

Performance Analysis of Wireless Monitoring Control System for ESP in Cement Plants

There is still a deficiency in the field of closedloop wireless control systems in terms of full real-time implementation and actualization. This paper explores the architecture, design, and implementation of Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS), emphasizing their operational problems. In particular, it investigates the implementation of an XBee platform-enabled Wireless Networked Control System to control an Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) model using PC connection. The architecture of this control system is client-server. A realworld case study about the planning, creation, and implementation of a wireless monitoring control system for ESP is carefully scrutinized and assessed. The True time 1.5 simulator is used to illustrate simulation results, which provide insight into how different system factors affect overall performance and stability. The article also highlights how to use Matlab and Simulink capabilities to improve ZigBee network utilization for comprehensive feedback WNCS.

Co-Designing Wireless Networked Control Systems on IEEE 802.15.4-Based Links Under Wi-Fi Interference

Co-Designing Wireless Networked Control Systems on IEEE 802.15.4-Based Links Under Wi-Fi Interference

Optimization Theory Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Ultra-Reliable Wireless Networked Control Systems

Optimization Theory Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Ultra-Reliable Wireless Networked Control Systems

Optimal Finite Horizon Scheduling of Wireless Networked Control Systems

Optimal Finite Horizon Scheduling of Wireless Networked Control Systems

Efficient LQG control for wireless networked control systems without packet acknowledgement

This paper studies the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control problem for wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) without packet acknowledgement. In WNCSs, packets may be randomly lost in both control and observation channels, and non-acknowledgement (non-ACK) mechanisms (e.g. UDP-like protocols) are generally adopted to achieve real-time control and reduce energy consumption. For general non-ACK systems, it is well known that the optimal controller is not yet available, and the performance of existing suboptimal controllers is poor because they either adopt a fixed control law or rely on a poorly performing filter. By using a moment-preserving Gaussian approximation approach, an efficient filter is proposed to approximately estimate system states. Based on the approximate state estimates of the proposed filter, an approximate optimal controller with a time-varying control gain for WNCSs is further designed by using a dynamic programming approach. The proposed controller has excellent performance and becomes the optimal controller under special system parameters. Numerical simulations show the correctness and effectiveness of the obtained results.

Control-Aware Resource Scheduling Method for Wireless Networked Control Systems

Control-Aware Resource Scheduling Method for Wireless Networked Control Systems

Real-time optimized wireless networked control system with cooperative network protocols

In this paper, we present a real-time optimized fuzzy fuzzy proportional integral derivative (FPID)-controlled wireless networked system for a high-torque direct current (DC) motor. The main challenge faced by such systems is the delay in the wireless networked control system (WNCS). We employed a powerful FPID controller tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to compensate for the delay. The system is tested on a network using the TrueTime simulator with different parameters. The results show that the system exhibits a very stable response, with the FPID controller compensating for the delay effectively. Increasing the number of nodes negatively impacts the system's performance, resulting in higher overshoot, longer settling time, and longer rise time. Moreover, the choice of bandwidth share and sampling time significantly affects the system's stability and real-time response. The use of transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) or user datagram protocol (UDP) protocols with Node MCU is necessary to transfer data from the Arduino Microcontroller to MATLAB, as MATLAB TrueTime simulator does not support direct serial communication. In conclusion, this study highlights valuable insights into the performance of the proposed system, demonstrating the need for further improvements in the system's design and control algorithms to achieve stable operation.

Age of Loop for Wireless Networked Control System in the Finite Blocklength Regime: Average, Variance and Outage Probability

Age of information (AoI) is an effective measure of the information freshness for wireless networked control systems (WNCSs). However, the AoI performance for a closed loop of WNCS with two-way delays has remained unexplored, especially in the finite blocklength (FBL) regime. In this paper, we investigate the peak age of loop (PAoL) performances, including the average, variance and outage probability of PAoL, for WNCSs with FBL over fading channels. Their closed-form expressions are respectively derived regarding the blocklength and the maximum number of allowable transmissions. We prove that the average PAoL is less than the sum of the average peak AoI in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) due to the coupling between UL and DL. We also show that there is a tradeoff between the average PAoL and the variance/outage probability of PAoL. Based on the comprehensive performance analysis, we study a PAoL-oriented communication and control co-design with an adaptation scheme for transmission power, blocklength and the maximum number of allowable transmissions. Simulation results verify the correctness of the analytical results and show that the proposed PAoL-oriented scheme significantly outperforms the UL only and DL only optimization schemes, with an up to 8-fold reduction in the average control cost.

Edge-Computing-Enabled Low-Latency Communication for a Wireless Networked Control System

This study proposes a novel strategy for enhancing low-latency control performance in Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCSs) through the integration of edge computing. Traditional networked control systems require the receipt of raw data from remote sensors to enable the controller to generate an appropriate control command, a process that can result in substantial periodic communication traffic and consequent performance degradation in some applications. To counteract this, we suggest the use of edge computing to preprocess the raw data, extract the essential features, and subsequently transmit them. Additionally, we introduce an adaptive scheme designed to curtail frequent data traffic by adaptively modifying periodic data transmission based on necessity. This scheme is achieved by refraining from data transmission when a comparative analysis of the previously transmitted and newly generated data shows no significant change. The effectiveness of our proposed strategy is empirically validated through experiments conducted on a remote control system testbed using a mobile robot that navigates the road by utilizing camera information. Through leveraging edge computing, only 3.42% of the raw data was transmitted. Our adaptive scheme reduced the transmission frequency by 20%, while maintaining an acceptable control performance. Moreover, we conducted a comparative analysis between our proposed solution and the state-of-the-art communication framework, WebRTC technology. The results demonstrate that our method effectively reduces the latency by 58.16% compared to utilizing the WebRTC alone in a 5G environment. The experimental results confirm that our proposed strategy significantly improves the latency performance of a WNCS.

Time delay effect reduction on the wireless networked control system using an optimized FOPI-FOPD controller

Wireless Networked Control System (WNCS) is made up of an actuator, sensor, and controller that communicates through a wireless network rather than typical point-to-point cable connections. Lower maintenance costs, greater flexibility, and increased safety are the main WNCS advantages, so as a result, it has attracted a lot of researchers. Nevertheless, time delays and packet losses in wireless data transmission are classified as complicated problems, which impair WNCS output accuracy and may influence the overall system stability. Integer-Order PI-PD (PI-PD) and Fractional-Order PI-PD (FOPI-FOPD) controllers are proposed to reduce the impact of the control signal transmission's time delay and improve system performance. Matlab Simulink and True-time simulator are used to simulate the WNCS, and ZigBee protocol is used in transceiving the control signal between the controller and the system. Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP) acted as the controller's objective. The Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) technique is utilized to evaluate the best controller parameters. Xbee S2 modules are used to implement the signal transmission process over ZigBee protocol. The FOPI-FOPD controller outperforms the PI-PD controller in the simulation and experimental results in decreasing the influence of time delay on system stability

Transmission Power Policies for Energy-Efficient Wireless Control of Nonlinear Systems

We present an emulation-based controller and transmission policy design procedure for nonlinear wireless networked control systems. The objective is to ensure the stability of the closed-loop system, in a stochastic sense, together with given control performance, while minimizing the average power used for communications. The controller is designed by emulation, i.e., ignoring the network, and the transmission power is given by threshold policies. These policies involve waiting a given amount of time since the last successful transmission instant, as well as requiring that the measured wireless channel gain is above a given threshold, before attempting a new transmission. Two power control laws are investigated: i) a constant power and ii) a power level inversely proportional to the channel gain. We explain how to select the waiting time, the channel threshold and the power level to minimize the induced average communication power, while ensuring the desired control objectives.

A Compensation Model for Packet Loss Using Kalman Filter in Wireless Network Control Systems

In Wireless Network Control System (WNCS), a study approach is relevant for the development and analysis of control strategies that provide the operation of dynamic systems. Among the real characteristics of the communication channels, a packet loss is one of the main deficiencies present in the transmission of data in a wireless network. For a dynamic system in the presence of losses, a filtering technique makes it possible to estimate system states using process output measurements and to mitigate a performance drop. It is important to study packet losses in Wireless Network Control Systems because packet loss can severely degrade the network performance. Wireless networks are particularly vulnerable to packet loss due to factors such as interference, fading and signal attenuation. The present work analyzed the behavior of a real WNCS plant at different levels of packet loss using the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. Also, we propose a compensation model for packet loss using the Kalman filter. The packet loss process is based on a Gilbert-Elliot model and is compared with a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The results show that by applying Kalman filters it is possible to improve the operation of the process in case of losses during data transmission. It was observed through the simulation that it is possible to reduce the error of the system output in relation to the reference in the presence of packet loss. For a loss ratio of 30%, the observed improvement in the system behavior with the use of the Kalman filter was 26.1%.

Goal-Oriented Wireless Communication for a Remotely Controlled Autonomous Guided Vehicle

This letter considers a remote control Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV), where packets carrying sensory data and control information are sent through a time-correlated wireless fading channel. We illustrate there is an inherent dependency between the data rate and the resulting control accuracy for such a system. We propose a goal-oriented wireless solution, in which data transmission rate is continuously adapted according to Age-of-Loop metric to achieve precise remote trajectory control of an AGV. The numerical analysis shows that the proposed solution provides higher control accuracy at the AGV trajectory compared to straightforward fixed-rate transmission policies, and to a reference solution based on Age-of-Information metric, more commonly used in research of wireless networked control systems.

Effects of Jamming Attacks on Wireless Networked Control Systems Under Disturbance

Jamming attacks on wireless networked control systems are investigated for the scenarios where the system dynamics face exogenous disturbance. In particular, the control input packets are assumed to be transmitted from a controller to a remotely located linear plant over an insecure wireless communication channel that is subject to jamming attacks. The time-varying likelihood of transmission failures on this channel depends on the power of the jamming interference signal emitted by an attacker. We show that jamming attacks can prevent stability when the system faces disturbance, even if the attacked system without disturbance is stable. We also show that stability under jamming and disturbance can be achieved if the average jamming interference power is restricted in a certain way that we characterize in this article. We illustrate our results on an example networked control system with a fading wireless channel, where the outage probability is affected by jamming attacks.

Packet loss compensation over wireless networked using an optimized FOPI-FOPD controller for nonlinear system

Wireless networked control systems (WNCS) consist of an actuator, sensor, and controller communicating over wireless networks in place of traditional point-to-point wired connection. Due to their main advantages, a decrease in maintenance costs, more flexibility, and safety could be achieved. As a result, it attracted a great deal of interest, but packet losses and time delays in the wireless network through transmitting and receiving the data are considered very challenging issues, which impair the output accuracy of the WNCS and can affect the entire system stability. In this study, integer-order proportional integral-proportional derivative (PI-PD) and fractional-order PI-PD (FOPI-FOPD) controllers are proposed to reduce the effect of expected packet loss in a WNCS to improve system performance. At high packet loss percent, the PI controller is introduced to act as a compensator in the feed-forward loop to keep the system stable. MATLAB/Simulink and Truetime simulator are used to simulate the WNCS. The rotary inverted pendulum (RIP) is utilized as the object of the controllers. Grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm is used to find the optimal controllers and compensator parameters. The simulation results showed that the FOPI-FOPD is superior to PI-PD in the packet loss compensation.

Optimal Dynamic Transmission Scheduling for Wireless Networked Control Systems

Wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) have the potential to revolutionize industrial automation in smart factories. Optimizing closed-loop performance while maintaining stability is a fundamental challenge in WNCS due to limited bandwidth and nondeterministic link quality of wireless networks. In order to bridge the gap between network design and control system performance, we propose an optimal dynamic transmission scheduling strategy that optimizes the performance of multiloop control systems by allocating network resources based on predictions of both link quality and control performance at run time. We formulate the optimal dynamic scheduling problem as a nonlinear integer programming problem, which is relaxed to a linear programming problem. We further extend the optimization problem to balance control performance and communication cost. The proposed optimal dynamic scheduling strategy renders the closed-loop system mean-square stable under mild assumptions. Its efficacy is demonstrated by simulating a four-loop control system over an IEEE 802.15.4 wireless network simulator—TOSSIM. The run-time network reconfiguration protocol tailored for optimal scheduling is designed and implemented on a real wireless network consisting of IEEE 802.15.4 devices. Hybrid simulations integrating a real wireless network and simulated physical plant control are performed. Simulation and experimental results show that the optimal dynamic scheduling can enhance control system performance and adapt to both constant and variable wireless interference and physical disturbance to the plant.

Physical-Layer-Based Secure Communications for Static and Low-Latency Industrial Internet of Things

This article proposes a wireless key generation solution for secure low-latency communications with active jamming attack prevention in wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. We first identify a new vulnerability in physical-layer key generation schemes using wireless channel and random pilots (RPs) in static environments. We derive a closed-form expression for the probability that the RP-based key is successfully attacked by a long-term eavesdropper at a fixed location. To prevent such attacks, we propose a one-time pad (OTP) encrypted transmission solution assisted by one-way self-interference (SI), which has low-latency, high-security benefits, and active attack detection capability. The performance of the proposed scheme is analytically compared with two benchmark RP-based schemes, and its advantages are verified in a ray-tracing-based simulation environment. We further investigate the impact of critical design parameters, which reveal fundamental insights for the deployment and implementation of our proposed secure communications scheme.

Analysis and Challenges in Wireless Networked Control System: A Survey

A wireless networked control system (WNCS) consists of a dynamic system to be controlled, sensors, actuators, and a remote controller. A WNCS has two types of wireless transmissions, i.e., the sensor's measurement transmission to the controller and the controller's command transmission to the actuator. In this paper, we are surveying the literature on the communication networks in WNCSs and the challenges related to them, such as the communication standards, delay, Packet dropout, and delay jitter. Then, the control approaches in the design of a WNCS are presented, including the interactive design approaches and the joint design approaches. Also, several applications of WNCSs have been discussed in terms of their structure, functionality, and control design. These applications include Intra-Vehicle Wireless networks, Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication, Building Automation, and Water pumping. After that, security issues in WNCSs from a control engineering point of view are detailed while focusing on the major kinds of cyber attacks affecting WNCSs. Finally, future directions and conclusions are summarized at the end of the paper.