Wireless Mesh Research Articles

Сензорна мрежа за интелигентно, многосекторно управление на осветление

This article describes a mesh wireless sensor network that manages the lighting of large buildings and areas that allow separation of individual sectors within them. If there are no visitors in any of the sectors, the system turns off the lights in them and thus saves electricity. When any visitor appears, the system activates the lighting in the corresponding sectors and in the adjacent ones, thus preserving the comfort of the vision and the visitor is left with the impression that the whole area is fully illuminated. Apart from being a green technology, this approach provides additional benefits, such as easier guarding of open spaces and buildings with windows in the dark hours. The components used are easily available and allow for budget and, at the same time, efficient implementations.

A Guaranteed Approximation Algorithm for QoS Anypath Routing in WMNs

Anypath routing is a hot research topic for QoS guarantee in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). According to time-varying characteristics of WMNs and the idea of anypath routing, a system network modeling method is proposed to address the multiple constrained optimization anypath problem. It focuses on the application of WMNs; under various QoS constraints, it satisfies a specific constraint and approaches other QoS constraints from an approximate perspective. A heuristic multi-constrained anypath algorithm with a time complexity as Dijkstra is proposed for the problem, and the algorithm is proved to be a K-1 approximation algorithm. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified, then its computational efficiency and performance are evaluated through simulation experiments, respectively. According to the application characteristics of wireless networks, the algorithm is suitable for WMNs and has good compatibility with existing routing protocols.

Multi-path QoE Routing Algorithm for wireless mesh network Based on Q-Learning

To address the problem of poor quality of experience(QoE) of wireless mesh network users in the current video streaming service, a wireless mesh network multi-path QoE algorithm based on Q-learning(QLMPQ) is proposed. The selection strategy is used to find the optimal master-slave path to improve the reliability of data transmission. Virtual simulation experiments are carried out under the conditions of different concurrent flows to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with Q-Routing, QLAODV, and AODV algorithms, this algorithm can significantly improve the performance of wireless mesh networks.

Living in the Dark: MQTT-Based Exploitation of IoT Security Vulnerabilities in ZigBee Networks for Smart Lighting Control

The Internet of Things (IoT) has provided substantial enhancements to the communication of sensors, actuators, and their controllers, particularly in the field of home automation. Home automation is experiencing a huge rise in the proliferation of IoT devices such as smart bulbs, smart switches, and control gateways. However, the main challenge for such control systems is how to maximize security under limited resources such as low-processing power, low memory, low data rate, and low-bandwidth IoT networks. In order to address this challenge the adoption of IoT devices in automation has mandated the adoption of secure communication protocols to ensure that compromised key security objectives, such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability are addressed. In light of this, this work evaluates the feasibility of MQTT-based Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, Man-in-the-Middle (MitM), and masquerade attacks on a ZigBee network, an IoT standard used in wireless mesh networks. Performed through MQTT, the attacks extend to compromise neighboring Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) nodes, a specialized service layer protocol for resource-constrained Internet devices. By demonstrating the attacks on an IKEA TRÅDFRI lighting system, the impact of exploiting ZigBee keys, the basis of ZigBee security, is shown. The reduction of vulnerabilities to prevent attacks is imperative for application developers in this domain. Two Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are proposed to mitigate against the proposed attacks, followed by recommendations for solution providers to improve IoT firmware security. The main motivation and purpose of this work is to demonstrate that conventional attacks are feasible and practical in commercial home automation IoT devices, regardless of the manufacturer. Thus, the contribution to the state-of-the-art is the design of attacks that demonstrate how known vulnerabilities can be exploited in commercial IoT devices for the purpose of motivating manufacturers to produce IoT systems with improved security.

Implementation of roulette wheel and random selection methods in a hybrid intelligent system: A comparison study for two Islands and Subway distributions considering different router replacement methods

The Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G wireless networks have made it possible to connect intelligent devices with each other and to the Internet. Different kind of networks and applications are appearing and they support us in everyday life. The Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a good approach for edge computing and last miles networks. They can be applied in different scenarios and areas with difficult terrains. In order to deploy reliable and highly connected WMNs at low cost, we optimize the connectivity of mesh routers and the coverage mesh clients. In our previous work, we designed and implemented a hybrid intelligent system called WMN-PSODGA, which integrates two intelligent algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Distributed Genetic Algorithm (DGA). In this work, we implement in our system Two Islands and Subway distributions of mesh clients and evaluate the performance of different router replacement methods considering two selection methods: roulette wheel and random. We compare the simulation results for each selection and router replacement method and find the best scenarios in terms of coverage, connectivity, and load balancing. For each combination, the achieved network connectivity and client coverage are 100%, but the best scenarios in terms of load balancing are when we combine the random selection method and Constriction Method (CM) for the Two Islands distribution, and the random selection method and Random Inertia Weight Method (RIWM) for the Subway distribution.

Secure routing protocol based on dynamic reputation and load balancing in wireless mesh networks

Aiming at the characteristics of dynamic topology change and vulnerability of wireless mesh networks (WMN), a secure routing protocol based on dynamic reputation and load balance (SRP-DRLB) is proposed to improve the routing security and load balance. By dynamically predicting of the reputation and traffic of the node in WMN, SRP-DRLB adopts edge weight strategy and node load idleness to avoid the competitive access of a large number of data packets to nodes with high reputation. SRP-DRLB dynamically adjusts routes according to the real-time status of network nodes’ reputation and traffic, reducing the impact of malicious nodes on the network and the overload of high-reputation nodes, thus improving the identification rate of malicious nodes and node load balancing. Simulation results show that SRP-DRLB can effectively ensure the security of data transmission, and it has the advantages of improving the identification rate of malicious nodes, the success rate of packet transmission and avoiding network congestion.

Efficient Communication Model for a Smart Parking System with Multiple Data Consumers

A smart parking system (SPS) is an integral part of smart cities where Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides many innovative urban digital solutions. It offers hassle-free parking convenience to the city dwellers, metering facilities, and a revenue source for businesses, and it also protects the environment by cutting down drive-around emissions. The real-time availability information of parking slots and the duration of occupancy are valuable data utilized by multiple sectors such as parking management, charging electric vehicles (EV), car servicing, urban infrastructure planning, traffic regulation, etc. IPv6 wireless mesh networks are a good choice to implement a fail-safe, low-power and Internet protocol (IP)-based secure communication infrastructure for connecting heterogeneous IoT devices. In a smart parking lot, there could be a variety of local IoT devices that consume the occupancy data generated from the parking sensors. For instance, there could be a central parking management system, ticketing booths, display boards showing a count of free slots and color-coded lights indicating visual clues for vacancy. Apart from this, there are remote user applications that access occupancy data from browsers and mobile phones over the Internet. Both the types of data consumers need not collect their inputs from the cloud, as it is beneficial to offer local data within the network. Hence, an SPS with multiple data consumers needs an efficient communication model that provides reliable data transfers among producers and consumers while minimizing the overall energy consumption and data transit time. This paper explores different SPS communication models by varying the number of occupancy data collators, their positions, hybrid power cycles and data aggregation strategies. In addition, it proposes a concise data format for effective data dissemination. Based on the simulation studies, a multi-collator model along with a data superimposition technique is found to be the best for realizing an efficient smart parking system.

A Simple Dual-Polarized Patch Antenna Array for Wi-Fi 6/6E Application

A simple, high gain, and dual-polarized patch antenna array for Wi-Fi 6/6E application is proposed in this communication. Different from the conventional feeding method, the patches are driven by coupling dipoles that are printed on the same board. The dipoles are specially designed to be T-shaped to adjust the impedance matching. Broadband covering both 5 and 6 GHz bands of Wi-Fi 6/6E is achieved. The feeding circuit is easily integrated on the board with only parallel dual line utilized. A prototype is fabricated and tested to validate the concept. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The measured bandwidth with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11} &lt; -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB for two ports are 5.12–7.50 and 5.15–7.50 GHz with the isolation higher than 30 dB. Moreover, the measured gains are higher than 9.76 and 9.61 dBi for two ports over the operating band with a peak value of 12.05 dBi. The proposed antenna array shows great potential in the application of Wi-Fi mesh.

A Study on Development of Matrix Model of WMN for Mesh Clustering and its Validation

Tracking and tracing network nodes and monitoring network topology pose a huge challenge in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). This becomes even more challenging in the scenario of multiple clusters, which keep performing hand-off handovers among each other for load management or link management purposes. In the dynamic and fragile WMN scenario, loss of connectivity is very common. In the case of multi-hop multi-gateway WMNs, such a scenario is very common. The architecture of the IEEE 802.11s WMN proposes a network wherein each node selects a gateway through which it routes its packets. A node selects the gateway based on its proximity in terms of the number of hop-distance and the Air Time Link Metric. Since the selection of gateway is done by a node on basis of its local information, more than often the scheduling of gateway becomes unfair. This leads to gateway congestion and a drop in the throughput of the network. In this paper, a model of a centralized gateway scheduling scheme is proposed. This paper proposes a matrix model of a clustered WMN. A well-defined gateway service set (cluster) is formed and then this is mapped onto the matrix model of the clustered WMN. In such a centralized scheme, an additional responsibility of tracking the nodes for connectivity is also addressed through this matrix model. This ensures no lost nodes or repeated nodes while the formation of clusters. Thereafter, the paper presents the process for validation of the integrity of WMN and its clusters through a mathematical model of WMN.

IoT Based Energy Management System (EMS) Using SOFAT Technique for Smart Grid Distribution System

In this manuscript, an Energy Management System (EMS) in distribution system with Internet of Things (IoT) using hybrid approach is proposed. The proposed approach is the combination of Shuffled Shepherd Optimization (SO) and Feedback Artificial tree (FAT) algorithm and hence it is named SOFAT technique. The major intention of the proposed work is “to optimally maintaining the power and resources of distribution system by constantly monitor the data from the IoT-based communication framework”. Here, the distribution system is integrated to data acquisition module that is an IoT object with unique IP address resulting in a large mesh wireless network devices. The IoT-based communication framework is utilized to facilitate the demand response (DR) EMS development in distribution system. The framework collects the DR from load and transmits the data to the centralized server. The transferred data is activated by SOFAT approach. In distribution system, the IoT structure increases these networks flexibility and provides optimum usage of available resources. In addition, the proposed approach is responsible to satisfy the overall supply and energy requirements. Finally, the proposed approach is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, its efficiency is analyzed with other existing approaches.

A Hybrid Intelligent Simulation System for Building IoT Networks: Performance Comparison of Different Router Replacement Methods for WMNs Considering Stadium Distribution of IoT Devices.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications proliferate, it becomes increasingly important to design robust networks that can continue to meet user demands at a high level. Wireless local area networks (WLANs) can be a good choice as IoT infrastructure when high throughput is required. On the other hand, wireless mesh networks (WMNs), which are WLANs with mesh topology following the IEEE802.11s standard, have many advantages compared to conventional WLANs. Nevertheless, there are some problems that need solutions. One of them is the node placement problem. In this work, we propose and implement a hybrid intelligent system that solves this problem by determining the position of mesh nodes by maximizing the mesh connectivity and the coverage of IoT devices. The system is based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), simulated annealing (SA), and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA). We compare the performance of three router replacement methods: constriction method (CM), random inertia weight method (RIWM), and rational decrement of Vmax method (RDVM). The simulation results show that RIWM achieves better performance compared to CM and RDVM because it achieves the highest connectivity while covering more clients than the other two methods.

Smart Healthcare Applications using Contiki and Cooja

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most trending technology to influence the internet and communication technologies. Among several applications IoT, healthcare application plays a major role. Several emerging technologies related to IoT such as body sensor networks, advanced healthcare systems, cloud-based platforms for wireless transfer of data, storage and display of clinical data, etc. have contributed to the wide utilization of the technology in the field of medicines. A body sensor network scenario will be created with various body sensor nodes using 6LoWPAN and Rime protocol. Rime is a data collection protocol implemented using Contiki operating system.Contiki OS, a free open-source simulation tool, helps in analyzing the performance parameters of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). The Cooja simulator in Contiki OS simulates the network scenario and provides the means and tools to observe network behavior across many platforms and contexts. This paper presents work done on the analysis of the Rime protocol stack of the Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN). Various performance parameters of sensor nodes like light, temperature and blood glucose levels of body are measured using sensor nodes and also the position of neighboring nodes is measured and analyzed which helps to set up a more efficient Wireless Sensor Network. The proposed work focuses on the study of protocol standards in wireless mesh networks and the Performance are measured in case of mobility as well. Then by using Dijkstra’s algorithm, the shortest path to reach the record maintainer is measured. The proposed work focuses on the analysis of protocol standards used to monitor patient information in the healthcare management system.&#x0D;

Multi-Objective Routing Optimization for 6G Communication Networks Using a Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm.

Sixth-generation wireless (6G) technology has been focused on in the wireless research community. Global coverage, massive spectrum usage, complex new applications, and strong security are among the new paradigms introduced by 6G. However, realizing such features may require computation capabilities transcending those of present (classical) computers. Large technology companies are already exploring quantum computers, which could be adopted as potential technological enablers for 6G. This is a promising avenue to explore because quantum computers exploit the properties of quantum states to perform certain computations significantly faster than classical computers. This paper focuses on routing optimization in wireless mesh networks using quantum computers, explicitly applying the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Single-objective and multi-objective examples are presented as robust candidates for the application of quantum machine learning. Moreover, a discussion about quantum supremacy estimation for this problem is provided.

Intelligent lighting control system based on Internet of things technology

With the rapid development of the economy[1], the number of cars in our country continues to increase, underground parking garages have become commercial centers, supporting facilities in large residential areas, the number of underground garages is increasing, and the energy consumption of underground garage lighting systems is also rising. This question proposes an intelligent lighting control system based on the Internet of Things technology, studies the wifi protocol, wireless mesh networking technology, the Internet of Things cloud platform and other technologies. Based on the ESP32 chip, the terminal lighting control node is designed and developed, which cooperates with the sensor to realize the detection of personnel movement and light intensity information. The terminal lighting node controls the brightness and switch of the lamps according to this information, and realizes the effect of turning on the lights when the car arrives and turning off the lights when the car leaves, so as to achieve energy-saving control purpose.

Enforcing Multilevel Security Policies in Unstable Networks

Multilevel security (MLS) systems control access to data by formalizing permissible and impermissible information flows between data sources and destinations (e.g., database servers and clients) fixed with distinct security labels. In computer networks, MLS systems have been used to prevent unauthorized data disclosure in shared-infrastructure settings where network hosts and devices may fall within different trust domains (e.g., in multi-tenant cloud networks or wireless mesh networks). However, current MLS systems assume static network behavior—thus preventing the network from being practically usable in the presence of dynamic network events that frequent unstable network environments, including sudden changes in traffic patterns, link failures, and topology changes as a result of device movement or intermittent device connectivity. In this paper, we introduce <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MLS-Enforcer</monospace> , a software-defined networking (SDN) controller application that can efficiently deploy network-level MLS policies while retaining the ability to securely relabel network nodes under changing topology state and network traffic demands. We model network adaptivity as an integer linear programming problem that reflects a given security policy. We then introduce heuristic relabeling algorithms that achieve near-optimal performance and are more tractable and efficient for larger networks. We validate <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MLS-Enforcer</monospace> on several network topologies and traffic loads, demonstrating that it can relabel the network to route 90%+ of flows under normal conditions and quickly converge (on the order of seconds for the heuristic algorithms) under changing needs—from small network structure changes to catastrophic failures. This shows that formally secured networks can feasibly be deployed in diverse, changing, and unpredictable environments.

Energy management of smart grid equipped by an Internet of Things (IoT) configuration: A DDFAT methodology

In this manuscript, an Energy Management System (EMS) with Internet of Things (IoT) framework in distribution system (DS) based on hybrid technique is proposed. The proposed method is the combination of Dynamic Differential Annealed Optimization (DDAO) and Feedback Artificial Tree (FAT) algorithm; therefore called as DDFAT method. The main intention of proposed method is “to optimize the power control and DS resources by constantly tracking the data into communication framework based on IoT”. In this work, the DS is inter connected to the data acquisition method that is the Internet of things uses single IP address resulting in mesh wireless network devices. The internet of things based communication scheme used to facilitate the growth of demand response (DR) for energy management (EM) DS. The transmitting data is carried out by DDFAT method. In this way, the IoT distribution scheme increases the network flexibility and offers optimal utilization of the accessible resources. Moreover, the DDFAT method is reliable to meet global supply along energy demand. The DDFAT method is implemented in MATLAB Simulink platform under three test cases and its performance is analysed with the existing improved artificial bee colony (IABC), squirrel optimization with gravitational search–assisted neural network (SOGSNN), particle swarm optimization (PSO)–assisted artificial neural network (ANN), Fruit fly Optimization algorithm (FOA), and grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOAPSNN) methods.

Efficient Key Management Mechanism with Trusted Gateways for Wireless Mesh Networks

Securing wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is a crucial issue due to its intrinsic characteristics. Several endangered features might emerge due to the exposure of the networks to a diversity of medium access control (MAC) layers such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, false reply attacks, and other identity attacks. Against these attacks, the determination of existing techniques is insufficient to ensure the complete security solutions to protect the backbone network at multiple levels. As a result, effective, scalable, and integrated security solutions for WMNs are required. In WMNs, protecting legitimate gateway nodes and internal mesh routers against malicious attacks at the MAC layer remains a difficult problem. Our proposed trust-based security mechanism includes distributed authentication and deauthentication algorithms that validates backbone mesh routers as well as gateway nodes. Particularly, this proposed model targets DDoS attacks in the network. The proposed DDoS attack prevention mechanism (DAPM) uses distributed authentication and deauthentication algorithms to build trusted group heads for managing secure data communication in the network. Our research and practical results show that the proposed mechanism decreases the severity of malicious nodes and strengthens the security compared to existing centralized schemes such as digital signature authentication (DSA-Mesh, MENSA, Mobisec, and AHKM). The experimental solutions show the significance of the proposed work with 10% to 12% of better performance than the existing techniques.

A real-time accurate positioning system using BLE and wireless mesh network in a shipyard environment

Digitalization of the shipyard environment is a challenging problem, and also it is necessary for competing the international ship manufacturers. Thus, this study introduced a real-time accurate positioning system that is an indispensable part of a digital manufacturing system. The system implementation and measurements took place in Sedef Shipyard, the largest shipbuilding facility in Turkey. Since the shipyard includes indoor and outdoor environments, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) systems provide the best solution for locating the staff. The most challenging problem is to determine the positions in the metallic surroundings. The constructed system solves this problem by placing gateways and sensors at essential locations and using a mesh network. With the designed user interface, the position of the staff can be monitored accurately in real time, and reports can be generated.

An Efficient Method for Solving Router Placement Problem in Wireless Mesh Networks Using Multi-Verse Optimizer Algorithm.

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are increasingly being used in a variety of applications. To fully utilize the network resources of WMNs, it is critical to design a topology that provides the best client coverage and network connectivity. This issue is solved by determining the best solution for the mesh router placement problem in WMN (MRP-WMN). Because the MRP-WMN is known to be NP-hard, it is typically solved using approximation algorithms. This is also why we are conducting this work. We present an efficient method for solving the MRP-WMN using the Multi-Verse Optimizer algorithm (MVO). A new objective function for the MRP-WMN is also proposed, which takes into account two important performance metrics, connected client ratio and connected router ratio. Experiment results show that when the MVO algorithm is applied to the MRP-WMN problem, the connected client ratio increases by 15.1%, 11.5%, and 5.9% on average, and the path loss reduces by 1.3, 0.9, and 0.6 dB when compared to the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), respectively.

Protocol Wireless Medical Sensor Networks in IoT for the Efficiency of Healthcare

In this article, a new medical communication scheme, protocol wireless medical sensor networks for the efficiency of healthcare (PWMSN4EoCH), shorten by (PEH), which uses hasty strategy and random network coding (RNC), is proposed. The new concept improves the performance of the healthcare network. It quickly analyzes the medical network description, focusing on some basic parameters for narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). This PEH effectively meets the requirements prescribed for wireless telemedicine applications in which medical sensors (MSs) share the downlink and uplink resources to its neighborhood, including wireless health hubs (WHHs) and wireless base stations (WBSs) for controlling the health of the human body. The PEH scheme substantially accelerates the implementation devices of telemedicine for patient satisfaction. In contrast, the state-of-the-art technique (SoAT) scheme, which is currently used, misses the entirety of the proposed principle. The proposed scheme is compared with the SoAT in terms of message size (bytes), round-trip time (RTT) (ms), overall network capacity (ONC) (bytes/s, and delivery delay (DD) in ms. Our investigation has proved that the RTT, ONC, and DD of the proposed PEH are much better than the SoAT schemes, achieving 64%, 66%, and 71%, respectively. The simulation studies clearly indicate that the PEH introduces more than 64% performance enhancement over the SoAT scheme.