Wireless Local Area Network Devices Research Articles

OTOP: Optimized Transmission Power Controlled OBSS PD-Based Spatial Reuse for High Throughput in IEEE 802.11be WLANs

As wireless local area network (WLAN) devices become more prevalent in various environments, the IEEE 802.11ax standard (Wi-Fi 6), released in 2021, aims to improve the spectral efficiency. The overlapping basic service set (OBSS) packet detection (PD) based spatial reuse (SR) scheme is a main technology for this purpose which can increase channel access opportunities by adjusting parameters. However, the standard only provides boundary values for parameter adjustment and does not provide details on how to optimize the performance, which can lead to a performance degradation. The IEEE 802.11be standard (Wi-Fi 7), established to satisfy extremely high throughput (EHT) demands of next-generation applications, includes the OBSS PD based SR scheme and the coordinated spatial reuse (CSR) scheme to maximize area throughput in dense networks. The CSR scheme optimizes the transmission performance through coordination between access points (APs), which results in additional signaling overhead and protocol complexity. In this paper, an enhanced SR scheme named optimized transmission power based OBSS PD (OTOP) SR is proposed to achieve high throughput in dense networks. The OTOP scheme enhances the parameter control operation of OBSS PD based SR to take advantage of its distributed nature which keeps the signaling overhead and protocol complexity low. The OTOP scheme derives the optimal transmission power that can maximize the transmission success probability of WLAN devices based on stochastic geometry analysis. The simulation results show that the proposed OTOP scheme performs better than the existing SRGM and OBSS PD based SR schemes in terms of throughput, frame error rate, and fairness.

Split ring resonator inspired defected ground plane dual operating band antenna for wireless LAN and RFID applications

Defected ground structure (DGS) using an array of the three split ring resonators inspired antenna for the Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN) and RFID sensor is proposed in this manuscript. The complete physical measurement for the proposed antenna is 50 X 40 mm2 (at lower operating frequency). The defected ground plane structure along with the inclusion of the square split ring resonators (SRRs) in the ground plane helps in gain and bandwidth improvement. 1 × 3 split ring resonator array is used to make the existing ground plane to be defected. The cost effective FR – 4 materials is used as a substrate for the fabrication with the standard thickness of 1.6 mm. The resonance frequencies are at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz having the average gain 2.65dBi. The impedance bandwidths for both the frequencies are 5.0 % (2.31 to 2.49 GHz) and 3.9% (4.9 to 6.1 GHz). The dipole and omni directional radiation patterns, overall gain and efficiency of around 75% make the antenna most practically possible for the RFID and WLAN devices.

A compact four-band high-isolation quad-port MIMO antenna for 5G and WLAN applications

A miniaturized quad-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna, generating four-band and high port isolation properties, is developed for 5G and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The realized MIMO antenna consists of four elements. Each element combines multiple L-shaped and rectangular branches with concave grounds, so that good impedance matching in four frequency bands is reached. The four elements are orthogonally placed to reduce current coupling. Moreover, four pairs of rotationally symmetrical strip lines are added to further improve the isolation between the units at low frequency. The antenna has been optimized to achieve a compact size of 39 mm × 39 mm × 1.6 mm, covering three 5G bands (2.6/3.5/4.8 GHz) and the 5.8 GHz WLAN band. In addition, inter-port isolation is better than 21.5 dB. Furthermore, the measured envelop correlation coefficient is smaller than 0.012 in the desired bands. Measurements also show that the radiation patterns and gains of the fabricated antenna agree well with the simulated ones. The diversity gain is as good as 9.94 dB. Moreover, the channel capacity loss is satisfactory, being below 0.4 bits/s/Hz. Satisfactory efficiency and diversity performance are realized. These facts indicate that the antenna system is a promising candidate for MIMO usage on 5G and WLAN devices.

Feasibility Study of Practical AoA Estimation Using Compressed CSI on Commercial WLAN Devices

Wireless local area network (WLAN)-based localization is key for advanced indoor Internet-of-Things and embedded sensor applications. To further improve the accuracy of indoor localization, attention has been focused on WLAN-based indoor localization using channel-state information (CSI) in addition to the existing information provided by received signal strength (RSS). For easy and low cost installation of wireless sensing, wireless sensing based on standardized protocols and commercial WLAN devices, such as IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ax, is necessary. There are few papers demonstrating AoA estimation results by using commercial WLAN devices based on CSI. Therefore, we propose a practical method for estimating the AoA to solve four problems: 1) compressed CSI, which cannot be used for AoA estimation directly, 2) the antenna wireline, in which the phase changes depending on the length of the wireline, 3) the antenna spacing, in which the distance between antennas places a restriction on AoA estimation, and 4) antenna individuality, in which the antennas used in actual MIMO communication have different characteristics. We implemented the proposed method on IEEE 802.11ac devices and evaluated it in a lecture room and shield tent. The results indicate that the proposed method can estimate AoA with an average error of 9.1° and reduce the estimation error by 85.4 % compared with a straightforward approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic and remote working did not improve WLAN security

In this article, we present an analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects on Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) security and abundance in Southwest Finland. We hypothesised that the drastic increase in telecommuting caused by the pandemic would encourage many to update obsolete WLAN devices, improving the state of WLAN security and increasing WLAN deployment in the survey region. To test our hypotheses, data from seven WLAN surveys carried out between February 2020 and October 2021 was analysed. Surprisingly, although the results show a 50.2% increase in WLAN deployment during the second and fourth waves of the pandemic, this had no significant effect on WLAN security in the survey region. The survey data shows little change in the number of unencrypted networks and networks configured with vulnerable encryption protocols. While most of the located networks were encrypted with the secure WPA2 protocol, the number of networks configured with the newest WPA3 has not notably increased.

Design and Simulation “Ha”-Slot Patch Array Microstrip Antenna for WLAN 2.4 GHz

This paper presents a linear 1 × 2 “Ha ( )”–slot patch array microstrip antenna. The proposed design of an array microstrip antenna is intended for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 2.4 GHz devices. From the previous research concerning the single patch “Ha ( )”–slot microstrip antenna, the gain that can be achieved is 5.77 dBi in simulation. This value is considered too small for an antenna to accommodate WLAN devices if compare to a Hertzian antenna. To enhance the gain of microstrip antenna, some methods can be considered using linear 1 × 2 patch array and T-Junction power divider circuit to have matching antenna impedance. The distances between two patches are one of the important steps to be considered in designing the patch array microstrip antenna. Thus, the minimum distance between the patch elements are calculated should be greater than λ/2 of the resonance frequency antenna. If the distance less than λ/2 electromagnetically coupled will occur, vice versa when it is to widen the dimension of the antenna will less efficient. Epoxy substrate Flame Resistant 4 (FR4) with dielectric constant 4.3 is used as the platform designed for the array antenna and it is analyzed using simulation software Computational Simulation Technology (CST) studio suite by which return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and gain are calculated. The simulation result showed that the designed antenna achieve return loss (S11) -25.363 dB with VSWR 1.1 at the frequency 2.4 GHz, and the gain obtained from simulation is 8.96 dBi, which is greater than 64.4 % if compared to the previous one. The proposed antenna design shows that increasing the number of patches in the array can technically improve the gain of a microstrip antenna, which can cover a wider area if applied to WLAN devices

A systematic methodology for continuous WLAN abundance and security analysis

In this paper, we present a systematic methodology for continuous surveying and analysis of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) abundance and security, based on the passive wireless network scanning technique called wardriving. The objective is to provide an efficient, scalable, and easily accessible methodology for collecting, analysing and storing WLAN survey data. To adhere to these set requirements, the presented survey and analysis processes can be carried out with freely available open-source software and common off-the-shelf hardware. While extensive literature has been produced on wardriving and numerous WLAN survey studies have been documented in previous works, to our knowledge, no similar comprehensive methodology for systematic WLAN surveying and analysis has been previously presented. To further rationalise the need for surveying and analysing WLAN networks, an investigation on the related literature and the current state of the WLAN networking landscape has been conducted. Furthermore, as surveying WLAN networks via the wardriving technique undoubtedly raises legal and moral concerns, the legitimacy and ethics of wardriving have been examined. To test the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a primary test and calibration WLAN survey was conducted in three separate locations within a middle-sized city located in Southwest Finland. Based on the survey results, WLAN security in Finland is in a relatively good state. During the test survey, we successfully collected and analysed data from 720 WLAN networks, proving the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. From the 720 detected WLAN networks, 6% used insecure encryption protocols, 12.8% were unencrypted and a clear majority of 81.3% used the WPA2 encryption protocol. Results also show that wireless network device owners in the surveyed areas are not inclined to alter the factory-set default settings of their wireless networks. It was noted that roughly 40% of the surveyed networks used easily identifiable factory-set SSIDs and only 5.4% of the networks had a cloaked SSID. Furthermore, the survey data shows that WLAN devices from 38 different manufacturers were detected. Three of the most popular manufacturers in the surveyed area were Cisco with 28.3%, Huawei with 15.7% and Ruckus Networks with 9.7%.

Wide slot tri‐band antenna for Wireless Local Area Network/World‐Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access applications

SummaryA low‐profile, tri‐band, wide slot antenna for the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World‐Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications is proposed in this article. The surface dimension of the proposed planar antenna is 0.32λ × 0.32λ mm2 (lowest operating frequency). The antenna structure consists of a wide slot which is formed by carefully etching out the square and circular shapes from the basic patch antenna. The standard cost‐effective FR‐4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm is used for the fabrication of the prototype. Tri‐band resonance at 2.4, 3.5, and 5.5 GHz is achieved with the peak gain of 3.33, 1.12, and 1.37 dBi, respectively. The impedance bandwidth at three resonant peaks is 15.36%, 11.7%, and 8.29% with Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) well below the requirement of 1.5. Dipole‐shaped radiation patterns, average gain > 1.96 dBi, and efficiency of 83% make the antenna commercially viable for use in WLAN and WiMAX devices.

GreenMAC Protocol: A Q-Learning-Based Mechanism to Enhance Channel Reliability for WLAN Energy Savings

We have seen a promising acceptance of wireless local area networks (WLANs) in our day-to-day communication devices, such as handheld smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Energy preservation plays a vital role in WLAN communication networks. The efficient use of energy remains one of the most substantial challenges to WLAN devices. Several approaches have been proposed by the industrial and institutional researchers to save energy and reduce the overall power consumption of WLAN devices focusing on static/adaptive energy saving methods. However, most of the approaches save energy at the cost of throughput degradation due to either increased sleep-time or reduced number of transmissions. In this paper, we recognize the potentials of reinforcement learning (RL) techniques, such as the Q-learning (QL) model, to enhance the WLAN’s channel reliability for energy saving. QL is one of the RL techniques, which utilizes the accumulated reward of the actions performed in the state-action model. We propose a QL-based energy-saving MAC protocol, named greenMAC protocol. The proposed greenMAC protocol reduces the energy consumption by utilizing accumulated reward value to optimize the channel reliability, which results in reduced channel collision probability of the network. We assess the degrees of channel congestion in collision probability as a reward function for our QL-based greenMAC protocol. The comparative results show that greenMAC protocol achieves enhanced system throughput performance with additional energy savings compared to existing energy-saving mechanisms in WLANs.

Time-Dependent Bit Error Rate Analysis for Smart Utility Networks in the Presence of WLAN Interferers

The smart grid (SG) modernizes the aging power grid by using two-way reliable communications dedicated to adaptive energy management. To achieve this goal, smart utility networks (SUNs) are used to efficiently connect the SG devices. However, the SUNs are designed to work on unlicensed frequency bands and are very sensitive to interferences from other networks operating in the same band, such as wireless local area networks (WLANs). Therefore, in this paper, the effect of the WLAN interferers on the SUN transmission is investigated and we show that by detecting the initial transmission offset of each WLAN transceiver using energy sensing, the activity of the interferers can be predicted with high accuracy. Furthermore, we prove that the SUN data bit error rate is time dependent and that each SUN bit has a different bit error rate expression depending on its time offset. These expressions are derived analytically and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. In fact, these expressions can be used by the SUN devices to enhance their communication links in the presence of WLAN devices by using adaptive transmission techniques to avoid the interference.

Maximum Mean Discrepancy Minimization Based Transfer Learning for Indoor WLAN Personnel Intrusion Detection

Indoor personnel intrusion detection has been recognized as an active research topic over the last decade due to the remarkably growing demand for indoor security management, elderly monitoring, and smart home. In this circumstance, indoor wireless local area network (WLAN) personnel intrusion detection is one of the most promising approaches by considering its advantages of the handy accessibility of WLAN signal and convenient use of WLAN devices. Many existing studies rely on only the offline WLAN received signal strength (RSS) data to train a heuristic model, which is, then, used for online intrusion detection without considering the time-variant RSS property in the actual indoor environment. To address this problem, we propose a new maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) minimization based transfer learning approach for indoor WLAN personnel intrusion detection. Specifically, first of all, the source and target domains are constructed from offline labeled and online unlabeled RSS data, respectively. Second, the MMD of marginal distributions of the RSS data in source and target domains are calculated as the difference of these two domains. Third, the optimal transfer matrix corresponding to the minimum difference of source and target domains (or called minimum MMD) is constructed to transfer the RSS data in these two domains into the data in a same subspace. Finally, the classifiers used for intrusion detection are trained from these data with the purpose of enhancing the robustness of the proposed approach.

Spectrum sharing analysis for unlicensed use in 6 GHz using Risk-Informed Interference Assessment

In October of 2018, the FCC proposed new rules for opening 1.2 GHz of spectrum in the 6 GHz band, from 5925 to 7125 MHz, for unlicensed Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) devices. The objective is to allow WLAN in the 6 GHz band while sharing the spectrum with current incumbents. The traditional spectrum sharing approach relies on the worst-case scenario analysis of single events of severe consequences, regardless of their probability of occurrence, which leads to over-conservative use of the spectrum. Risk-Informed Interference Assessment (RIIA) is a quantitative approach that can be successfully applied for spectrum sharing analysis. Based on statistical analysis, RIIA estimates the probability and the consequence of interference. The objective is to allow flexible use of spectrum without being overprotective. It has been applied to a few coexistence studies in the last years and has shown great potential in providing informed insight to spectrum sharing analysis. To date, however, it has not been yet applied to coexistence studies in the 6 GHz band. In this work, we apply RIIA to analyze coexistence between WLAN and each type of incumbent service in this band and propose spectrum sharing mechanisms to reduce the probability of harmful interference. To facilitate sharing in the 6 GHz band, the FCC has divided it into four sub-bands, from U-NII-5 to U-NII-8, and proposed mitigation rules for each of them depending on the incumbents. This band is allocated to Broadcast Auxiliary Service (BAS) and Cable Television Relay Service (CARS) fixed and mobile links, Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) and fixed point-to-point links. These systems use narrow beamwidth antennas located at elevated heights, while WLANs employ low-power transmitters, mostly indoors, and, typically, omnidirectional antennas at few meters above the ground, which suggests the possibility that little energy from the incumbent links is perceptible on the ground and vice versa. To investigate this hypothesis, we apply RIIA to quantify the level of risk and its consequences to both, incumbent links and WLANs devices. Our analysis is based upon a four-step method. First, we make an inventory of all significant harmful interference hazards, in our case, 6 GHz Wi-Fi APs or incumbent links that could cause co-channel interference to the incumbents or Wi-Fi devices, respectively. Second, we define the interference protection criteria for each of them as consequence metrics to characterize the severity of hazards. Third, the likelihood and consequence of each hazard are analyzed. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we calculate the likelihood of downlink and aggregate interference from/to current incumbents to/from future WLANs and, using an interference protection criterion, determine if this interference can be tolerable. Finally, the likelihood-consequence results are aggregated and compared for different scenarios. This approach provides detailed coexistence analysis between WLAN and incumbent services in the 6 GHz band using the RIIA methodology. The results suggest that there is a low risk of harmful interference to terrestrial incumbent links in the U-NII-6 and U-NII-8 bands, which consider low-power indoor APs only. For the U-NII-5 and U-NII-7 bands, considering outdoor APs transmitting at full power, the probability of harmful interference ranges from low to high, depending on the scenario. To reduce this risk, it is suggested to implement a mitigation technique. In the case of a satellite incumbent, coexistence is possible without the need of mitigation techniques. Ultimately, this work will provide decision-makers with information regarding the risks associated with coexistence in the 6 GHz band.

Wireless LAN-Based CSI Monitoring System for Object Detection

Sensing services for the detection of humans and animals by analyzing the environmental changes of wireless local area network (WLAN) signals have attracted attention in recent years. In object detection using WLAN signals, a widely known technique is the use of time changes in received signal strength indicators that are easily measured between WLAN devices. Utilizing channel response, including power and phase values per subcarrier on multiple input multiple output (MIMO), the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission was researched as channel state information (CSI) to further improve detection accuracy. This paper describes a WLAN-based CSI monitoring system that efficiently acquires the CSI of multiple links in a target area where multiple CSI measuring stations are distributed. In the system, a novel CSI monitoring station captures wireless packets sent within the area and extracts CSI by analyzing the packets on the sounding protocol, specified by IEEE 802.11ac. The paper also describes the system configuration and shows that indoor experimental measurements confirmed the system’s feasibility.

A Low-Power WLAN Communication Scheme for IoT WLAN Devices Using Wake-Up Receivers

In this paper, we propose a delay- and power-efficient, multi-user, low-power wireless local area network (WLAN) communication scheme for Internet of Things (IoT) WLAN devices. Extremely low-power operation is one of the key requirements of emerging IoT devices. However, the current duty-cycle-based power saving approach may incur large access delay times owing to the trade-offs between the power consumption and the access delay. In order to reduce this delay and enhance the power-saving performance, wake-up receiver-based schemes have been proposed. However, because wake-up receiver-based schemes do not consider multiuser operation in dense communication environments, large delays are inevitable in the case of multiuser operation. In order to provide extremely low-power operation and under 1-mW standby power with reduced delay, we employed the optimized multiuser transmission scheduling of IEEE 802.11ax in the proposed scheme and proper enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) parameter settings. This is with the aim to reduce the delay caused by long wake-up times, and to avoid collisions caused by simultaneous transmission in uplink multiuser scenario. By using the proposed scheme, simultaneous IoT communication with multiple mobile IoT devices is possible while providing low-power operation. Simulation results verified the outstanding delay performance of the proposed scheme.

Low latency IR-HARQ for multiband WLAN system

This paper proposes a low latency incremental redundancy hybrid ARQ (IR-HARQ) scheme for a multiband wireless local area network (WLAN) system. The proposed scheme can reduce a retransmission delay and ensure backward compatibility with WLAN devices by using a clear to send (CTS) frame of a current WLAN system and rate compatible low-density parity-check (RC-LDPC) codes. Additionally, it can minimize the retransmission delay by selecting an optimal retransmission data length on the basis of the accumulated mutual information (ACMI) for available frequency bands. The results of computer simulations show that the multiband WLAN system using the proposed scheme has shorter retransmission delay and higher system throughput than the current WLAN system.

Symbol Timing Synchronization for Uplink Multi-User Transmission in IEEE 802.11ax WLAN

Along with the proliferation of mobile devices and applications, IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) has become one of the most popular Internet access technologies. This leads to dense deployment of WLAN devices, and the calls for better user experience in such high-density WLAN environments are mounting. To keep pace with this increasing demand for high efficiency WLAN, IEEE 802.11ax, whose key advance is adopting uplink multi-user transmission (UL MU), is currently entering the final phase of standardization. The UL MU in 802.11ax WLAN, however, has a difficulty that stems from the intrinsically distributed nature of WLAN. Specifically, concurrent frames from multiple stations are loosely synchronous in time, thus resulting in symbol timing misalignment which leads to poor decoding performance. In this paper, we dissect the performance degradation caused by symbol timing misalignment and examine the required symbol timing conditions in receiving UL MU. Based on the analysis, we present a new two-step synchronization method to accommodate asynchronously arriving UL MU. We develop an 802.11ax link-level simulator and comparatively evaluate the proposed synchronization method via extensive simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully stabilizes UL MU data delivery even with large UL MU arrival timing deviations and the use of short cyclic prefix.

A Virtual WLAN Device Model for High-Fidelity Wireless Network Emulation

The recent popularization of mobile devices has increased the amount of communication traffic. Hence, it is necessary both in academia and industry to research load distribution methods for mobile networks. An evaluation environment for large-scale networks that behaves like a practical system is necessary to evaluate these methods, and either a physical environment or simulation environment can be used. However, physical and simulation environments each have their advantages and disadvantages. A physical environment is suitable for practical operation because it is possible to obtain data from a real environment. In contrast, the cost for a large number of nodes and the difficulty of field preparation are its disadvantages. Reproducing radio propagation is also a challenge. Network simulators solve the disadvantages of the physical environment by modeling the entire evaluation environment. However, they do not exactly reproduce the physical environment because the nodes are abstracted. This article presents an evaluation environment that combines a network simulator and virtual machines with virtual wireless Local Area Network (LAN) devices. The virtual machines reproduce the physical environment with high fidelity by running the programs of the physical machines, and the virtual wireless LAN devices make it possible to emulate wireless LAN communication using default operating system drivers. A network simulator and virtual machines also reduce the cost for nodes, ease the burden of field preparation, and reproduce radio propagation by modeling the evaluation environment. In the evaluation, the proposed method decreased the difference from the physical environment to 5% in terms of transmission control protocol throughput. In the case of user datagram protocol, the proposed method decreased the difference from the physical environment down to 1.7%. The number of virtual machines available on a host machine and the practical use of the proposed method are also discussed.

FACT: Fine-Grained Adaptation of Carrier Sense Threshold in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

A fine-grained carrier sense threshold (CST) adaptation method, which controls CST, depending on both the interferer and destination nodes, is proposed to improve spatial reuse in wireless local area networks (WLANs). The proposed method utilizes predefined functions in the WLAN standard, thus making itself easily implementable in commercial WLAN devices. A supplementary clear channel assessment (CCA) method is also proposed to further enhance network performance by reducing CCA overhead. The performance of the proposed methods is comparatively evaluated via ns-3 simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed methods significantly improve network throughput compared with the legacy method in a two-cell environment.

Spatial statistical analysis for the design of indoor particle-filter-based localization mechanisms

The accurate localization of end-users and resources is seen as one of the main pillars toward the successful implementation of context-based applications. While current outdoor localization mechanisms fulfill most application requirements, the design of accurate indoor localization mechanisms is still an open issue. Most research efforts are focusing on the design of mechanisms making use of the receiver signal strength indications generated by WLAN (wireless local area network) devices. However, the accuracy and robustness of such mechanisms can be severely compromised due to the random and unpredictable nature of radio channels. In this article, we develop a methodology incorporating various algorithms capable of coping with the unpredictable nature of radio channels. Following a holistic approach, we start by identifying the wireless equipment parameter setting, better meeting the implementation requirements of a robust indoor localization mechanism. We then make use of RANdom SAmple Consensus paradigm: a robust model-fitting mechanism capable of smoothing the data captured during the space survey. Using an experimental setup, we evaluate the benefits of integrating the floor plan and an ordinary Kriging interpolation algorithm in the estimation process. Our main findings show that our proposal can greatly improve the quality of the information to be used in the development of particle-filter-based indoor localization mechanisms.

Persistent jamming in wireless local area networks: Attack and defense

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) can adopt channel hopping technologies in order to avoid unintentional interferences such as radars or microwaves, which function as proactive jamming signals. Even though channel hopping technologies are effective against proactive types of jamming, it has been reported that reactive jammers could attack the targets through scanning busy channels. In this paper, we demonstrate that reactive jamming is only effective against channel hopping WLAN devices in non-dense networks and that it is not effective in dense networks. Then, we propose a new jamming attack called “persistent jamming”, which is a modified reactive jamming that is effective in dense networks. The proposed persistent jamming attack can track a device that switches channels using the following two features, and it can attack the specific target or a target group of devices. The first feature is that the proposed attack can use the partial association ID (PAID), which is included for power saving in the IEEE 802.11ac/af/ah frame headers, to track and jam the targets. The second feature is that it is possible to attack persistently based on device fingerprints in IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n legacy devices. Our evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed persistent jamming can improve the attack efficiency by approximately 80% in dense networks compared with the reactive jamming scheme, and it can also shut down the communication link of the target nodes using 20dBm of jamming power and a 125ms response time. In order to defend against the persistent jamming attack, this paper proposes three defense mechanisms for anti-tracking and anti-jamming; a digital fingerprints predistortion, dynamic ID allocation, and dual channel friendly jamming. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed defense mechanisms are feasible and effective to significantly decrease the device tracking success ratio of the persistent jamming attack.