Wireless Internet Protocol Research Articles

Development of an ESP-32 Microcontroller Based Weather Reporting Device

This study presents a novel approach to incorporating technology into an intelligent weather station. In recent years, the nation has experienced a decline in agricultural activities due to the change in climate causing lot of danger in the farm output; this enables the weather forecaster to actually prescribe disaster by employing the use of temperature, humidity and light sensors which senses the temperature and humidity in the atmosphere. A tipping bucket is used to measure the amount of rainfall with an ESP-32 microcontroller which displays results through a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and then send it to the registered number and at the same time is been sent to cloud for easy retrieval purpose using the internet which can be retrieved from any location. This system is designed primarily for use in the school meteorological stations, it is also applicable in various weather stations. The primary goal is to create a low-cost intelligent system for storing data obtained by measuring various physical parameters in the atmosphere, such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall. An ESP-32 is used as the technology for storing measured data; it is an advanced and efficient solution for connection to the Internet. The intelligent weather station system is built around the following steps: direct environmental sensing, data measurement and storage, and allowing users to access the results through the cloud. The system is built around a collection of embedded sensors, and a microcontroller serving as the system's core and server, and wireless internet communication protocol. The results were sent to the cloud, where they are displayed in a tabular and graphical format; these results can be retrieved from the cloud into an excel file.

Vehicles detection and counting based on internet of things technology and video processing techniques

Recent studies have proven that vehicle tracking and detection play an important role in traffic density monitoring. Traffic overcrowding can be effectively controlled if the number of vehicles expected to pass through a congested intersection can be predicted ahead of time. To overcome such impact of traffic congestion the proposed system presents a framework, using motion detection algorithms and “ThingSpeak” internet of things (IoT) platform which is used in to calculate traffic density, the proposed system capturing video with wireless internet protocol (IP) cameras and broadcasting it to the server where motion detection algorithms as background subtraction are used to obtain a quick overview of traffic density, To save cost and improve the solution, the suggested system utilizes image processing techniques as well as the IoT analytic platform “ThingSpeak” to monitor traffic density. Finally, the suggested method is used to manage traffic flow and avoid traffic crowded. The results of the studies show that the integration of IoT-based technologies with a modified background subtraction technique is effective. This method might be enhanced further to detect vehicles that break traffic laws. We may also improve this system by detecting the presence of emergency vehicles (including an ambulance or fire truck) and granting priority to those cars.

Efficiency of Paid Authentication Methods for Mobile Devices

Collecting sensor data through wireless Internet protocol with cloud computing is a new IT architecture and many applications are adopting similar framework of Internet of Things based on it. For sensor devices, cloud environment can be applied to reduce their computing resource limitations to store, index and process their data. Besides, there are several concerns on communication between them in terms of security and privacy issues. In this paper, we focus on paid user authentication methods for the communication in Korea. System managers' survey on their preferences based on given criteria shows overall priority of security investment. Survey results show system experts have diverse opinions on paid authentication methods based on convenience, security level and operational cost. To review the current challenges of paid authentication method, we scrutinize recent survey results on authentication methods in terms of Internet of Everything framework. Also we compare the well-defined data security requirements in Internet services with current devices to check its compatibility to protect personal data from the security perspective.

무선 IP 네트워크에서 전용선 모뎀 사용가능성 검증

A leased line modem usability was evaluated and investigated in the wireless internet protocol(IP) network. The signal of the modem in the circuit switching network was translated to IP packet by using several voice codecs (PCM, G.711A, G.711μ, and etc.) and transmitted through the wireless IP network. The wireless IP network was simulated by the Tactical information and communication network Modeling and simulation Software(TMS). The performance and usability of the leased line modem are simulated using the system-in-the-loop(SITL) function of TMS with respect to packet delay, jitter, packet discard ratio, codecs, and wireless link BER.

Proactive autonomic load uniformisation with mobility management for wireless Internet Protocol (IP) access networks

The agent micro-mobility protocols, such as Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6, have become leading contenders for providing micro-mobility support to mobile nodes (MNs). The presence of mobility agents (MAs) in these networks can lead to constrained routing and create areas of bottleneck around the MAs. When an MA is integrated in the access network all traffic is forced to flow through that MA potentially over-utilising paths along the MA, whereas other paths of the network remain under-utilised. For the efficient deployment of such networks, optimal and robust MA selection and load balancing mechanisms are required. This study introduces proactive autonomic load uniformisation, a self-managed load balancing scheme in which the congestion caused by MAs is reduced leading to better utilisation of the network resources. Assuming that the network supports multiple MAs, the proposed solution selects the optimal MAs by distributing optimally the incoming load within the network while at the same time maintaining the quality of service requirements for the MNs. The results show that the congestion is lowered by 25% within the network and the load is distributed uniformly across the MAs.

Optimisation of multimedia over wireless IP links via X-layer design: an end-to-end transmission chain simulator

End-to-end optimised Quality of Service (QoS) and its specific declination for multimedia applications with the end-user Perceived Quality of Service (PQoS) is nowadays a trendy topic in the literature. Many different techniques and approaches have been proposed, which are in general focusing on specific weak technical aspects of the transmission chain in the considered scenario. The end-to-end optimisation of a complete system system is however more complex and its practical realisation remains to be achieved, especially with the added constraint to be transparently integrated in existing legacy systems so as to not perturbate their current modes of operation. In this paper, we propose an architecture set-up within the ICT FP7 OPTIMIX project to study innovative solutions enabling enhanced multimedia streaming in a point to multi-point context for an IP (Internet Protocol) based wireless heterogeneous system, based on cross layer adaptation of the whole transmission chain. The corresponding simulation chain architecture is detailed with the description of the existing and/or future features of each module.

Towards a new generation of CCTV networks: Erosion of data protection safeguards?

CCTV networks are progressively being replaced by more flexible and adaptable video surveillance systems based on internet protocol (IP) technologies. The use of wireless IP systems allows for the emergence of flexible networks and for their customization, while at the same time video analytics is easing the retrieval of the most relevant information. These technological advances, however, bring with them threats of a new kind for fundamental freedoms that cannot always be properly assessed by current legal safeguards. This paper analyses the ability of current data protection laws in providing an adequate answer to these new risks.

Robust Video Transmission Over Wireless LANs

Home wireless networks are mainly used for data transmission; however, they are now being used in video delivery applications, such as video on demand or wireless internet protocol (IP) television. Off-the-shelf technologies are inappropriate for the delivery of real-time video. In this paper, a packetization method is presented for robust H.264 video transmission over the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) configured as a wireless home network. To overcome the poor throughput efficiency of the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC), an aggregation scheme with a recovery mechanism is deployed and evaluated via simulation. The scheme maps several IP packets (each containing a single H.264 video packet called a Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit) into a single larger MAC frame. Video robustness is enhanced by using small NAL units and by retrieving possible error-free IP packets from the received MAC frame. The required modifications to the legacy MAC are described. Results in terms of throughput efficiency and peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) are presented for the case of broadcast and real-time transmission applications. Compared to the legacy case, an 80% improvement in throughput efficiency is achieved for a similar PSNR video performance. For fixed physical layer resources, our system provides a 2.5-dB gain in video performance over the legacy case for a similar throughput efficiency. The proposed solution provides considerable robustness enhancement for video transmission over IEEE 802.11-based WLANs.

Store and Forward Applications in Telemedicine for Wireless IP Based Networks

Telemedicine is the use of telecommunications technology to provide medical information and services. It may be as simple as two health professionals discussing a case over the telephone, or as sophisticated as using satellite technology to broadcast a consultation between providers at facilities in two countries, using videoconferencing equipment. The first is used daily by most health professionals, and the latter is used by the military and some large medical centers. In the past, several telemedicine applications using wired communications were presented. The recent evolutions of wireless communications have enabled telemedicine systems to operate throughout the world, hence expanding telemedicine benefits, applications, and services. In telemedicine, typically scenarios is two doctors are involved with the patient: a local attending doctor and a remote tele-doctor who is engaged to do one or more of a variety of services ranging from tele-consultation, or performing a tele-surgery, as well as tele-diagnosis where a doctor tele-diagnoses a sickness. The telemedicine systems need to be very simple to operate, reliable and consistent links, use standard communication protocols, and efficient bandwidth. The current generation of the telemedicine systems uses the store-and-forward approach of telemedicine, where medical data are acquired and compiled and transmitted. A high quality video and audio is required at both the sides to enable the consulting doctor and patients to have face-to-face encounter with the expert doctor. In this paper we discuss a prototype wireless Internet Protocol (IP) based store and forward telemedicine system using the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite communication and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).

A Rural Next Generation Network (R-NGN) and Its Testbed

Rural Next Generation Networks (R-NGN) technology allows Internet protocol (IP) based systems to be used in rural areas. This paper reports a testbed of R-NGN that uses low cost Ethernet radio links, combined with media gateways and a softswitch. The network consists of point-to-point IP Ethernet 2.4 GHz wireless link, IP switches and gateways in each community, standard copper wires and telephone sets for users. It uses low power consumption, and suitable for low density users. This combination allows low cost systems as well as multiservices (voice, data, and multimedia) for rural communications. An infrastructure has been deployed in two communities in Cipicung Girang, a village 10 km outside Bandung city, Indonesia. Two towers link the communities with a network of Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) campus. In addition, local wirelines connect community houses to the network. Currently there are four houses connected to each community node (for a total of eight house), upon which we can perform various tests and measurements.

Design and implementation of wireless PKI technology suitable for mobile phone in mobile-commerce

With the advent of wireless communication and internet protocol, many technologies have been developed to provide mobile phone user with the wireless internet service. Security supporting wireless internet must be guaranteed at same level as the wired security. But PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) which is used for the security of e-commerce in wired internet is not suitable for the mobile phone because of the fundamental limitation of performance such as less memory and less powerful CPU. Therefore, we need to develop a wireless PKI (WPKI) that provides the similar security level as the wired PKI supporting mobile phone. In this paper, we consider why it is difficult to apply the wired PKI technology to the mobile phone and how to cope with these problems. We propose wireless PKI technology and illustrate that implementation result of the proposed wireless PKI technology on the newest mobile phone. We minimize data sizes processed in mobile phone, and optimize protocols for the certificate management and verification between mobile phone and server. This results in the reduced module sizes to be able to install in mobile phone. Hence, the proposed WPKI technology shows that security is in the same level as the wired PKI and all PKI procedures are successfully processed in mobile phone.

Network and Communication Design of a Work Zone Intelligent Transportation System

Road construction on major freeways is a primary cause of traffic incidents and delays. One approach to improve traffic mobility and safety in construction work zones is to use intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which can effectively enhance work zone traffic management through advanced surveillance and communication technologies. Although conceptually similar to a traditional advanced traffic management system, a work zone ITS has unique network and communication design requirements. The Palm Beach County, Florida, Interim Traffic Management System (ITMS) was a work zone ITS that was successfully deployed in the summer of 2003. Using Palm Beach County ITMS as an example, this paper provides technical guidelines for applying cutting-edge technologies, such as wireless communication, video compression, and Internet protocol encapsulation, in designing a work zone ITS.

Network and Communication Design of a Work Zone Intelligent Transportation System

Road construction on major freeways is a primary cause of traffic incidents and delays. One approach to improve traffic mobility and safety in construction work zones is to use intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which can effectively enhance work zone traffic management through advanced surveillance and communication technologies. Although conceptually similar to a traditional advanced traffic management system, a work zone ITS has unique network and communication design requirements. The Palm Beach County, Florida, Interim Traffic Management System (ITMS) was a work zone ITS that was successfully deployed in the summer of 2003. Using Palm Beach County ITMS as an example, this paper provides technical guidelines for applying cutting-edge technologies, such as wireless communication, video compression, and Internet protocol encapsulation, in designing a work zone ITS.

Error Robust Scalable Audio Streaming Over Wireless IP Networks

Streaming high-fidelity audio over wireless Internet protocol (IP) networks is a challenging task because the networks present not only packet losses, but also residual bit errors. These losses and errors have severe adverse effect on the compressed audio bitstream. To solve this problem, this paper introduces error resilience in conjunction with error protection for scalable audio streaming over wireless networks. Specifically, error resilience is achieved by performing bitstream data partitioning and reversible variable length coding in the audio coder. Error protection is provided by layered product channel code to simultaneously handle packet losses and residual bit errors. Both the row and column codes of the product code provide unequal error protection for different layers of the audio bitstream by considering the characteristics of the scalable audio. Rate-distortion optimization is performed to determine the best source-channel coding tradeoff that minimizes the average expected end-to-end distortion. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

A control-engineering approach to integrated congestion control and scheduling in wireless local area networks

The paper deals with the problem of guaranteeing a target quality of service (QoS) to connections set-up over wireless internet protocol (IP) networks, while efficiently exploiting the air interface. In the literature, this problem is coped with congestion control and traffic scheduling algorithms: congestion control deals with the problem of computing the traffic relevant to in progress connections which can be admitted into the wireless network without causing the infringing of the QoS, while the scheduling deals with the problem of deciding the priorities for the transmission of the admitted traffic over the air interface. The paper presents the original and simple architecture and procedures of a Traffic Control Module aiming at solving the above-mentioned problem following a control-based approach. The Traffic Control Module includes some buffers storing the IP datagrams waiting for being transmitted over the air interface and a controller which controls both the admission of the offered IP datagrams into these buffers and the retrieval of the IP datagrams from these buffers for transmission over the air interface. The purpose of the above-mentioned controller is to steer the overall system towards an ideal equilibrium at which desirable performance is achieved. The controller is also in charge of periodically updating this ideal equilibrium, which is a function of the IP traffic presently offered to the wireless network. The adopted control based approach deals with congestion control and scheduling problems in a fully integrated way and in a feedback fashion, so as to take the present wireless network load into account. This paper has been partly sponsored by the European Union (EU) in the framework of the wireless networks (WINE) project belonging to the Information Society and Technology (IST) programme (fifth framework programme 2000–2003). 1 1 The underlying concepts are going to be further developed even in the EU sixth framework programme (2003–2006), e.g. in the Daidalos (Designing Advanced Interfaces for the Delivery and Administration of Location independent Optimised personal Services) and in the EuQoS (End-to-end Quality of Service support over heterogeneous networks) projects.

TCP-Jersey for Wireless IP Communications

Improving the performance of the transmission control protocol (TCP) in wireless Internet protocol (IP) communications has been an active research area. The performance degradation of TCP in wireless and wired-wireless hybrid networks is mainly due to its lack of the ability to differentiate the packet losses caused by network congestions from the losses caused by wireless link errors. In this paper, we propose a new TCP scheme, called TCP-Jersey, which is capable of distinguishing the wireless packet losses from the congestion packet losses, and reacting accordingly. TCP-Jersey consists of two key components, the available bandwidth estimation (ABE) algorithm and the congestion warning (CW) router configuration. ABE is a TCP sender side addition that continuously estimates the bandwidth available to the connection and guides the sender to adjust its transmission rate when the network becomes congested. CW is a configuration of network routers such that routers alert end stations by marking all packets when there is a sign of an incipient congestion. The marking of packets by the CW configured routers helps the sender of the TCP connection to effectively differentiate packet losses caused by network congestion from those caused by wireless link errors. This paper describes the design of TCP-Jersey, and presents results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator. Results from simulations show that in a congestion free network with 1% of random wireless packet loss rate, TCP-Jersey achieves 17% and 85% improvements in goodput over TCP-Westwood and TCP-Reno, respectively; in a congested network where TCP flow competes with VoIP flows, with 1% of random wireless packet loss rate, TCP-Jersey achieves 9% and 76% improvements in goodput over TCP-Westwood and TCP-Reno, respectively. Our experiments of multiple TCP flows show that TCP-Jersey maintains the fair and friendly behavior with respect to other TCP flows.

Link-Level Traffic Scheduling for Providing Predictive QoS in Wireless Multimedia Networks

A set of centralized burst-level cell scheduling schemes, namely, First Come First Served with Frame Reservation (FCFS-FR), FCFR-FR+, Earliest Deadline First with Frame Reservation (EDF-FR), EDF-FR+, and Multitraffic Dynamic Reservation (MTDR), are investigated for transmission of multiservice traffic over time division multiple access (TDMA)/time division duplex (TDD) channels in wireless ATM (WATM) networks. In these schemes, the number of time slots allocated to a virtual circuit (VC) during a frame-time is changed dynamically depending on the traffic type, system traffic load, the time of arrival (TOA)/time of expiry (TOE) value of the data burst and data burst length. The performances of these schemes are evaluated by computer simulation for realistic voice, video and data traffic models and their quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in a wireless mobile multimedia network. Both the error-free and the correlated fading channel conditions are considered. Simulation results show that the EDF-FR+ and MTDR schemes outperform the other schemes and can provide high channel utilization with predictive QoS guarantee in a multiservice traffic environment even in the presence of bursty channel errors. The EDF-FR+ scheme is found to provide better cell multiplexing performance than the MTDR scheme, Such a scheme would be easy to implement and would also result in a power conservative TDMA/TDD medium access control (MAC) protocol for broadband wireless access. Burst-level cell scheduling schemes such as EDF-FR+ can be easily adapted as MAC protocols in the emerging differentiated services (DS) enhanced wireless Internet protocol (IP) networks.

Dynamic random access code assignment for prioritized packet data transmission in wcdma networks

We propose a measurement-based dynamic random access (RA) code assignment procedure for prioritized packet data transmission in wideband code-division multiple access (WCDMA) networks. This dynamic adaptation process is based on analytical performance results derived for random packet access under Rayleigh fading in WCDMA networks. The performance of the proposed measurement-based RA code assignment procedure with three different adaptation methods is evaluated by using computer simulations. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with those of a retransmission control-based and static channel allocation-based prioritized packet access scheme. An integrated (physical layer and link layer) delay-throughput performance model is presented for finite population RA WCDMA systems. The proposed dynamic RA code assignment procedure can be used in an adaptive quality of service (QoS) framework for dynamically adjusting the QoS of prioritized RA data traffic in the evolving WCDMA-based differentiated services wireless Internet protocol networks.

Service control for next-generation applications in wireless IP multimedia networks

Within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the thrust of the session initiation protocol (SIP)-based Internet protocol (IP) multimedia subsystem (IMS) is envisaged to allow a swift progression towards the provision of multimedia applications for increasingly demanding end users. The paradigm of service programmability using open network application programming interfaces (APIs), with open service access (OSA) as its main exponent, is helping to drive this development together with the use of SIP. The focal point of this paper will be the multimedia services architecture in the IMS by providing details of the interaction of the IMS and the application servers in the form of the OSA gateway and the SIP application server. The paper aims to assess the value of the IMS service control (ISC) interface on application server interaction in the IMS. The paper will provide an OSA application use case, and will also present the presence server as an example of a SIP application server that fits in with the IMS. © 2003 Lucent Technologies Inc.

A Simple RLC/MAC Protocol Architecture for a Wireless IP Network

This paper presents a simple RLC/MAC protocol architecture for a wireless IP (Internet Protocol) network. In order to support IP-based multimedia services in a wireless network, two different approaches can be used. One approach is to transmit end-to-end IP packets in a multi-hop network, such as a cellular mobile telephone network. In this case IP packets can be transmitted on high data rate air interfaces using a suitable IP header compression technique. Another possibility is to transmit non-IP packets from a UE to a BTS using standard 2G/3G air interfaces. IP packets can be generated at a BTS by encapsulating received MAC packets on an uplink. On a downlink, an IP packet received from a RAN is fragmented at a BTS for further transmission using a standard air interface. This paper first reviews the end-to-end IP packet transmission strategy based on IP header compression techniques. Next a simple RLC/MAC protocol architecture for a wireless IP network is proposed. The proposed protocol architecture is suitable for generating IP packets at a BTS by encapsulating MAC packets. IP packet encapsulation delay at a BTS is minimized by using a reservation-based MAC protocol. The MAC protocol uses class-based reservation and priority queuing techniques to satisfy QoS needs of different classes of traffic. The RLC protocol is mapped onto the MAC protocol to minimize signaling overhead. The proposed RLC/MAC layer is simple, flexible, and generates minimum signaling load to maintain high QoS for multimedia traffic. Performance of the RLC/MAC protocol is analyzed using a simulation model.