Wireless Interconnects Research Articles

Open-Source tools: Incidence in the wireless security of the Technical University of Babahoyo

Computer security is a fundamental part of an organization, especially in Higher Education institutions, where there is very sensitive information, capable of being vulnerable by diffeerent methods of intrusion, the most common being free access through wireless points. The main objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the open source tools in charge of managing the security information of the wireless network, such as OSSIM, a set of active and passive components used to manage events that generate tra c within the network. net. This research exposes the use of free software as a viable option of low cost to solve the problems that a ict student sta , such as lack of access to academic services, problems of wireless interconnectivity, with the purpose to restore confidence in students in the Use of the services offered by the institution for research-related development, guaranteeing free and free access to the internet. The level of dissatisfaction on the part of the students con rms the problem presented at the Technical University of Babahoyo, thus confirming the positive influence of the Open-Source tools for the institution’s wireless security.

Scheduling framework for distributed intrusion detection systems over heterogeneous network architectures

The evolving trends of mobility, cloud computing and collaboration have blurred the perimeter separating corporate networks from the wider world. These new tools and business models enhance productivity and present new opportunities for competitive advantage although they also introduce new risks. Currently, security is one of the most limiting issues for technological development in fields such as Internet of Things or Cyber-physical systems. This work contributes to the cyber security research field with a design that can incorporate advanced scheduling algorithms and predictive models in a parallel and distributed way, in order to improve intrusion detection in the current scenario, where increased demand for global and wireless interconnection has weakened approaches based on protection tasks running only on specific perimeter security devices. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework to properly distribute intrusion detection system (IDS) tasks, considering security requirements and variable availability of computing resources. To accomplish this, we propose a novel approach, which promotes the integration of personal and enterprise computing resources with externally supplied cloud services, in order to handle the security requirements. For example, in a business environment, there is a set information resources that need to be specially protected, including data handled and transmitted by small mobile devices. These devices can execute part of the IDS tasks necessary for self-protection, but other tasks could be derived to other more powerful systems. This integration must be achieved in a dynamic way: cloud resources are used only when necessary, minimizing utility computing costs and security problems posed by cloud, but preserving local resources when those are required for business processes or user experience. In addition to satisfying the main objective, the strengths and benefits of the proposed framework can be explored in future research. This framework provides the integration of different security approaches, including well-known and recent advances in intrusion detection as well as supporting techniques that increase the resilience of the system. The proposed framework consists of: (1) a controller component, which among other functions, decides the source and target hosts for each data flow; and (2) a switching mechanism, allowing tasks to redirect data flows as established by the controller scheduler. The proposed approach has been validated through a number of experiments. First, an experimental DIDS is designed by selecting and combining a number of existing IDS solutions. Then, a prototype implementation of the proposed framework, working as a proof of concept, is built. Finally, singular tests showing the feasibility of our approach and providing a good insight into future work are performed.

Formal Definition of the Smart Object Matching Problem

Smart objects represent appliances enhanced by digital and interconnectable functionality, which are intended to support users in everyday life. By embedding sensors, these objects become input resp. interaction devices that stimulate the actuators of their own or other smart objects. However, due to a large number of objects to be expected, there also exist a number of challenges for the usability of such devices. In addition to the invisible nature of embedded digital functionality, wireless interconnections and possible changes in connectivity depending on the context, it is often not possible for users to explore the complete functionality of a smart object and interconnect them appropriately. In this paper, we present a dynamic approach for the automated interconnection of smart objects input and output capabilities with reference to the assignment problem. In addition to a formal definition, we present an evaluation of a naive approach and familiar algorithms for this problem.

BlinkComm: Initialization of IoT Devices Using Visible Light Communication

Many applications from the Internet of Things (IoT) domain used in healthcare, smart homes, and cities involve a large number of interconnected wireless devices. To ensure privacy, confidentiality, and integrity of the information, devices should be initialized prior to any communication. In this paper, we present a secure initialization method for constrained IoT devices such as wireless sensors devices and/or actuators. The solution uses visible light communication (VLC) for the initial configuration of the IoT devices. The VLC system consists of a modulated light source such as a smartphone screen and a very simple photodetector. We analyze known coding and modulation techniques used for the VLC and propose BlinkComm, a differential coding technique that achieves threefold increase in transmission speed compared to existing solutions. We showed through experiments with 32 participants that the proposed solution achieves fast completion times and low error rates as well as high user satisfaction levels.

An Experimental Connectivity Performance of Simple Wireless Mesh Implementation Using Wireless Distribution System (WDS)

Today wireless technology grows rapidly, especially in the field of telecommunications and communications. Computer networks now widely utilizes wireless. Wireless Mesh Network is one of the method which is use to communicate computer wirelessly. One important factor in application of wireless network is how to extend wireless signal coverage. Wireless Distribution System is one way to expand the wireless network by mean of wireless interconnection of access point on the network IEEE 8022.11. This study suggests how to build a simple wireless computer network using WDS technology and describes connectivity performance and its signal coverage. The test result of connectivity performance shows that the connectivity between two computers work properly for reliability and multi SSID testing. However, the connectivity was not success in multichannel testing. Furthermore the test result of coverage shows that the range of wireless signal coverage reaches 39 meters with different circumstance room.

Interference-Aware Wireless Network-on-Chip Architecture Using Directional Antennas

Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) has been recently introduced for addressing the scalability limitations of conventional multi-hop NoC architectures. Existing WiNoC architectures generally use millimeter-wave antennas without significant directional gains, along with token passing protocol to access the shared wireless medium. This limits the achievable performance benefits since only one wireless pair can communicate at a time. It is also not practical in the immediate future to arbitrarily scale up the number of non-overlapping channels by designing transceivers operating in disjoint frequency bands in the millimeter-wave spectrum commonly adopted for on-chip wireless interconnects. Consequently, we explore the use of directional antennas whereby multiple wireless interconnect pairs can communicate simultaneously. However, concurrent wireless communications can result in interference. This can be minimized in NoC by optimal placement of wireless interfaces (WIs) to maximize performance while minimizing interference. To address this, we propose an interference-aware WIs placement algorithm with routing strategy for WiNoC architecture by incorporating directional planar log-periodic antennas (PLPAs). This directional wireless network-on-chip (DWiNoC) architecture enables point-to-point links between transceivers and hence multiple wireless links can operate at the same time without interference.

A Lightweight Routing Protocol for aWireless Video Surveillance Platform: Implementation, Experiments and Perspectives

Recently, a new application of wireless sensor networks has emerged and it consists on Multimedia Surveillance Wireless Sensor Networks (MSWSNs). This application involves interconnected wireless video sensors capable of processing, sending, and receiving data. The first step in this work is to setu

An Exploration to Location Based Service and Its Privacy Preserving Techniques: A Survey

Mobile gadgets today are swaggering computing potential and memory at par or at times even higher to that found in desktop personal computers. A wireless interconnection has turned out to be considerably more readily accessible these days. As individuals are growing mobile with regard to the fast lifestyle and working pattern, a new, smarter system came into existence that is termed as ‘Location Based Service’ (LBS). Such a system amalgamates the location data of a user with smart applications to deliver demanded services. Although LBS provide major openings for a large variety of markets and remarkable convenience to the end user, it also presents subtle privacy attack to user’s location information. Threat to the privacy sneaks into the system due to the prerequisite of sending user’s current location to the LBS provider to attain related services. Since the volume of data gathered from dynamic or stationary mobile users using LBS can be high, it is vital to outline the frameworks and systems in a manner that is secure and keep the location information private. In this paper, we perform an exploratory survey about the various techniques that have been suggested by many researchers based on centralized and distributed approaches, to preserve location privacy of the user. A large portion of these techniques has a trade-off between privacy, efficiency, applicability and quality of service. This paper details and analyses the various existing techniques for preserving location privacy of the participating user in LBS.

On-chip wireless silicon photonics: from reconfigurable interconnects to lab-on-chip devices

Photonic integrated circuits are developing as key enabling components for high-performance computing and advanced network-on-chip, as well as other emerging technologies such as lab-on-chip sensors, with relevant applications in areas from medicine and biotechnology to aerospace. These demanding applications will require novel features, such as dynamically reconfigurable light pathways, obtained by properly harnessing on-chip optical radiation. In this paper, we introduce a broadband, high directivity (>150), low loss and reconfigurable silicon photonics nanoantenna that fully enables on-chip radiation control. We propose the use of these nanoantennas as versatile building blocks to develop wireless (unguided) silicon photonic devices, which considerably enhance the range of achievable integrated photonic functionalities. As examples of applications, we demonstrate 160 Gbit s−1 data transmission over mm-scale wireless interconnects, a compact low-crosstalk 12-port crossing and electrically reconfigurable pathways via optical beam steering. Moreover, the realization of a flow micro-cytometer for particle characterization demonstrates the smart system integration potential of our approach as lab-on-chip devices.

A Wireless Interconnection Framework for Seamless Inter and Intra-Chip Communication in Multichip Systems

Computing modules in typical datacenter nodes or server racks consist of several multicore chips either on a board or in a System-in-Package (SiP) environment. State-of-the-art inter-chip communication over wireline channels require data signals to travel from internal nets to the peripheral I/O ports and then get routed over the inter-chip channels to the I/O port of the destination chip. Following this, the data is finally routed from the I/O to internal nets of the destination chip over a wireline interconnect fabric. This multihop communication increases energy consumption while decreasing data bandwidth in a multichip system. Also, traditional I/O does not scale well with technology generations due to limitations of pitch. Moreover, intra-chip and inter-chip communication protocol within such a multichip system is often decoupled to facilitate design flexibility. However, a seamless interconnection between on-chip and off-chip data transfer can improve the communication efficiency significantly. Here, we propose the design of a seamless hybrid wired and wireless interconnection network for multichip systems with dimensions spanning up to tens of centimeters with on-chip wireless transceivers. We demonstrate with cycle accurate simulations that such a design increases the bandwidth and reduces the energy consumption in comparison to state-of-the-art wireline I/O based multichip communication.

Wireless Interconnect in Multilayer Chip-Area-Networks for Future Multimaterial High-Speed Systems Design

Wireless chip area network which enables wireless communication among chips fosters development in wireless communication and it is envisioned that future hardware system and developmental functionality will require multimaterial. However, the traditional system architecture is limited by channel bandwidth-limited interfaces, throughput, delay, and power consumption and as a result limits the efficiency and system performance. Wireless interconnect has been proposed to overcome scalability and performance limitations of multihop wired architectures. Characterization and modeling of channel become more important for specification of choice of modulation or demodulation techniques, channel bandwidths, and other mitigation techniques for channel distortion and interference such as equalization. This paper presents an analytical channel model for characterization, modeling, and analysis of wireless chip-to-chip or interchip interconnects in wireless chip area network with a particular focus on large-scale analysis. The proposed model accounts for both static and dynamic channel losses/attenuation in high-speed systems. Simulation and evaluation of the model with experimental data conducted in a computer desktop casing depict that proposed model matched measurement data very closely. The transmission of EM waves via a medium introduces molecular absorption due to various molecules within the material substance. This model is a representative of channel loss profile in wireless chip-area-network communication and good for future electronic circuits and high-speed systems design.

An 20-Gb/s W-Band OOK CMOS Receiver for High-Speed Wireless Interconnect

This letter presents a high-speed and low-power consuming on-off keying (OOK) receiver implemented on 65-nm Si-CMOS process. The receiver uses OOK modulation for the low-power consumption and operates at a high-data rate due to wide-bandwidth circuitry. The receiver consists of a wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA), a gain-boosting detector and a third-order active feedback amplifier. The receiver consumes 46 mW at 1 V supply and occupies 0.64 mm2 including all pads. The receiver achieves 20 Gb/s at a bit-error rate (BER) less than $10^{\mathrm {-11}}$ for $2^{7}$ -1 pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS). The sensitivity is −29 dBm at 20 Gb/s data rate, and the energy per bit exhibits 2.3 pJ/bit. To the best of our knowledge, this receiver achieves the highest data rate at the single carrier modulation and the lowest energy per bit among the previously published millimeter-wave Si-CMOS OOK receivers.

Thin-Film Technology for Large-Area / CMOS Hybrid Systems

1. Hybrid large-area thin-film / CMOS systems with wireless power transfer We have been developing demonstrations of large-area electronic systems that combine thin-film components and circuits with CMOS. While only thin-film technology can cover large areas economically at a high device density, it lacks the speed needed for computation and communication. Thin-film technology also can exhibit substantial device-to-device variations. CMOS, on the other hand, has the speed required for control, computation and communication but cannot be applied economically as sensor arrays over large surfaces areas. The multitude of sensor applications envisaged for large-area electronics draws from diverse materials technologies, which are difficult to integrate monolithically. Therefore we fabricate subsystem sheets and integrate them to complete systems by lamination. In this presentation we discuss requirements that passive and active film components must meet for this hybrid technology, in particular wireless contacts, thin-film transistors for oscillator circuits, and thin-film blocking diodes and rectifiers. Also, we will show how thin-film circuits can be designed, and signals from thin-film sensors processed in the thin-film domain, to overcome drawbacks of thin-film transistors, such as noise and device-to-device variability. 2. Passive backplane, inductive and capacitive coupling We fabricate subsystems on separate substrates, which are then laminated. Interconnects are made by inductive or capacitive coupling, instead of via-type metallurgy. Such wireless interconnects are robust against variations in sheet and adhesive thickness. In addition, inductive interfaces enable voltage step-up from low-voltage CMOS to higher-voltage a-Si TFTs. Capacitive interfaces have low parasitic power consumption and high power efficiency at low frequency. The large surfaces that are available offer the freedom of designing inductors and capacitors for optimal circuit performance. The typically largest-area substrate is a passive backplane that also carries in-plane conductor interconnects. 3. Thin-film LC oscillator for inductive power transfer For power transfer from a solar power harvesting subsystem to a load on another sheet the DC power from the solar cell is converted to AC. The need to obtain positive feedback for meeting the oscillation condition identifies the importance of the parasitic capacitance CPar, which originates in the gate/source-drain overlap capacitances of the TFTs; reducing CPar is not practical when fabricating LAE on plastic substrates. To compensate the effect of CPar the TFT gate resistance RGate can be reduced effectively by sandwiching Al in a Cr/Al/Cr tri-layer gate electrode. Because a cross-coupled oscillator circuit resonates with its CPar, its frequency can exceed the TFTs’ cutoff frequency fT . This is important, as the fT of a-Si TFTs is ~ 1 MHz, while the inductive power transfer efficiency reaches its maximum at several MHz. 4. Thin-film rectifier Besides diode-connected TFTs, we use Cr/a-Si and Cr/a-Si/n+Si Schottky diodes. In both devices the barrier is formed at the Cr/a-Si contact; the n+ layer is introduced to minimize the series resistance of the diode. Because of its low reverse leakage, the Cr/a-Si Schottky is preferred as the blocking diode that prevents the thin-film battery (not shown) from discharging. On the other hand, power-efficient demodulation in the LAE domain, of ac signals received from the CMOS domain, relies on Cr/a-Si/n+Si Schottky diodes. Given their higher current density these can be made smaller, leading to a lower capacitance, and a lower forward voltage drop, than Cr/a-Si Schottkys. 5. Thin-film transistors For the majority of applications the transconductance gm, hence the field-effect mobility of the charge carrier, is the decisive measure of TFT performance. It is worth noting, though, that other parameters may also be of importance. In an image detection system based on classifiers, TFT variability rather than gm is found to be the more important parameter for system performance. Flicker noise in the 1 Hz to 10 kHz range can bury signals generated by body-worn sensors. 6. Acknowledgements Funding provided by Systems on Nanoscale Information fabriCs (SONIC) sponsored by MARCO & DARPA, and NSF grants ECCS-1202168 and CCF-1218206.

Enabling inter- and intra-chip optical wireless interconnect by the aid of hybrid plasmonic leaky-wave optical antennas

In this paper, we propose a new method to provide optical link in Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs). The proposed method uses two hybrid plasmonic leaky-wave optical antennas, operating at the standard optical telecommunication wavelength of 1.55μm, to provide inter-chip interconnect between two layers in a photonic chip and also intra-chip interconnect between two different photonic ICs. Linearly tapered couplers are designed to couple the optical signal from the silicon waveguide to the hybrid plasmonic antennas. The performance of the proposed optical link is verified using numerical full wave simulation. The proposed structure is planar, and can be fabricated using standard CMOS technology which makes it the superior candidate for realization of future multi-layered Photonic Integrated Circuits.

A Novel Approach to Optimize Fault-Tolerant Hybrid Wireless Network-on-Chip Architectures

Wireless Network-on-Chip (WNoC) architectures have emerged as a promising interconnection infrastructure to address the performance limitations of traditional wire-based multihop NOCs. Nevertheless, the WNoC systems encounter high failure rates due to problems pertaining to integration and manufacturing of wireless interconnection in nano-domain technology. As a result, the permanent failures may lead to the formation of any shape of faulty regions in the interconnection network, which can break down the whole system. This issue is not investigated in previous studies on WNoC architectures. Our solution advocates the adoption of communication structures with both node and link on disjoint paths. On the other hand, the imposed costs of WNoC design must be reasonable. Hence, a novel approach to design an optimized fault-tolerant hybrid hierarchical WNoC architecture for enhancing performance as well as minimizing system costs is proposed. The experimental results indicate that the robustness of this newly proposed design is significantly enhanced in comparison with its the fault-tolerant wire-based counterparts in the presence of various faulty regions under both synthetic and application-specific traffic patterns.

A Method for Trust Quantification in Cloud Computing Environments

Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) are emerging technologies that have experienced rapid development in recent years. While cloud computing presents a new platform over which services are offered to the user more conveniently, IoT facilitates the collection of a large amount of data via interconnected wireless sensors for event monitoring and control. In such environments, ownership and control over the data may lead to potential conflict between the protection of data and the provision of services. Thus, cloud security has received a great deal of attention in recent years. In this paper, we propose a method for trust quantification based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory for cloud computing to protect user data through trust quantification of cloud services after we introduce trust ontology for cloud services and define user preference trust values. By enhancing the existing trust concept based on dynamic requirements, we introduce some cloud service attributes to study layered service representation for trust preference and then apply the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory to perform trust quantification. We also perform some experiment to show that the proposed method is effective and can dynamically perform trust quantification to deal with malicious acts of nonfaithful services.

Autonomous and Mobile Prototype of Curvature Sensor with Remote Reliable Communication of Spectral Curvature

Through the creation and construction of a curvature sensor of accelerometer type, using the spectral curvature concept or curvature energy that measures curvature in Volts/m3, an autonomous and mobile censorship of curvature sensing with reliable data transmission/reception in real time and remote position is designed and constructed considering the spectra of curvature of the measured curvature energy during the advance of the prototype as the normed measure by with β , a constant rationalized parameter according with the required advance of the mobile device in the control scale of their velocity. Likewise, the sensed curvature data are digitalized through wireless interconnectivity using a HC-05 Module with a programmable device that includes logic blocks whose interconnection and functionality can be configured according to the sensor measure in situs. Also an application is planted to the obtaining of an energy plus due to the curvature that could be used in the displacement of a vehicle.

Flashing displays: user-friendly solution for bootstrapping secure associations between multiple constrained wireless devices

Future healthcare systems, smart homes, and similar will involve a large number of smart inter-connected wireless devices (such as wireless sensor nodes). One of the major challenges to securing these systems presents loading initial cryptographic credentials into a relatively large number of wireless devices. Furthermore, many of these technologies involve low-cost and highly interface constrained devices (lacking usual wired interfaces, displays, keypads, and alike). We propose two novel multichannel key deployment schemes for wireless networks that only require a presence of a light source device, such as a multi-touch screen (tablet or smartphone device). The first key deployment scheme is based on secret key cryptography and is suitable for interface/resource-constrained wireless devices. The second scheme assumes a strong attacker and requires the use of public key cryptography. In both our solutions, we use one-way visible light channel of multi-touch screens (flashing displays) to initialize devices in a secure, usable, and scalable way. From the user's perspective, this boils down to placing the devices on the multitouch screen after which the remaining process is fully automatized. We showed through the experiments with 48 users that our solution is user-friendly and scales linearly with the number of nodes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A-WiNoC: Adaptive Wireless Network-on-Chip Architecture for Chip Multiprocessors

With the rise of chip multiprocessors, an energy-efficient communication fabric is required to satisfy the data rate requirements of future multi-core systems. The Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm is fast becoming the standard communication infrastructure to provide scalable inter-core communication. However, research has shown that metallic interconnects cause high latency and consume excess energy in NoC architectures. Emerging technologies such as on-chip wireless interconnects can alleviate the power and bandwidth problems of traditional metallic NoCs. In this paper, we propose A-WiNoC , a scalable, adaptable wireless Network-on-Chip architecture that uses energy efficient wireless transceivers and improves network throughput by dynamically re-assigning channels in response to bandwidth demands from different cores. To implement such adaptability in our network at run-time, we propose an adaptable algorithm that works in the background along with a token sharing scheme to fully utilize the wireless bandwidth efficiently. Since no wireless NoC design has been completely realized with current technology, we describe technology trends in designing energy-efficient wireless transceivers with emerging technologies. We compare our proposed A-WiNoC to both wireless and wired topologies at 64 cores, with results showing a 1.4-2.6 $\times$ speedup on real applications and a 54 percent improvement in throughput for synthetic traffic. Using Synopsys Design Compiler, our results indicate that A-WiNoC saves 25-35 percent energy over other state-of-the-art networks. We show that A-WiNoC can scale to 256 cores with an energy improvement of 21 percent and a saturation throughput increase of approximately 37 percent.

Electrically and Magnetically Biased Graphene-Based Cylindrical Waveguides: Analysis and Applications as Reconfigurable Antennas

The propagation of surface waves along electrically and magnetically biased graphene-based cylindrical waveguides (GCWs) is investigated in detail. Analytical dispersion equations are derived for several GCW geometries, considering the presence of an inner metallic core and multiple (coaxial-like) graphene layers. The proposed formulation reveals a fundamental connection between surface plasmons found in GCWs/carbon nanotubes and planar graphene structures. Numerical results confirm the higher confinement of modes supported by GCWs compared with their planar counterparts, while keeping a similar level of losses. The proposed structure is applied to develop plasmonic reconfigurable dipole antennas in the low THz band, which provide higher radiation efficiency than current graphene-based radiators, without requiring the presence of bulky lenses. We envision that the proposed GCWs may find application in reconfigurable THz transceivers, near-field application, wireless interconnects, and sensing systems.