Wireless Handheld Research Articles

Validation of wireless impact echo prototype for condition assessment of concrete structures

A new wireless impact echo prototype was developed for the condition assessment of reinforced concrete slabs. The new system includes a wireless handheld sensing device which connects by Bluetooth to a tablet equipped with a user-friendly software for managing the testing grid, recording measurements, processing and transforming the data to a frequency domain, and presenting the results in real time. To validate the device, three large-scale concrete slabs of dimensions 2000 mm x 2000 mm x 300 mm were fabricated with artificial defects including voids, delamination, vertical cracks, and geometric discontinuities. The influence of slab boundaries, defect depth and location, overall thickness, steel reinforcement, and an internal conduit on the obtained measurements were investigated. The results were also compared with other commercial non-destructive testing devices including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPE), and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Overall, the results suggest that the impact echo technique using the new wireless prototype is able to accurately detect and characterise various defect types provided that the right size of impactor is used. Use of improper impactor sizes can result in alternative vibration modes depending on the slab thickness and defect depth; in that case, multiple readings may be required. The new system greatly improved the ease-of-use of the impact echo technique, although the inspector should be trained to properly interpret the results. Compared with the GPR technique, the impact echo system was not as rapid and unable to detect the location of steel reinforcement; on the other hand, it was better able to detect defects in the presence of steel bars which tended to obscure readings using GPR. UPE measurements were also faster than the impact echo tests and performed well for slab thickness measurements and detection of certain defect types; however, readings were found to be affected by the presence of steel reinforcement and in some cases were inconsistent. Overall, it may be concluded that each technique presents certain strengths and weaknesses that should be considered in the condition assessment strategy. The results obtained from each technique are complementary and may be used to develop a complete understanding of the internal state of the structure.

A SURVEY ON HAND GESTURE CONTROLLED ROVER

The Gesture Controlled Rover is a robot that responds to simple human motions. Robots these days are playing quite a significant role in day-to-day life. This work aims to propose a new technique to operate a robot by utilizing gestures, as well as to develop a remote-control robot that can be controlled using only gestures from a distance. A gesture gadget is to be worn by a user that has a sensor attached to it. As instructed by this user, the sensor records the movement made and thus the robot will move in the same instructed direction. This concept can be used to create a robot whose navigation can be automated. Gesture commands that the user can freely train can be utilized to control external devices using a handheld wireless sensor unit. The accelerometer is controlled by hand movements. The signals received by the accelerometer are then processed by the Arduino microcontroller. The robot is moved in the instructed direction by the microcontroller. The sensors have control over vehicle since they act as the remote control that controls the vehicle. The user will be able to control the bot's forward, backward, left, and right movements using the same accelerometer sensor that controls the bot's throttle. The differential mechanism controls the robot's movement.

A Study to assess the Behavioral Changes Related to Mobile Phone usage Observed by Parents of School Going Children in Selected Areas of Sasaram

A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make and receive calls. While the earliest generation of mobile phones could only make and receive calls, today’s mobile phones do a lot more, accommodating web browsers, games, cameras, video players and navigational systems. While mobile phones used to be mainly known as “cell phones” or cellular phones, today’s mobile phones are more commonly called “smartphones” because of all of the extra voice and data services that they offer. Objectives: To assess the behavioral changes related to mobile phone usage observed by parents of school going children. To find out association with selected demographic variables and behaviour changes. And the total sample of the research is 60. Methodology: The research approach was descriptive approach and research design is a one group. The study was conduct on school going children at selected areas of Sasaram. Non-probability convenience sampling techniques adopt. Number of sample size is 60 who played the video games frequently. Data collection was done by the survey by the researcher. Data was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics came up with the following findings. Result: The result show of the study in there 60 sample (8%) day students were having mild behavior change, (83.33%) students were having moderate behaviour change and (8.67%) students were having severe behavior change. Due to excessive time spent on the phone. Found that those participants who spent more time with phone lead to more behaviour changes. Statically there is no any significant association was found. Recommendation: The findings of the present study can be used as a guide of future research. Interventional study can be undertaken to reduce the behavior change. A study can be conducted in preventing aspect of stress. To make the recommendation to the government to arrange compulsory medical check-up on the yearly basis for the nursing personnel. Conclusion: The present study was aimed at assessing the level behaviour change among school going student and its consequences. This show that these variables had influence level of behaviour change in the study.

Rapid self-test of unprocessed viruses of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in saliva by portable wireless graphene biosensor

We have developed a DNA aptamer-conjugated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensor platform to detect receptor-binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins, as well as viral particles of original Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus and its variants in saliva samples. The GFET biosensor is a label-free, rapid (≤20 min), ultrasensitive handheld wireless readout device. The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantitation (LoQ) of the sensor are 1.28 and 3.89 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL for S protein and 1.45 and 4.39 PFU/mL for N protein, respectively. Cognate spike proteins of major variants of concern (N501Y, D614G, Y453F, Omicron-B1.1.529) showed sensor response ≥40 mV from the control (aptamer alone) for fM to nM concentration range. The sensor response was significantly lower for viral particles and cognate proteins of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) compared to SARS-CoV-2, indicating the specificity of the diagnostic platform for SARS-CoV-2 vs. MERS viral proteins. During the early phase of the pandemic, the GFET sensor response agreed with RT-PCR data for oral human samples, as determined by the negative percent agreement (NPA) and positive percent agreement (PPA). During the recent Delta/Omicron wave, the GFET sensor also reliably distinguished positive and negative clinical saliva samples. Although the sensitivity is lower during the later pandemic phase, the GFET-defined positivity rate is in statistically close alignment with the epidemiological population-scale data. Thus, the aptamer-based GFET biosensor has a high level of precision in clinically and epidemiologically significant SARS-CoV-2 variant detection. This universal pathogen-sensing platform is amenable for a broad range of public health applications and real-time environmental monitoring.

A compact frequency reconfigurable patch antenna with asymmetric armed U and reversed L slots for handheld wireless devices

Abstract A frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with a combination of an asymmetric armed U-slot and a reversed L-slot etched on a rectangular base patch of 6 GHz resonant frequency designed on an FR4 substrate (ɛr = 4.4) is presented in this paper. Three RF PIN diodes are positioned at inimitable sites of these slots to achieve frequency reconfiguration. A DC bias circuitry, which includes DC blocking capacitors and RF blocking inductors, is integrated with the antenna structure for switching (ON/OFF) the PIN diodes. Six reconfigurable modes with resonant frequencies at 4.33, 4.63, 5.24, 5.87, 5.96, and 6.29 GHz is obtained with different ON-OFF combinations of these PIN diodes. These reconfigurable resonant frequencies cover two continuous bands from 4.21 to 5.43 GHz and 5.69 to 6.6 GHz and is considered to be useful for the applications like aeronautical radio navigation (4.3 GHz), sub-6-GHz 5G (4.4–5 GHz), WLAN (5.2 and 5.8 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6E (5.925–6.425 GHz). Measured gain of the antenna for all the modes varies between 5.86 dBi and 8.72 dBi.

MetalCloud: Wireless and Battery Operated Handheld Storage Drive

MetalCloud: Wireless and Battery Operated Handheld Storage Drive

A dual‐band circular patch antenna using hexagon‐shaped slots

SummaryThis paper presents the design of a dual‐band circular patch antenna for the application requirements of wireless handheld devices and various wireless sensor modules operating in WiMax and 5G NR Bands. The design originated from a single‐band conventional circular patch antenna and ended up with a dual‐band circular patch. A novel hexagon‐shaped slot was preferred to achieve dual‐band performance in the circular patch antenna. The simulation level performance of the antenna is verified using the Advanced Design System 2019 tool. An FR4 material with a height of 1.6 mm is selected as a substrate for the patch antennas. The return loss and radiation pattern behaviour of the patch antennas are measured using a network analyser and an anechoic chamber. The fabricated prototype achieves dual‐band performance at 3.47 and 6.96 GHz. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed hexagonal‐shaped slot in the circular patch provides a dual‐band behaviour.

Multifunctional Periodontal Probes and Their Handheld Electronic System for Simultaneous Temperature, pH, and Depth Measurements

Microscale temperature and pH sensors, contained within an area of 125 μm × 750 μm, were fabricated on disposable 3D printed periodontal probe tips (0.5-mm diameter) with Marquis color-coded calibration marks using microfabrication and electrochemical methods. The probe tips were inserted in a reusable, wireless handheld electronic system that records the temperature and pH of specific oral sites such as a gingival sulcus. The linear response and precision of each sensor were tested in solutions of varying temperature and pH representing the physiological range of the oral cavity. The temperature and pH sensors showed linear response from 25 °C to 60 °C (±0.1 °C) and pH 4.0 to pH 8.0 (±0.1 pH unit), respectively. A calibration function performed by the system software increased precision between probes tenfold for temperature sensors (deviation range: 0.69 °C to –0.07 °C) and twofold for pH sensors (deviation range: 0.07 to 0.04). Wireless communication along with compatible software provides portability and facilitates chairside use. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and pH along with gingival sulcus depth may detect early signs of inflammation that current methods, such as probing and radiography, may not identify, thus minimizing potential tissue damage caused by periodontal disease.

Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR combined with dual-color fluorescent lateral flow assay for the discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations with a handheld wireless reader.

Several virulent variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged along with the spread of this virus throughout the population. Some variants can exhibit increased transmissibility and reduced immune neutralization reactivity. These changes are deeply concerning issues that may hinder the ongoing effort of epidemic control measures, especially mass vaccination campaigns. The accurate discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants is essential to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Herein, we report a low-cost, facile, and highly sensitive diagnostic platform that can simultaneously distinguish wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and its two mutations, namely, D614G and N501Y, within 2 h. WT or mutant (M) nucleic acid fragments at each allelic locus were selectively amplified by the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR assay. Allele-specific amplicons were simultaneously detected by two test lines on a quantum dot nanobead (QB)-based dual-color fluorescent test strip, which could be interpreted by the naked eye or by a home-made fluorescent strip readout device that was wirelessly connected to a smartphone for quantitative data analysis and result presentation. The WT and M viruses were indicated and were strictly discriminated by the presence of a green or red band on test line 1 for the D614G site and test line 2 for the N501Y site. The limits of detection (LODs) for the WT and M D614G were estimated as 78.91 and 33.53 copies per μL, respectively. This assay was also modified for the simultaneous detection of the N and ORF1ab genes of SARS-CoV-2 with LODs of 1.90 and 6.07 copies per μL, respectively. The proposed platform can provide a simple, accurate, and affordable diagnostic approach for the screening of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern even in resource-limited settings.

Improving security and privacy in VANET network using node authentication

The security of vehicular ad hoc networks is a serious problem (VANETs). Group- based communication on VANETs is a well-studied issue. Creating a group and distributing a key to a large number of fast-moving vehicles for secure communication is a significant security problem for VANETs. Distributed keys in VANETs enable the secure participation of vehicles that were not present when the group was created. Using polynomial interpolation, this study provides a new distributed key technique for safe group administration in VANET. This allows attackers to either steal the identity of the legal intermediary node or directly join the identified data transfer path. As a result, VANETs are particularly vulnerable to assaults. Also, the number of VANET applications has increased significantly in recent years due to advances in handheld device technology and wireless network deployment technologies. The flooding assault might target the targeted node or the network as a whole. This exploit targets network resources such when two hostile nodes (attackers) spread incorrect network information to their neighbors during routing table building, they become intermediate nodes on the designated route and discard data packets during communication. The proposed approach not only offers a distributed key for vehicles to form, join, and interact in the group, but it also provides and controls key distribution to ensure the security of VANETs. The experimental findings show that the suggested system is a safe option for group communication in VANETs.

Design and development of remote‐control system for two‐wheel paddy transplanter

AbstractTo reduce the human effort involved in walk‐behind paddy transplanter operation, a remote‐control system consisting of an electronic control unit (ECU) was designed and developed. A separate remote handheld wireless kit was developed to control the ECU. The deviation from a straight‐line path was measured by mounting a real‐time kinematic global satellite navigation system on the transplanter to provide a real‐time plot of the navigation path of the transplanter. The results from the field evaluation revealed that the system worked properly with an effective field capacity of 0.16 ± 0.03 ha h−1 with a field efficiency of 73.05% ± 0.35% at 1.8 km h−1 in sandy loam soil. The mean deviation from the predefined straight path was 0.227 ± 0.041 m for the remote‐controlled transplanter as compared to 0.171 ± 0.041 m for a manually operated transplanter. The net benefit of using the transplanter with the developed system was $40 per hectare and $2084 per year with a payback period of 2.7 years. The developed remote‐control system reduced the drudgery/fatigue by up to 90% and increased the operator's work efficiency. In addition, an operator sitting in a safe and comfortable environment outside the puddled field improved the field capacity of paddy transplanters by up to 10% and helped minimize the effects of labor shortage during the transplanting season.

Validation of a novel handheld 3D ultrasound system for imaging scoliosis - phantom study.

Use of 3D ultrasound (US) scanners to detect and monitor scoliosis have been validated. The Cobb angle, axial vertebral rotation, spinal flexibility, curvatures in the sagittal profile and the Cobb angle on the plane of maximum curvature (PMC) can be measured from coronal, transverse and sagittal planes of ultrasound images. However, traditional 3D ultrasound scanners are relatively bulky and expensive. 2D US handheld and low-cost scanners are widely available. To adapt the 2D scanners for scoliosis applications, a position and orientation system is integrated with the scanner. The objective of this study was to validate a newly developed 3D handheld US system to image the spine. The wireless handheld US scanner (C3-HD, Clarius, Canada) was selected because of its high resolution and availability of raw data. A wireless tracking system based on electromagnetic (G4 system, Polhemus, USA) was integrated with the Clarius ultrasound. During scanning, the ultrasound information was synchronized with the scanner's position and orientation by using custom developed software. Both information were streamed wirelessly to a laptop. Custom software reconstructed and displayed the 3D spinal image in real-time. A single 3D printed vertebra, two full plastic spine phantoms from T1-T12 vertebrae and a non-scoliotic volunteer were scanned. The 3D reconstruction process of a spine image was less than 3 seconds. The dimensional and the angle errors were 1 mm and 3°, respectively. This study demonstrated that a low-cost ($11,000 USD) handheld 3D ultrasound system was developed and validated. Clinical trials on subjects attending will be the next step.

Home Spirometry Telemonitoring for Early Detection of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease

Early detection of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) depends on recognition of subclinical spirometric changes, which is possible only with frequent interval spirometry. We evaluated the feasibility of home monitoring of weekly spirometry via a wireless handheld device and a web monitoring portal in a cohort of high-risk patients for the detection of lung function changes preceding BOS diagnosis. In this observational study, 46 patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease or a decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of unclear etiology after allogeneic HCT were enrolled to perform weekly home spirometry with a wireless portable spirometer for a period of 1 year. Measurements were transmitted wirelessly to a Cloud-based monitoring portal. Feasibility evaluation included adherence with study procedures and an assessment of the home spirometry measurements compared with laboratory pulmonary function tests. Thirty-six patients (78%) completed 1 year of weekly monitoring. Overall adherence with weekly home spirometry measurements was 72% (interquartile range, 47% to 90%), which did not meet the predetermined threshold of 75% for high adherence. Correlation of home FEV1 with laboratory FEV1 was high, with a bias of 0.123 L (lower limit, -0.294 L; upper limit, 0.541 L), which is within acceptable limits for reliability. Of the 12 patients who were diagnosed with BOS or suspected BOS during the study period, 9 had an antecedent FEV1 decline detected by home spirometry. Our data indicate that wireless handheld spirometry performed at home in a high-risk HCT cohort is feasible for close monitoring of pulmonary function and appears to facilitate early detection of BOS.

Accuracy of Clarius, Handheld Wireless Point-of-Care Ultrasound, in Evaluating Prostate Morphology and Volume Compared to Radical Prostatectomy Specimen Weight: Is There a Difference between Transabdominal vs Transrectal Approach?

Background: Prostate size estimation is a valuable clinical measure widely utilized in urology. This study evaluated the accuracy of preoperative transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) compared to radical prostatectomy specimens and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in estimating prostate volume and identifying presence of median lobe, across different size groups, using the standard ellipsoid formula. The effect of median lobe on accuracy was also assessed. Materials and Methods: Ninety-eight men undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were enrolled in this study. Preoperative evaluation of prostate volume was done using measurements obtained from TAUS using the Clarius C3 handheld wireless point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) and from TRUS Clarius EC7. Participants were grouped based on prostate size (<30, 30-60, and >60 g). Mean absolute percentage of error was used to evaluate accuracy. Mean percentage of error determined if there was an overestimation or underestimation. Correlation between each TAUS size group, true prostate weight and TRUS was assessed. Results: Irrespective of body mass index, TAUS accurately identified median lobe in all men. No statistically significant difference was found between specimen weight and TAUS prostate size for the >60 g group. Among this same group, a strong correlation was noted between specimen weight and TAUS prostate size (r = 0.911, p < 0.001). There was also a strong correlation between TAUS and TRUS measurements for this group (r = 0.950, p < 0.001). Presence of median lobe did not have an impact on measurement accuracy. Conclusions: Bedside handheld wireless POCUS provides rapid, inexpensive, noninvasive, and clinically accurate TAUS prostate assessments for larger prostates. Such features as identifying median lobes and measuring prostate volumes are valuable tools, whereas patient counseling on lower urinary tract symptoms, elevated prostate-specific antigen, and benign prostate hyperplasia are surgical options.

Comparison of the effect of two teaching methods on surgical technologist students' learning and satisfaction (flashcards vs. mobile-based learning).

BACKGROUND:M-learning is “learning across multiple contexts, through social and content interactions, using simple hand-held technologies, wireless and mobile network. This personal electronic device is a way to facilitate the transfer of learning and improve teaching. Hence, the researchers decided to design a mobile-based learning application to teach surgical instruments comprehensively and compare students’ learning and satisfaction in both mobile-based learning and flashcards methods.MATERIALS AND METHODS:An interventional study was conducted on surgical technologist students in Alborz University of medical science (2019). Students were divided into two groups: flashcards (n = 21) and mobile application learning group (n = 21). The difference of pre- and post-test scores was considered for the evaluation of learning level in two groups. Data were entered into SPSS 20.0 software and analyzed by statistics tests. Data were analyzed by a paired t-test, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient.RESULTS:There was no significant difference in students’ knowledge level between two groups before intervention (P = 0.87) but there was significant difference between groups after the intervention (P = 0.003). In the evaluation of student's satisfaction, the mobile application was preferred by 84.28% of students.CONCLUSION:Given the effectiveness of using both methods (flashcards and mobile application), it is recommended that these methods especially mobile application be used for surgical instruments education.

M-commerce: New Business Opportunities in the Jewellery Industry

Mobile phones, or more accurately, smartphones, have revolutionized the diamond industry. To gain a competitive edge in India, diamond and jewelry producers, master diamond cutters, and graduate gemmologists specializing in diamonds are using M-commerce to deliver novel customer service choices to their clientele.Electronic commerce, also known as E-commerce, has revolutionized the way people do business. Through electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks, traders may buy and sell goods from anywhere in the globe. Many Indian diamantaires and jewellery manufacturers adapted to this approach and profited as a result. Mobile commerce appears to be next on the agenda. M-commerce, or mobile commerce, is billed as the next generation of wireless Ecommerce that eliminates the need for wires and plug-in devices. Handheld gadgets such as mobile phones or Personal Digital Assistants can be used to undertake financial and promotional activities (PDAs).Although not everyone will be interested in M-commerce in the next years, it is expected to develop significantly as more advanced wireless handheld accessories become available. Because it has a global customer, the Indian diamond sector is accepting it more quickly. To fully benefit from M-commerce, diamantaires and jewelry manufacturers should educate themselves on the subject so that they can have the necessary information and implement it in their businesses as needed.

DMRC Location Tracker and Alert System

It is a simple React-Native application used to get an alert before your destined metro station so that you can plan your journey accordingly without the fear of missing the destination. The purpose of this project is to design and construct a hand-held wireless tracking device so that the location of a person can be detected. Other than providing alert the application can also be used for women safety purpose. It focuses on one of the important problems of society that is eve-teasing. It makes the society to be aware of the misbehavior which is happening and to come forward for help. It enables women to be self-dependent and can handle any kind of unpredictable situation. It mainly shares the location based on GPS, (Global Positioning System). Pressing the SOS button it sends the emergency message with time and location to the emergency contacts and metro authorities. When the application triggers on the time of travelling it send the location to the emergency contacts with few images taken by the camera on spot, and a siren rings which gives immediate help.

Is the Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the Nordic Countries Caused by Use of Mobile Phones?

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized in 2011 radiofrequency (RF) as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B. During use of the handheld wireless phone, especially the smartphone, the thyroid gland is a target organ. During the 21st century, the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing in many countries. We used the Swedish Cancer Register to study trends from 1970 to 2017. During that time period, the incidence increased statistically significantly in women with average annual percentage change (AAPC) +2.13%, 95% confidence interval (CI) +1.43, +2.83%. The increase was especially pronounced during 2010–2017 with annual percentage change (APC) +9.65%, 95% CI +6.68, +12.71%. In men, AAPC increased during 1970–2017 with +1.49%, 95% CI +0.71, +2.28%. Highest increase was found for the time period 2001–2017 with APC +5.26%, 95% CI +4.05, +6.49%. Similar results were found for all Nordic countries based on NORDCAN 1970–2016 with APC +5.83%, 95% CI +4.56, +7.12 in women from 2006 to 2016 and APC + 5.48%, 95% CI +3.92, +7.06% in men from 2005 to 2016. According to the Swedish Cancer Register, the increasing incidence was similar for tumors ≤4 cm as for tumors >4 cm, indicating that the increase cannot be explained by overdiagnosis. These results are in agreement with recent results on increased thyroid cancer risk associated with the use of mobile phones. We postulate that RF radiation is a causative factor for the increasing thyroid cancer incidence.

Design of Wireless Communication System in Mine

In order to improve the control efficiency of large equipment such as scraper, transporter and crusher, and reduction in personnel, increased security factor, based on PLC automatic control and wireless interconnection technology, a mine wireless communication system including wireless control host, wireless handheld and wireless relay substation is developed. The system carried out industrial experiments on the mining face in coal mine. The test results show that the system is easy to install and maintain, the equipment is stable, the wireless signal covers no blind areas, the call is clear, the data transmission is reliable, and the wireless remote control of the large equipment is achieved.

A Compact Single-Layer Four-Port Orthogonally Polarized Yagi-Like MIMO Antenna System

A wideband compact Yagi-like directional multiple-input- multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is presented based on a slot loop excitation. Four orthogonally polarized beams are generated by orthogonally feeding the slot loop elements using microstrip lines. The proposed design is based on a single-layer geometry with an overall size of 35 × 90 × 0.76 mm3, which is suitable for compact wireless handheld devices. The conventional vertically polarized omnidirectional beams from each slot loop element are made directional and horizontally polarized by using two passive complementary slot reflector (CSR) elements. The antenna system has a wide measured bandwidth of 620 MHz (3.26-3.88 GHz) targeting the 3.6 GHz WiMAX band. It has a maximum realized gain of 4 dBi and front to back ratio (FBR) of more than 7 dB within the band of operation. The proposed antenna system shows good MIMO performance with a minimum measured isolation of 10 dB between the adjacent ports and more than 20 dB between other ports. The orthogonal beams of the antenna system help in achieving low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) values of less than 0.1. The measured total efficiency of the antenna system is more than 75% for all the ports of the antenna system.