Wireless Data Research Articles

Multi-sensing yarns for continuous wireless sweat lactate monitoring

Textile integrated sensors based on conductive, electrochemically active microfibers can enable inexpensive, nearly invisible distributed sensing of sweat in clothing. Reduced graphene oxide fibers are mechanically robust, conductive, and can be easily functionalized to form a variety of sensors with properties comparable to planar fabricated sensors, given their ability to work both as electrical interconnections and as a base electrode. Here, we present an electrochemical yarn based on modified dry-spun reduced graphene oxide fibers. This braided format contains reference, counter electrode, a lactate-responsive fiber functionalized with lactate oxidase, and a pH-sensing fiber for calibration in a single, robust, weavable format. This electrochemical yarn was integrated into a demonstrator wearable textile-patch capable of continuous data collection and wireless data transmitted to an ad-hoc app. The yarns perform comparably to traditional probes in a format of broad utility for standalone or integrated monitoring of physiological parameters.

Development of an ultra-low-cost wireless data acquisition system for monitoring strain and deflection

Strain gauges are gaining popularity for monitoring stress and strain within structural elements and for detecting and identifying structural damage. Although they are relatively inexpensive, they are not as widely used as accelerometers in structural health monitoring. This is due to several factors, such as the high cost of data acquisition systems required to collect strain data and the need for a large number of gauges to monitor a structure. Therefore, this research aims to develop a low-cost wireless strain gauge data acquisition system with acceptable accuracy and a high sampling rate. This system is composed of commonly available electronic components and open-source software, with a cost of $20. The system’s precision in measuring displacement was assessed in a laboratory experiment, and further experiments were conducted on an aluminum beam to investigate its response under both static and dynamic conditions. Additionally, the accuracy of the system for measuring deflection and strain in reinforced concrete elements was assessed through a bending test on a reinforced concrete beam. The findings indicated that the developed data acquisition system can accurately measure displacement, with a root mean square error of 0.1 mm, as well as strain values within the range of a few micro-strains.

Sensory artificial cilia for in situ monitoring of airway physiological properties

Continuously monitoring human airway conditions is crucial for timely interventions, especially when airway stents are implanted to alleviate central airway obstruction in lung cancer and other diseases. Mucus conditions, in particular, are important biomarkers for indicating inflammation and stent patency but remain challenging to monitor. Current methods, reliant on computational tomography imaging and bronchoscope inspection, pose risks due to radiation and lack the ability to provide continuous real-time feedback outside of hospitals. Inspired by the sensing ability of biological cilia, we report wireless sensing mechanisms in sensory artificial cilia for detecting mucus conditions, including viscosity and layer thickness, which are crucial biomarkers for disease severity. The sensing mechanism for mucus viscosity leverages external magnetic fields to actuate a magnetic artificial cilium and sense its shape using a flexible strain-gauge. Additionally, we report an artificial cilium with capacitance sensing for mucus layer thickness, offering unique self-calibration, adjustable sensitivity, and range, all enabled by external magnetic fields. To enable prolonged and wireless data access, we integrate Bluetooth Low Energy communication and onboard power, along with a wearable magnetic actuation system for sensor activation. We validate our method by deploying the sensor independently or in conjunction with an airway stent within a trachea phantom and sheep trachea ex vivo. The proposed sensing mechanisms and devices pave the way for real-time monitoring of mucus conditions, facilitating early disease detection and providing stent patency alerts, thereby allowing timely interventions and personalized care.

60-GHz Millimeter-Wave over Visible Light Communications for Downlink Wireless Networks

Background and Objective: In this paper, we address potential solution for downlink wireless communications by integrating visible light communications (VLC) with the broadband radio frequency (RF) networks operating at 60 GHz-millimeter wave (mmWave) band. For this hybrid design, the outdoor 60 GHz-mmWave based RF link is utilized to ensure backhaul connectivity for VLC indoor system, while the VLC exploiting the lighting infrastructure that essentially used LEDs as optical source to provide low-cost and high-speed data access. Methods: The hybrid 60 GHz-mmWave/VLC system is analyzed by using 16-QAM OFDM signal, and its performance is investigated by evaluating the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the received signal power distributions, for regular placement of LEDs and random location of receivers within the room. The impact of the transmitter-receiver parameters, and their orientations and directivities are also considered. Results: Numerical results show the efficiency of the proposed system, which can retransmit RF signals at 60 GHz-mmWave band using visible optical carriers in the indoor environment. Conclusion: The results suggest that the hybrid 60 GHz-mmWave/VLC system is able to provide reliable wireless data transmission, making it an attractive solution for downlink indoor communications.

A 2DEG‐Based GaN‐on‐Si Terahertz Modulator with Multi‐Mode Switchable Control

AbstractAs terahertz (THz) technology has been widely considered as a key candidate for future sixth‐generation wireless communication networks, THz modulators show profound significance in wireless communication, data storage, and imaging. In special, dynamic tuning of THz waves through 2D electron gas (2DEG) incorporated with a hybrid design of metasurface has attracted keen interest due to the combined merits of deliberate structural design, rapid switching speed and the process compatibility. Current meta‐modulator enables very high modulation depth but encounter limited bandwidth. In this paper, by taking into account the co‐functional effects of temperature and voltage‐dependent dynamic control on transmission amplitude, a 2DEG‐based GaN‐on‐Si modulator with two switchable operational states (or four modes) of active wave control is proposed. Under cryogenic temperature conditions, the proposed device exhibits prominent 2D plasmons characteristics with switchable transitions between the gated mode and ungated mode for active control. Under room temperature conditions, the proposed device exhibits non‐resonance broadband spectra characteristics with tunable transitions between the linearity mode and depletion mode for transmission control. The scheme provides an option for the development of the actively tunable THz meta‐modulator and paves a way for the robust multifunctionality of electrically controllable THz switching, and biosensors.

Real-Time IMU-Based Kinematics in the Presence of Wireless Data Drop.

Wireless inertial motion capture holds promise for real-time human-machine interfaces and home-based rehabilitation applications. However, wireless data drop can cause significant estimation errors deteriorating performance or even making the system unusable. It is currently unclear how to estimate non-periodic kinematics with wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) in the presence of wireless data drop (packet loss). We thus propose a novel inference encoder-decoder network model for real-time kinematics during dynamic movement. Twenty-four healthy subjects performed yoga, golf, swimming, dance, and badminton movement activities while wearing IMUs and 10-90% of each IMU's data were randomly removed to determine the effects of data drop on estimation accuracy with and without the proposed model. Results demonstrated a reduction in RMSE of 45.2% to 51.5% in the upper limb kinematic estimation of the proposed model compared to the No Prediction strategy, and a reduction of 19.1% to 31.3% of the proposed model compared with an baseline LSTM model. In addition, the proposed model has significantly less error (p<0.05) than the No Prediction strategy and the baseline LSTM model for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% data drop. These results could enable wearable, wireless IMU dynamic motion analysis and assessment with reduced kinematic estimation error in the presence of varying amounts of wireless data drop and thus could further facilitate human-machine interaction and home-based medical assessment and treatment.

Power Usage Monitoring and Overload Protection System for Distribution Transformers

Efficient energy manitoring and overload protection on distribution transformers are very much needed. This study aims to develop a power usage management system and overload protection integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology, with a specific target to monitor and manage power usage on distribution transformers in real time, as well as provide automatic protection against overload conditions. The methodology used in this study involves the design and implementation of hardware and software that supports wireless communication and data analysis. This system is also equipped with a power reading and protection mechanism that can automatically cut off the electricity flow when an overload detection occurs, in order to prevent damage to the transformer, it is expected that this system can increase the efficiency of power usage management and provide a quick response to overload conditions. The implementation of this system is expected to reduce operational costs and increase the reliability of electricity supply on the distribution network. Based on the tests that have been carried out, it has been proven that the system has worked well in maintaining important variables in the power usage management system and overload protection on the Internet of Things integrated distribution transformer.

Automated Attendance System with GPS-Integrated with Enhanced Navigation Tracking

With the rise of automation and smart technologies in educational institutions, efficient and reliable attendancetracking methods have become increasingly essential. Traditional attendance systems, which often involve manual or barcode scanning methods, are time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies. This research paper presents an innovative approach to student attendance tracking, utilising GPS-integrated barcode identification with wireless data transmission. The proposed system is designed to improve attendance accuracy and streamline student identification without the need for students to physically interact with scanning devices. By integrating GPS and barcode systems into the door panel, this attendance solution detects student presence in classrooms, records attendance, and transmits data in real time.

Wireless Data Transmission through Concrete Structures

Chloride ion presence in the concrete pore solution is an important factor in the initiation of rebar corrosion. Therefore, elevated chloride concentration in the pore solution needs to be detected as early as possible. For this early detection to be achieved, it is ideal to deploy sensors inside the concrete structure itself. This allows real time sampling of the pore solution which is closest to the rebar. To achieve this one needs to have a system based on wireless communication which allow the sensors to communicate within the structure. This would avoid wired communications methods, which impart fragility and implementation difficulties. This literature review paper endeavours to look at the various types of radiation which can be harnessed to penetrate through the opaque concrete structure. Potential data transmission methods utilising Radio Frequency Radiation, Ultrasonic Radiation, X-Ray Radiation and Neutron Beam Radiation physics were reviewed and evaluated against a set of parameters. The paper scores each radiation type against System Size, Power Supply Requirements, Transmission Range, Complexity of Circuits and Safety issues. Through these scores, each transmission technology was graded on its potential to act as the basis on which to build a micrometre sized intra-concrete data transmission system. The paper shows that ultrasonic radiation is the most promising radiation technology for use in this application.

Wireless Data Transmission through Concrete Structures

Chloride ion presence in the concrete pore solution is an important factor in the initiation of rebar corrosion. Therefore, elevated chloride concentration in the pore solution needs to be detected as early as possible. For this early detection to be achieved, it is ideal to deploy sensors inside the concrete structure itself. This allows real time sampling of the pore solution which is closest to the rebar. To achieve this one needs to have a system based on wireless communication which allow the sensors to communicate within the structure. This would avoid wired communications methods, which impart fragility and implementation difficulties. This literature review paper endeavours to look at the various types of radiation which can be harnessed to penetrate through the opaque concrete structure. Potential data transmission methods utilising Radio Frequency Radiation, Ultrasonic Radiation, X-Ray Radiation and Neutron Beam Radiation physics were reviewed and evaluated against a set of parameters. The paper scores each radiation type against System Size, Power Supply Requirements, Transmission Range, Complexity of Circuits and Safety issues. Through these scores, each transmission technology was graded on its potential to act as the basis on which to build a micrometre sized intra-concrete data transmission system. The paper shows that ultrasonic radiation is the most promising radiation technology for use in this application.

Deep Learning-Based Emergency Rescue Positioning Technology Using Matching-Map Images

Smartphone-based location estimation technology is becoming increasingly important across various fields. Accurate location estimation plays a critical role in life-saving efforts during emergency rescue situations, where rapid response is essential. Traditional methods such as GPS often face limitations in indoors or in densely built environments, where signals may be obstructed or reflected, leading to inaccuracies. Similarly, fingerprinting-based methods rely heavily on existing infrastructure and exhibit signal variability, making them less reliable in dynamic, real-world conditions. In this study, we analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of different types of wireless signal data and proposed a new deep learning-based method for location estimation that comprehensively integrates these data sources. The core of our research is the introduction of a ‘matching-map image’ conversion technique that efficiently integrates LTE, WiFi, and BLE signals. These generated matching-map images were applied to a deep learning model, enabling highly accurate and stable location estimates even in challenging emergency rescue situations. In real-world experiments, our method, utilizing multi-source data, achieved a positioning success rate of 85.27%, which meets the US FCC’s E911 standards for location accuracy and reliability across various conditions and environments. This makes the proposed approach particularly well-suited for emergency applications, where both accuracy and speed are critical.

Design and Application of Real‐Time and High‐Precision Seismic Acquisition Station in Antarctic Region

ABSTRACTIn this study, a polar seismic acquisition station based on the FPGA + ARM architecture was successfully developed. This system can achieve real‐time multifunctional acquisition and transmission of seismic signals and environmental information in the extreme low‐temperature environment of Antarctica at −40°C. The system adopts a modular design, with high‐precision data acquisition encoded by the main controller and uploaded to the host computer in real‐time. Integrated display controls enable real‐time data display and acquisition station location mapping for user interaction. We propose improving data transmission in traditional seismic acquisition stations by adopting a distributed computing model with data segment return. Integrating the first arrival picking algorithm as an IP core will reduce computational demands on the data processing center. This acquisition system features high precision (24‐bit), a wide dynamic range (&gt; 130dB), low noise (0.5 V rms@40dB), and high‐precision timing control (200 ns). It supports real‐time wireless data transmission over 120 channels up to 1 km. The system also implements a self‐storage plus wired and wireless networking solution, allowing flexible networking based on actual needs. Test results indicate that the ice sheet thickness at the acquisition site is approximately 526.49 m, validating the experimental design's effectiveness and providing technical support for subsequent drilling and seismic exploration.

Comparison between new enhanced thermal response test methods for underground heat exchanger sizing

For the efficient design and implementation of a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system, the local subsoil stands as the core element. Alongside the conventional Thermal Response Test (TRT), recent research has developed improved approaches that garner more detailed information about ground thermal properties. One such technique is the fiber optic-based distributed thermal sensing. It relies on copper wires to thermally stimulate the ground, while optical fibers collect temperature variations over time along the cable. Another pioneering technology, the enhanced GEOsniff (produced by enOware GmbH), enables high-resolution, spatially-distributed representation of subsoil thermal properties along the Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) via wireless data transmission. This study compares and discusses data acquired through these two innovative techniques at the new campus for the humanities of the University of Padova, situated in Northern Italy's Eastern Po river plain. The findings are further juxtaposed with conventional TRT results, in terms of thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance. The thermal conductivity vertical profiles are also compared with direct measurements conducted on samples. These advanced techniques show promise in aiding the optimization of borehole length design, particularly in geological settings of heightened complexity.

AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGY OF MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF FARM ANIMALS

Abstract. The development and application of automated technologies in the agricultural sector have significantly transformed the management and monitoring of farm animals. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of existing technical systems for measuring the physiological parameters of farm animals, particularly focusing on cows. The primary goal of these technologies is to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of health monitoring and to optimize livestock management through continuous data collection and analysis. Key technological solutions include the use of wireless data transmission systems, radio monitoring devices, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These technologies enable real-time tracking of animal health parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, movement patterns, and other critical indicators. The use of various sensors, including ear, neck, and intra-body sensors, plays a crucial role in collecting primary physiological data. These sensors are integrated into a broader system that includes radio modules with built-in controllers for converting raw data into digital formats, enabling wireless transmission to central systems for processing and storage. The radio monitoring of animals allows for the continuous tracking of physiological and behavioral parameters across large areas, providing crucial insights into their well-being. It is particularly beneficial in detecting early signs of disease or health issues, ensuring timely intervention, and preventing potential economic losses for farmers. The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) further expands the capabilities of monitoring systems, enabling the visual assessment of animals' behavior and movement across vast pastures. Equipped with video cameras and data relays, UAVs collect video footage that is transmitted to a central processing unit for real-time analysis and storage. The combined use of radio monitoring and UAV technology forms a comprehensive framework for livestock management, allowing farmers to make data-driven decisions, optimize resource allocation, and improve overall herd health and productivity. By leveraging these automated systems, it becomes possible to reduce the dependency on manual labor, minimize human error, and ensure that animals are closely monitored without the need for constant physical presence. This represents a significant advancement in modern animal farming, aligning with global trends toward smart farming and precision agriculture. In conclusion, the integration of automated physiological monitoring technologies in farm animal management presents an innovative solution for enhancing animal welfare, improving farm efficiency, and reducing operational costs. These systems hold considerable potential for further advancements in the field of animal health monitoring, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and productive farming practices.

Enhancement of Operational Safety in Marine Cargo Cranes on a Container Ship Through the Application of Authenticated Wi-Fi Based Wireless Data Transmission from Multiple Sensors

The use of wireless technology in common marine engineering applications as a medium for data transaction in measurement and control systems, is not as popular as it should be. This article aims to demonstrate the advantages of using wireless technology in maritime engineering applications through a proposed Wi-Fi based wireless system dedicated to performance and safety monitoring in marine cargo cranes. The system is based on some concepts that were suggested in the earlier literature to perform authenticated data transmission from multiple sensors through using both the ESP-NOW protocol and the WebSerial remote serial monitor. The introduced system will be integrated with an already installed system in order to render the means for implementing effective principles in automation and control engineering, such as functional safety and predictive maintenance. Additionally, this article will highlight the economic efficiency of adopting wireless technology instead of cabling as a medium for data transaction in measurement and control systems in marine engineering applications such as cargo cranes.

Indoor Scene Intelligent Identification System Based on Spatial Topological Relationship Constraints

Abstract. Indoor scene identification can provide prior environmental information for indoor positioning applications, achieving positioning enhancement. Due to the similarity of wireless signals in adjacent spaces, it can lead to incorrect identification in neighbouring scenario units. To address this problem, this paper first employs a Naive Bayes classifier to train and classify wireless signal strength data from different scenes, constructing a scene identification algorithm. Secondly, a topological relationship adjacency matrix and adjacency list tailored for indoor positioning are constructed, imposing spatial topological constraints to assist scene identification. Finally, an indoor scene intelligent identification system is developed and implemented. The experimental results indicate that the scene identification method based on spatial topological relationship constraints can effectively improve identification accuracy. The overall accuracy for 8 scenario units is 98.2%, and the identification accuracy is increased by 1.1% compared with the original method.

Modified hybrid fruit fly-based salp swarm optimization strategy for energy efficient optimization in MIMO Wireless Powered Communication Networks

A potential way to handle the future requirements of wireless data traffic is the Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna systems. The most effective method to satisfy the demand for wireless data traffic is to enhance the Spectral Efficiency of the existing spectrum since the wireless spectrum is a limited resource. In the MIMO network, cell-free, energy-efficient, and user-centric are considered as most important parameters to achieve effective communication. Therefore, a new energy efficiency optimization scheme is developed in a massive MIMO system to improve the system’s capacity and spectral efficiency. The multi-channel optimization problem is effectively rectified with the help of this newly designed energy efficiency optimization scheme. Here, the “Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)” method is utilized for the implementation of a sub-channel grouping scheme, where the sub-channels are arranged in descending order based on the results attained from SVD. After arranging the sub-channels, the sub-channel grouping is carried out, and then the energy efficiency optimization is provided with the help of Integrated Fruit Fly with Salp Swarm Optimization (IFFSSO). This energy-efficient algorithm improves the system capacity and spectral efficiency. The experimental outcome is revealed through various conventional models to ensure the energy efficiency of the recommended model.

RFID Occupied Advanced Framework for Specialized Vehicle Access, Operating System, and Wireless Data Transmission Without Human Intervention

RFID tags are tiny electronic devices that include a distinctive code that can be detected by a reader that supports RFID. The string of characters is used for recognizing and monitoring the object to which the tag is connected. RFID tags interact with RFID readers using radio frequency. While the tag comes into close proximity to the scanner, that device sends a radio signal that triggers the tag. The tag then responds by sending its unique identity. RFID pinpointing ability is verified experimentally in two different techniques, one utilizing radar and the other a photosensitive transition. The initial phase is intended to test if the continuously changing location provided from RFID tags equals the precise position recorded by sonar. It is also excellent for getting into parking lots, private spaces, professional parking spots, and offices quickly and easily. The implementation of RFID will bring a revolutionary transformation in the authorization, administration, correspondence, computerization, and security systems for specialized vehicle Access, Operating System, and Wireless Data Transmission without Human Intervention using an internet based wireless communication system. RFID vehicular registration is an authentication system which employs RFID readers to give authorization for automobiles. The technique normally consists of installing a reader with RFID technology at the entrance/exit entrance to an enclosed or a limited region. RFID scanning can deliver efficient techniques for transportation administration, making the process straightforward, dependable, as well as secure.

Remote Sensing and Assessment of Compound Groundwater Flooding Using an End-to-End Wireless Environmental Sensor Network and Data Model at a Coastal Cultural Heritage Site in Portsmouth, NH.

The effects of climate change in the forms of rising sea levels and increased frequency of storms and storm surges are being noticed across many coastal communities around the United States. These increases are impacting the timing and frequency of tidal and rainfall influenced compound groundwater flooding events. These types of events can be exemplified by the recent and ongoing occurrence of groundwater flooding within building basements at the historic Strawbery Banke Museum (SBM) living history campus in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Fresh water and saline groundwater intrusion within basements of historic structures can be destructive to foundations, mortar, joists, fasteners, and the overlaying wood structure. Although this is the case, there appears to be a dearth of research that examines the use of wireless streaming sensor networks to monitor and assess groundwater inundation within historic buildings in near-real time. Within the current study, we designed and deployed a three-sensor latitudinal network at the SBM. This network includes the deployment and remote monitoring of water level sensors in the basements of two historic structures 120 and 240 m from the river, as well as one sensor within the river itself. Groundwater salinity levels were also monitored within the basements of the two historic buildings. Assessments and model results from the recorded sensor data provided evidence of both terrestrial rainfall and tidal influences on the flooding at SBM. Understanding the sources of compound flooding within historic buildings can allow site managers to mitigate better and adapt to the effects of current and future flooding events. Data and results of this work are available via the project's interactive webpage and through a public touchscreen kiosk interface developed for and deployed within the SBM Rowland Gallery's "Water Has a Memory" exhibit.

A Bidirectional Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer System with Non-Contact Slip Ring

A Bidirectional Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer System with Non-Contact Slip Ring