Band Wireless Communication Research Articles

Design of Low-Profile Single- and Dual-Band Antennas for IoT Applications

This paper presents novel low-cost single- and dual-band microstrip patch antennas. The proposed antennas are realized on a square microstrip patch etched symmetrically with four slots. The antenna is designed to have low cost and reduced size to use in Internet of things (IoT) applications. The antennas provide a reconfigurable architecture that allows operation in different wireless communication bands. The proposed structure can be adjusted to operate either in single band or in dual-band operation. Two prototypes are implemented and evaluated. The first structure works at a single resonance frequency (f1 = 2.4 GHz); however, the second configuration works at two resonance frequencies (f1 = 2.4 GHz and f2 = 2.8 GHz) within the same size. These antennas use a low-cost FR-4 dielectric substrate. The 2.4 GHz is allotted for the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, and the 2.8 GHz is allocated to verify the concept and can be adjusted to meet the user’s requirements. The measurement of the fabricated antennas closely matches the simulated results.

A Novel Metamaterial Inspired 2nd Iteration Koch Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi, WLAN, C band and X band Wireless Communications

The rapid advancements in wireless technology desires compact, miniaturized, multiband and ultra wideband antennas. Fractal antennas have been proved as a source for fulfilling these demands. In this paper a 2nd order Koch fractal antenna of size 29.6 × 35.7mm2 designed on FR4-epoxy substrate material of dielectric constant (ɛr) 4.4 with a height of 1.6mm. This antenna is named as ANTENNA-1. To increase this antenna’s performance a meta material unit cell has been placed on the ground plane to serve multi band applications and is named as ANTENNA-2, which is the proposed antenna in this paper. The simulations have been carried out for both the antennas using ANSYS HFSS tool over the frequency sweep of (1-12GHz). The simulation results of proposed antenna producing 7 frequency bands which serves Wi-Fi, WLAN, C-band, and X band wireless communications. The simulation results like return loss, VSWR values have a good matching with the measured return loss, VSWR results of the fabricated antenna

Autocorrelation Measurement of Picosecond Pulses with Two-Photon Absorption

In this work, an autocorrelation measurement method is proposed to obtain the key information of picosecond pulses using the two-photon absorption (TPA) effect. The autocorrelation measurement process is simulated with a linear tuning of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Given the dispersion of picosecond pulses, the profile of the autocorrelation signal is broadened symmetrically. Moreover, the dispersive distribution in time-frequency domain of picosecond pulses and the different bandwidth of the TPA spectrum of materials should bring in sub pulses in the autocorrelation signal with the relative different delay. As shown in simulations, with an ideal broadband two-photon response spectrum, only the broadening of autocorrelation trace appears. But the detection with a narrowband two-photon response spectrum displays the greater sensitivity for pulse dispersion of the edge of the pulse, benefiting from the more sub pulses. Detections of picosecond pulses within the space wireless communication band region generally employ the photoconductive antenna and electro-optic effect in free space. However, with respect to the TPA effect in the specific materials, we could build an extremely compact autocorrelation measurement configuration for the key information extraction of picosecond pulses in space wireless communication and astronomical measurement, which would provide the same information as conventional detections about the autocorrelation signal of picosecond pulses.

Terahertz wireless communications in space

The New Space Era has increased communication traffic in space by new space missions led by public space agencies and private companies. Mars colonization is also targeted by crewed missions in the near future. Due to increasing space traffic near Earth and Mars, the bandwidth is getting congested. Moreover, the downlink performance of the current missions is not satisfactory in terms of delay and data rate. Therefore, to meet the increasing demand in space links, Terahertz band (0.1-10 THz) wireless communications are proposed in this study. In line with this, we discuss the major challenges that the realization of THz band space links pose and possible solutions. Moreover, we simulate Mars-space THz links for the case of a clear Mars atmosphere, and a heavy dust storm to show that even in the worst conditions, a large bandwidth is available for Mars communication traffic.

A Novel 5G Band Filter Based on Ceramic Dielectric

The construction of 5G system is in the works. In order to improve the anti-interference and reduce the volumes of 5G system, it is important to design a filter with better filtering performance and smaller volume. At present, the research of 5G filter is almost base on metal resonator. This paper designs a ceramic dielectric resonator, and on the basis of the designed dielectric resonator, a 5G band dielectric filter is designed after theoretical calculation and analysis by using rf/microwave simulation software HFSS. The coefficients are realized by the distance between two resonators, and the Q value is realized by the distance between the input port and the first resonator. The results show that in the pass-band (3.4 ∼ 3.5GHz), the return loss is more than 15dB, the insertion loss is less than 0.35dB, and the VSWR is 1.62. The filter has the advantages of small insertion loss, small size and good rejection out of pass-band, which can be applied to 5G band wireless communication system with better suppression performance to improve the communication quality of the communication system.

Ultra-Wide Band Horseshoe Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications

In this paper, an Ultra-wide band (UWB) micro-strip antenna design is proposed to be suitable for Cognitive radio applications. The geometry of proposed antenna is composed of two semi-circles with their interior modified to achieve higher impedance bandwidth. The semi-etched ground enhances bandwidth to achieve higher data rate. The proposed antenna is fabricated on an inexpensive dielectric substrate FR-4 with relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. The overall dimension of UWB antenna is 60x60x1.6mm and have a bandwidth of 5.7 GHz. The designed antenna covers the most commonly used wireless communication bands such as DCS-1800, ISM bands, GPS, Wi-MAX, WLAN, 3-G, 4-G, etc. The design process and the variations in antenna’s performance is due to different parameters such as structure, thickness and material. The design and simulation of the antenna are carried out in the Ansys simulation software on Desktop HFSS 17. The measured results are in good agreement with simulated results and exhibits better performance than the existing designed antennas.

Ultra-Wideband Networking

Ultra broad band (UWB) has emerged as a leading technology for potential wireless applications due to recent developments in wideband impulse technology, low power and communication. When opposed to traditional narrow band networks, ultra-wide band (UWB) wireless communications takes a completely different approach to wireless communication. The technology is generating a lot of buzz around the world. This paper outlines the characteristics, its applications, and advantages and disadvantages. It main focuses on the future change of UWB.

48‐Gbit/s 8K video‐transmission using resonant tunnelling diodes in 300‐GHz band

The authors report on a real-time 48-Gbit/s terahertz band wireless communication experiment employing a pair of resonant tunnelling diodes at the receiver and uni-travelling carrier photodiodes at the transmitter. The wireless transmission of uncompressed full-resolution 8K ultra high-definition television video signal is successfully demonstrated in the 300-GHz band for the first time.

Compact Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Inverted y-Shaped Printed Monopole Antenna with Edge Ground

A compact dual-band circularly polarized (CP) printed antenna with microstrip line feed is studied in this paper. It consists of an inverted y-shaped radiator with an edge ground plane on the opposite side of the substrate. The edge ground plane plays important role in impedance bandwidth (IBW) enhancement. In order to enhance the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) by a significant amount, the dimensions of the inverted y-shaped radiator are optimized. The value of measured IBW is equal to 4.48 GHz (4.94–9.42 GHz; 62.39%) with the resonant frequency fr = 7.18 GHz. The proposed design exhibits the simulated IBW of 5.557 GHz (4.933–10.490 GHz; 72.05%) with the resonant frequency fr = 7.7 GHz. The corresponding simulated ARBWs are equal to 742.5 MHz (fCP1 = 6.32 GHz, 11.75%) and 1091.8 MHz (fCP2 = 8.32 GHz, 13.12%) within the range of simulated and measured IBW, respectively. The presented antenna is compact with the optimized dimension of 20×20×1.6 mm3, i.e. 0.54×0.54×0.044λgL3, where λgL is the guided wavelength at the simulated lower resonant frequency fgL = 4.933 GHz with size reduction of 39.7%. It is fabricated on the low cost FR-4 substrate with copper cladding. Measurement results validate simulated data from Ansys Electronics Desktop 2020 R1. The maximum simulated peak gain is equal to 4.796 dBi at 8.64 GHz within the CP band. The proposed antenna can be suitable for some portions of C- and X-, and ITU-8 GHz band wireless communication applications.

A compact and ultra‐wideband three‐element quasi‐Yagi MIMO antenna system for wireless applications

In this article, a new configuration of a compact planar three-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed based on quasi-Yagi elements. A simple yet novel monopole driven three elements quasi-Yagi antenna (QYA) is designed to obtain a directional pattern over an ultra-wide bandwidth with a simple and compact configuration. The proposed single QYA contains the semi-elliptical driven monopole, the flared truncated ground plane reflector, a single elongated elliptical director and a simple microstrip feedline. The simulated and measured results showed that the proposed MIMO antenna system operates in an ultra-wide frequency range, starting from 1.53 to 6 GHz (118.7%, for |S11| < −10 dB), which covers several wireless communication bands. It has a compact total electrical area of 0.21λ02 (λ0 is the highest operating wavelength) and a minimum isolation of 17 dB between its ports with a common ground plane without any complex decoupling structure. For each element, the measured peak gain and simulated total efficiency variations are between 3.3-5.6 dBi and 77.6%–89%, respectively. There is good agreement between simulated and measured results. Furthermore, the calculated envelope correlation coefficient of < 0.006, channel capacity loss of < 0.2 bit/s/Hz, and stable total active reflection coefficient resonance are obtained over entire operating bandwidth, which conforms satisfactory MIMO/pattern diversity performance for wireless access-point applications.

A wideband circularly polarized S ‐shaped slot antenna

This article introduces a simple wideband circularly polarized (CP) S-shaped slot antenna for ISM band wireless communication applications. By using a wide curve S-shaped slot patch on the top side and a T-shaped feeding line on the bottom side of the substrate, the wideband CP wave is generated. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 0.85λ × 0.85λ × 0.011λ (λ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency) and it has a broad impedance bandwidth of 68.1% between 1.66 and 3.44 GHz for S11 < –10 dB and a 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 57.1% between 1.68 and 3.06 GHz. Within the axial-ratio bandwidth, the measured gain of the proposed antenna ranged from 2.1 to 5.4 dBic. The measured results are in good agreement with simulated results. The new type of slot antenna with wide bandwidth and simple structure is a good candidate for various RFID applications.

Highly‐tunable and wide stopband microstrip bandpass filters

This paper presents the design of a highly-tunable single-ended and balanced filter with improved upper stopband performance. The proposed filters are designed using a spurline and a U-shaped stepped impedance resonator (SIR) with a varactor diode connected to the open-circuited end. A spurline is introduced in both designs to achieve wide stopband performance by suppressing the higher-order modes. The proposed filters have high tunable ranges (single-ended: 2.35-3.99 GHz; balanced: 2.39-4 GHz), low insertion losses (IL) (single-ended: 0.07-0.2 dB; balanced: 0.21 to 1.1 dB) and wide upper stopband performance (single-ended: 3.79f1 with a rejection level higher than 20 dB; balanced: 3.79f1 with a rejection level higher than 20 dB). Performance of both filters are experimentally validated by comparing the experimental results with the simulated ones. Both filters can cover most of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication bands with different biasing voltages (capacitance). When both filters are compared with state-of-the-art filters, the proposed filters are found to achieve high tunable ranges with low IL and wide upper stopband performance.

Mutual Coupling Reduction Using Improved Dual-Layer Mushroom and E-Shaped Stub

The improved dual-layer mushroom (IDLM) and back-to-back E-shaped stubs for mutual coupling reduction between microstrip patch antennas are presented in this paper. The IDLM unit consists of one upper layer complementary split-ring resonator lattice and four lower layer lattices, whose centers are connected to the ground by a pin. The decoupling structure can prevent the surface current from one antenna port to another, so as to improve the isolation between the antennas. The proposed antenna works in the open wireless communication band of 2.45 GHz. Using the proposed decoupling structure, a low mutual coupling level ranging from −27 to −40 dB is obtained when the center distance of the adjacent patches is 0.5λ0. The total size of the decoupling antenna is 99 × 41 × 2.4 mm3 with a frequency range of 2.42–2.48 GHz for S11 &lt; −10 dB. The proposed decoupling structure can also improve the average gain and efficiency of the antenna by 0.1 dB and 5%, respectively. The antenna is studied from the aspects of isolation, return loss, current and electric field distribution, radiation pattern, and diversity performance. The designed decoupling antenna is fabricated and measured. The pattern, isolation, and return loss of the tested results show good consistence with the simulation results. The diversity gain and envelop correlation coefficient of the diversity performance show that the designed antenna can be used in MIMO or Rx/Tx systems.

WITHDRAWN: Design and characteristics response of spiral patch monopole antenna on FR4 substrate

Abstract This paper describes the design aspects and development of the Monopole antenna on FR-4 using a single spiral patch technique with the optimized performance parameters that support dual band wireless communication techniques that are working on different applications with improved efficiency and impedance bandwidth to meet present and future wireless demands. This designed antenna covers the frequency ranges from 1.5 GHz to 3.5 GHz for L and S-band applications. Ansys HFSS is used to design and simulate the desired antenna. Using Vector Network Analyzer MS2027C-Anritsu, Return loss, VSWR, and impedance (Smith chart) values are measured and validated. E field and H field Radiation patterns are alo measured and validated using anechoic chamber.

Design and Analysis of Multi Band Notched MIMO Antenna for Portable UWB Applications

A MIMO antenna having circular patch with CPW feeding is proposed in this paper. Design, Simulation, Fabrication and testing of MIMO antenna with different band notching characteristics are proposed in this paper. The designed antennas are suitable for portable UWB applications. UWB is the most promising technology which provides high data rate with in short range. In 2002 Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has approved a frequency band of 3.1–10.6 GHz for unlicensed applications. Within the band of UWB some of the wireless Communication bands with different frequencies are also operating. So to avoid interference, band dispensation characteristics are proposed. In this paper single dual, triple and quad band notch MIMO antennas are designed, simulated and tested and their results are reported. Elimination of interference with existing wireless bands like WiMAX, WLAN, X—Band Satellite Communication System and ITU is the prime focus of the paper. Concentric rings with rectangular split bricks are placed on the patch to eliminate the interference with the existing bands. Different antennas are designed and simulated using CST microwave studio software and the antenna parameters like Return losses (S11), Gain, VSWR, Radiation patterns and Correlation Coefficient are measured. Quad band notch antenna is fabricated using RT/Duroid 5880 substrate material with height 1.57 mm. To get better Isolation the antennas are placed vertically and a stub is placed in between the antennas. The quad band antenna able to notch WiMAX, WLAN, X—band and ITU band and port Isolation (S12) is very good and envelope correlation is below 0.001 in UWB frequency spectrum.

A 36.7 mW, 28 GHz receiver frontend using 40 nm RFCMOS technology with improved Figure of Merit

High carrier frequency requirement (Sub 6, 28 GHz) to accomplish the high bandwidth specification for millimeter wave band wireless communication, has reduced the ratio of operating carrier frequency (fc) and unity current gain frequency (ft) of MOSFETs in state of the art RFCMOS technology. This poses a challenge for designing a high gain and low noise receiver with better linearity. In an attempt to realize such receiver, this paper presents a 28 GHz receiver front-end in 40 nm RFCMOS technology. It includes 3-stage low noise amplifier incorporating push pull topology, current bleeding down converting gilbert cell based mixer with common gate transconductance stage followed by a standard Gm-C filter. By incorporating these techniques, the performance of the proposed receiver improved in terms of linearity as compared to the state of the art designs. For a comprehensive analysis, the combined effect of performance parameters has been compiled into a single metric i.e. Figure of Merit (FOM). The proposed receiver exhibits conversion gain of 30.5 dB and 2.15 dB noise figure with linearity parameter IIP3 being −21.7 dBm while consuming 36.7mW power resulting in FOM value of 0.27.

A compact multiple-input multiple-output antenna with high isolation for wireless applications

This paper presents a high-performance multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a compact size of 42 × 42 mm2. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency range of 3.2–12 GHz for ultra wide band (UWB) wireless communication systems. The proposed MIMO antenna has four identical elements arranged to be orthogonal to each other to achieve a good performance. To achieve high isolation, stubs between the four radiating elements were used. Measured and simulated results were analyzed to obtain the antenna performance in the form of studying radiation pattern, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), diversity gain, and channel capacity loss. Additionally, simulated peak gain and total efficiency are acquired. Results indicate that the proposed antenna has UWB bandwidth, high isolation higher than 17 dB, and low correlation coefficient; therefore, this antenna is suitable for UWB wireless applications.

Design and Analysis of Super Wideband Antenna for Microwave Applications.

In this article, a compact concentric structured monopole patch antenna for super wideband (SWB) application is proposed and investigated. The essential characteristics of the designed antenna are: (i) to attain super-wide bandwidth characteristics, the proposed antenna is emerged from a traditional circular monopole antenna and has obtained an impedance bandwidth of 38.9:1 (ii) another important characteristic of the presented antenna is its larger bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) value of 6596 that is accomplished by augmenting the electrical length of the patch. The electrical dimension of the proposed antenna is ( corresponds to the lower end operating frequency). The designed antenna achieves a frequency range from 1.22 to 47.5 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 190% and exhibiting S11 < −10 dB in simulation. For validating the simulated outcomes, the antenna model is fabricated and measured. Good conformity is established between measured and simulated results. Measured frequency ranges from 1.25 to 40 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 188%, BDR of 6523 and S11 < −10 dB. Even though the presented antenna operates properly over the frequency range from 1.22 to 47.5 GHz, the results of the experiment are measured till 40 GHz because of the high-frequency constraint of the existing Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The designed SWB antenna has the benefit of good gain, concise dimension, and wide bandwidth above the formerly reported antenna structures. Simulated gain varies from 0.5 to 10.3 dBi and measured gain varies from 0.2 to 9.7 dBi. Frequency domain, as well as time-domain characterization, has been realized to guide the relevance of the proposed antenna in SWB wireless applications. Furthermore, an equivalent circuit model of the proposed antenna is developed, and the response of the circuit is obtained. The presented antenna can be employed in L, S, C, X, Ka, K, Ku, and Q band wireless communication systems.

4-Port MIMO Antenna Using Common Radiator on a Flexible Substrate for Sub-1GHz, Sub-6GHz 5G NR, and Wi-Fi 6 Applications

In this paper, an angular symmetric, common radiator coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is designed on a 0.129λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> L</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> RT Duroid ( ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> r</sub> = 3.0, tan δ = 0.001) substrate where λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> L</sub> is the free space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency ( f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> L</sub> ) of 0.6 GHz. The antenna has a -6 dB impedance bandwidth from 0.6-1.09 GHz, 2.6-3.4 GHz and 4.2-7.0 GHz to cover the emerging wireless communication bands. At the same time, it also has a -10 dB impedance bandwidth extending from 0.7-1.01 GHz, 2.6-3.18 GHz, 5.3-6.06 GHz, and 6.7-6.94 GHz. Design steps to enhance the operating bandwidth and the isolation in the sub-1GHz bands are presented. The antenna has a reasonable realized gain at the simulated and measured frequencies. It exhibits the pattern diversity which is useful for the MIMO implementation. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Mean effective gain (MEG), and the channel capacity of the antenna have been computed from the measured results. In spite of the small circuit size at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> L</sub> , the ECC ≤ 0.50 over the entire band is observed. In addition to the existing communication applications, this antenna can find newer applications in the emerging 0.6-1.09 GHz band, sub-6GHz 5G near radio (NR), and Wi-Fi 6 communications.

Improving the Lifetime of an Out-Patient Implanted Medical Device Using a Novel Flower Pollination-Based Optimization Algorithm in WBAN Systems

The new inventions in health care devices have led to a considerable increase in the human lifespan. Miniaturized bio-sensing elements and dedicated wireless communication bands have led to the development of a new arena called Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) (IEEE 802.11.6). These Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) are used for monitoring a chronic patient’s medical condition as well as therapeutic and life-saving functions. The aim of this study is to improve the dynamic channel selection algorithm for an increased Out Patient-Body Network Controller (OP-BNC) medical device during visits to the hospital. There is a fixed number of licensed spectra allocated to the In Patient-Body Network Controller (IP-BNC) and Out-Patient Body Network Controller (OP-BNC). When there is an increase in the OP-BNC, there is an availability of idle spectrum in the IP-BNC. An existing rank-based algorithm is used in the allocation of idle spectrum to the increased OP-BNC. This ranking method takes more time for the processing and selection of an idle channel to the registered user. To avoid it, we proposed an EFPOC model to select from the free idle channels of the IP-BNC licensed spectrum. We also discussed the algorithm complexity of the proposed Enhanced Flower Pollination-based Optimized Channel selection (EFPOC) algorithm and obtained a complexity of O(n2), which is a significant improvement over the existing algorithm rank-based algorithm complexity. Our experimental result shows that the proposed EFPOC algorithm improves the Tier-2 systems lifetime by 46.47%. Then, to prove that the proposed model is time efficient in channel selection, a simulated experimented is conducted. When selecting a number of channels from a Look-Up Table (LUT), the proposed EFPOC method takes 25% less time than the existing algorithms.