Wireless Communication Algorithms Research Articles

Retraction Note: Energy efficient and intelligent routing algorithm using DAI and self organizing map hybrid algorithm for future optical wireless communication

Retraction Note: Energy efficient and intelligent routing algorithm using DAI and self organizing map hybrid algorithm for future optical wireless communication

Metaheuristic Algorithms for 6G wireless communications: Recent advances and applications

The widespread distribution of intelligent applications and devices, coupled with the vast array of mobile data, technologies, and architectures within Sixth Generation (6G) networks, highlights the importance of optimization strategies. Concurrently, state-of-the-art Metaheuristic Algorithms (MHAs) have emerged as a promising optimization approach for wireless networks, bridging game theory and convex optimization domains. Falling within the domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI), MHAs draw their inspiration from Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs), which are rooted in the principle of natural selection, the principles of Swarm Intelligence (SI), and Trajectory-based Algorithms (TAs). In recent times, MHAs have been implemented in the 6G network. These simple solutions with limited capabilities have proven effective in solving complex, challenging and high-dimensional problems. Nevertheless, the literature has yet to study the MHAs comprehensively, especially within 6G networks. The main objective of this study is to investigate how to merge the 6G and MHAs domains. We begin by giving a comprehensive overview of MHAs, from fundamental to popular optimization methods. Then, we examine the utilization of MHAs to address the challenges in 6G, such as network security, resource allocation, spectrum management, edge computing, wireless caching, and others. Finally, we identify the current literature’s limitations and suggest avenues for further research directions.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Energy efficient and intelligent routing algorithm using DAI and self organizing map hybrid algorithm for future optical wireless communication

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Energy efficient and intelligent routing algorithm using DAI and self organizing map hybrid algorithm for future optical wireless communication

Blind Equalization Optimization Algorithm for FTN Optical Wireless Communication over Exponential Weibull Channel

Blind Equalization Optimization Algorithm for FTN Optical Wireless Communication over Exponential Weibull Channel

Multi-Band Antenna Design Optimization Using Nature-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm for 5G Wireless Communication

Automation and telecommunication systems are increasingly improving and becoming more easily integrated thanks to wireless communication technology, in which the essential component is the antenna. Designing and optimizing antenna structures still takes a lot of time, especially for complex structures with multiple operating frequency bands or complex material layers. With modern computing power, the speed of computation is increasingly efficient, and combining automated computation for optimization and design is entirely feasible. Many research groups around the world have implemented automated antenna design through optimization algorithms, genetic algorithms, swarm algorithms, collectively referred to as evolutionary algorithms. These algorithms simplify the antenna design process, making it more automated and optimized. In this paper, the Improved Black Hole algorithm is proposed and used to optimize the design of a CPW-Fed slot microstrip antenna.

Anti-Jamming Communication Using Slotted Cross Q Learning

Most of the existing intelligent anti-jamming communication algorithms model sensing, learning, and transmission as a serial process, and ideally assume that the duration of sensing and learning timeslots is very short, almost negligible. However, when the jamming environment changes rapidly, the sensing and learning time can no longer be ignored, and the adaptability of the wireless communication system to the time-varying jamming environment will be significantly reduced. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a parallel Q-learning (PQL) algorithm. In the case of long sensing and learning time, by modeling sensing, learning, and transmission as parallel processes, the time that the transmitter remains silent during sensing and learning is reduced. Aiming at the situation that the PQL algorithm is susceptible to jamming when the jamming changes faster, this paper proposes an intelligent anti-jamming algorithm for wireless communication based on Slot Cross Q-learning (SCQL). In the case of rapid change of jamming channel, the system can sense and learn the jamming patterns in multiple successive jamming periods at the same time in the same timeslot, and use multiple Q-tables to learn the jamming patterns in different jamming periods, so as to achieve the effect of reliable communication in the environment with rapid change of jamming. The simulation results show that the jamming collision rate of the proposed algorithm under the condition of intelligent blocking jamming is equivalent to that of the traditional Q-learning (QL), but the timeslot utilization rate is higher. Compared with PQL, the proposed algorithm has the same slot utilization and lower jamming collision rate. Compared with random frequency hopping (RFH) anti-jamming, the proposed algorithm not only has higher timeslot utilization, but also has lower jamming collision rate.

Drone-Assisted Secure Healthcare with AI/ML Algorithm and Big Data Analytics for 6G Wireless Communication in the Future

Over the next ten years, expect to witness the emergence of a Sixth Era (6G) of innovation owing to the explosive expansion of 5G applications and rising demand for even faster communication solutions. Many researchers predicted that the 6G remote arrangement standard may appear around 2030. The Sixth Era (6G) organization, which is anticipated to be the next major amusement changer in the media transmission sector, is now the focus of attention in both academia and business. The use of rambles in healthcare will further help to lower healthcare expenditures. The need for expensive ground transportation is eliminated by using rambles to deliver the medical supplies. Additionally, the use of rambles in the inquiry and collecting of therapeutic information will reduce the need for expensive human labour. As the information gathered can be easily and swiftly analysed, this will also reduce the time and costs associated with therapeutic drugs. Long-term improvements in healthcare outcomes and lower healthcare expenditures will follow from this. Numerous organizing hubs and terminal devices provide services for use in the healthcare industry, but this requires a spine system to consider the time-consuming advantage. For future 6G age healthcare frameworks using ramble by machine learning computations with big data. Without being explicitly altered, the framework may provide the ability to memorize and advance spontaneously through machine learning from experience. AI can accurately recognize data, treatment approaches, and generally produces superior, quiet outcomes. It is essential to verify their quality and identify the appropriate linkages for big data analytics to be useful inside the healthcare industry. to ship haematological supplies, defibrillators, and immunizations via drone. The reference layered communication system for hubs and devices in real-time communication, which is part of the suggested approach, demonstrates cutting-edge healthcare application for persuasive treatment and clever integration of benefit provided by 6G distant systems.

Hybrid CPU–GPU implementation of the transformed spatial domain channel estimation algorithm for mmWave MIMO systems

Hybrid platforms combining multicore central processing units (CPU) with many-core hardware accelerators such as graphic processing units (GPU) can be smartly exploited to provide efficient parallel implementations of wireless communication algorithms for Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond systems. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are a key element of the 5G standard, involving several tens or hundreds of antenna elements for communication. Such a high number of antennas has a direct impact on the computational complexity of some MIMO signal processing algorithms. In this work, we focus on the channel estimation stage. In particular, we develop a parallel implementation of a recently proposed MIMO channel estimation algorithm. Its performance in terms of execution time is evaluated both in a multicore CPU and in a GPU. The results show that some computation blocks of the algorithm are more suitable for multicore implementation, whereas other parts are more efficiently implemented in the GPU, indicating that a hybrid CPU–GPU implementation would achieve the best performance in practical applications based on the tested platform.

Optical Uplink, D2D and IoT Links Based on VCSEL Array: Analysis and Demonstration

In this paper, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array is used to establish gigabits/second (Gbps) optical uplink, device-to-device (D2D), and Internet-of-thing (IoT) links, as a supplementary for visible light communication (VLC) and ultra-low latency near-field communication in a typical indoor scenario. The mathematical model based on a modified Monte-Carlo ray-tracing (MMCR) algorithm for VCSEL-based optical wireless communication (OWC) is presented, which takes into account both accuracy and time complexity for the calculation of the channel characteristics including power distribution, impulse response, error analysis, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Simulation firstly takes a global approach to the optical uplink lens design method, compared between Lambertian and Gaussian sources, and then extended six typical line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) VCSEL-based OWC models. For demonstration, we adopted a 940-nm VCSEL array and 850-nm single-pixel VCSEL to establish LOS and NLOS systems after measuring the optics-electronics and bandwidth characteristics, respectively. Furthermore, multiple multi-carrier schemes are adopted to improve the OWC performance system based on a 940-nm VCSEL array including uniform-loading orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), channel-coded OFDM, bit-loading/ power-allocation OFDM, and OFDM access (OFDMA). Results show that OFDM can effectively decrease the inter-symbol interference (ISI) of the indoor channel and increase the data rate, and the bit/ power-loading method achieves the highest 7.2 Gbps transmission with the bit error rate (BER) within the forward error correction (FEC). All the theoretical and experimental results, for the first time, provide a comprehensive design and optimizing process of VCSEL-based indoor high-capacity OWC systems for future optical uplink, D2D, and IoT applications.

A hidden anti-jamming method based on deep reinforcement learning

Most of the current anti-jamming algorithms for wireless communications only consider how to avoid jamming attacks, but ignore that the communication waveform or frequency action may be obtained by the jammers. Although existing anti-jamming methods can guarantee temporary communication effects, the long-term performance of these anti-jamming methods may be depressed when intelligent jammers are capable of learning from historical communication activities. Aiming at this issue, a hidden anti-jamming method based on the idea of reducing the jammer's sense probability is proposed. Firstly, the sensing probability of the jammer is obtained by calculating the correlation between the actions of the jammer and the user. Later, a deep reinforcement learning framework is designed, which aims at not only maximizing the communication throughput but also minimizing the action's correlation between the jammer and the user. Finally, a hidden anti-jamming algorithm is proposed, which links the instantaneous return with the communication quality of users and the correlation between users and jammer. The simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm not only avoids being sensed by the jammer but also improves its anti-jamming performance compared to the current algorithm that only considers jamming avoidance.

Design and Implementation of English Listening Teaching Based on a Wireless Communication Microprocessor and Virtual Environment

This paper presents an in‐depth analysis and research on teaching English listening through a wireless communication microprocessor combined with a virtual environment and designs and implements an English listening teaching experiment. Based on an in‐depth understanding of wireless communication algorithms, this thesis extends the instruction set based on the general‐purpose compact instruction set computer architecture (RISC) for common operations in wireless communication algorithms, adding new instructions such as multiplication and addition and bit inversion. The microprocessor has an increase in the number of execution clocks for wireless algorithm processing. The processor is extended with an interrupt interface to facilitate information interaction between the processor and the external environment to achieve coordinated work between the processor and the accelerator and to further enhance the speed of digital signal processing through the introduction of the accelerator. An overview and comparison of the status of domestic and foreign research are presented in the vein of VR teaching and the overall development of English teaching. Then, the problems and hypotheses to be explored in this study are presented, and several types of research methods used to explore the solutions to the problems are introduced. The results of the two classroom formats were compared, and specific performance data were obtained. The analysis of the results showed that the students in the VR scenario teaching group made greater progress in vocabulary judgments, complementary dialogues, and Chinese to English translation, with a 43% merit rate and a 100% pass rate in English for the whole group. The real‐life scenarios created through VR technology greatly increased students’ interest in learning and significantly improved the effectiveness of classroom teaching. The development trend of education informatization is towards virtualization and intelligence, and the application of VR to the process of education teaching is of great significance to promote the modernization of secondary education informatization.

Security and Countermeasures Wireless Communication Algorithm with Penetration Testing

The communication algorithm security, in general, is a pending issue that has only recently become aware. In wireless communication algorithms, this need is more obvious, by its characteristics, and is part of the design of Wi-Fi communication algorithms. The biggest security problem of Wi-Fi communication algorithms is given by its spatial dispersion. It is not limited to an area, a cable or optical fiber, or has specific access points or connection, but it expands and is accessible from any point within its coverage. This makes it very vulnerable to wireless communication algorithms because of the physical security of this communication algorithm is difficult to secure.

V2VR: Reliable Hybrid-Network-Oriented V2V Data Transmission and Routing Considering RSUs and Connectivity Probability

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been widely used in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) for purposes such as the control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and trajectory prediction. However, an efficient and reliable data routing decision scheme is critical for VANETs due to the feature of self-organizing wireless multi-hop communication. Compared with wireless networks, which are unstable and have limited bandwidth, wired networks normally provide longer transmission distances, higher network speeds and greater reliability. To address this problem, this paper proposes a reliable VANET routing decision scheme based on the Manhattan mobility model, which considers the integration of roadside units (RSUs) into wireless and wired modes for data transmission and routing optimization. First, the problems of frequently moving vehicles and network connectivity are analyzed based on road networks and the motion information of vehicle nodes. Second, an improved greedy algorithm for vehicle wireless communication is used for network optimization, and a wired RSU network is also applied. In addition, routing decision analysis is carried out in accordance with the probabilistic model for various transmission ranges by checking the connectivity among vehicles and RSUs. Finally, comprehensive experiments show that our proposed method can support real-time planning and improve network transmission performance compared with other baseline protocol approaches in terms of several metrics, including package delivery ratio, time delay and wireless hops.

Secure Data Storage in Cloud System Using Modern Cryptography

Cloud computing is the movement of enlisting computing services like organization servers, accumulating databases, arranging, programming examination over the Internet. Companies offering these computing services are known as cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing services based on usage, similar to how you are billed for water or electricity at home. It enables the companies to consume a compute resource, such as a Virtual Machine (VM), storage or an application, as a utility—just like electricity—rather than building and maintaining large computing materials in the house. Though servers are greatly protected against unauthorized access, there are incidents where classified data stored on servers are accessed by the maintenance staffs. So, the security plays a major role in cloud storage as when the user stores the data in the cloud, it stays there and anybody accessing it cannot be known at all. Hence, this paper mainly deals with the idea of storing data securely in the cloud using Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptography algorithms including AES, 3DES, Blowfish, RSA along with modern Steganography LSB algorithm for wireless communication which hides the key inside the cover image.

A Review on Training and Blind Equalization Algorithms for Wireless Communications

Every wireless communication system comes with an innate problem of multipath propagation, which results in spreading the resultant symbols on a time scale and thus causes the symbols to overlap and end up in Inter-symbol Interference (ISI). The overall signal is distorted and the receiver is unable to recover the original signal. ISI from the signal must be removed and the signal must be brought back to its original form as it was sent or as close to it as possible; and process of equalization is used in all wireless communication system for this purpose. Two types of equalization processes are common in modern wireless communication systems. Training based equalization requires the sender block of communication system to constantly send a pilot/training signal in order to update the receiver about the original signal. The receiver removes the ISI and extracts the unadulterated signal. The second equalization process is called blind equalization and it does not require any pilot signal. The receiver only needs to know the type of constellation scheme used in modulation and then the original signal is extracted based on that information. In this paper we have thoroughly reviewed four equalization algorithms, two from each type of equalization for 16-QAM constellation and 64-QAM constellation. We came up with constellation diagrams for each equalization algorithm and comparison of BER, residual ISI and MSE for 16-QAM and 64-QAM is done through simulations. In case of LMS and RLS algorithm for 16 QAM, the performance of RLS gets slightly better than LMS at 6 dB, however, at around 12–14 dB and onwards the BER of RLS leads and there is a significantly better BER than LMS. In future, we will compare these algorithms in order to figure out the best algorithms for the current and upcoming 5G and 6G communication technologies.

Quantum Search Algorithms for Wireless Communications

Faster, ultra-reliable, low-power, and secure communications has always been high on the wireless evolutionary agenda. However, the appetite for faster, more reliable, greener, and more secure communications continues to grow. The state-of-the-art methods conceived for achieving the performance targets of the associated processes may be accompanied by an increase in computational complexity. Alternatively, a degraded performance may have to be accepted due to the lack of jointly optimized system components. In this survey we investigate the employment of quantum computing for solving problems in wireless communication systems. By exploiting the inherent parallelism of quantum computing, quantum algorithms may be invoked for approaching the optimal performance of classical wireless processes, despite their reduced number of cost-function evaluations. In this contribution we discuss the basics of quantum computing using linear algebra, before presenting the operation of the major quantum algorithms, which have been proposed in the literature for improving wireless communications systems. Furthermore, we investigate a number of optimization problems encountered both in the physical and network layer of wireless communications, while comparing their classical and quantum-assisted solutions. Finally, we state a number of open problems in wireless communications that may benefit from quantum computing.

MAI Mitigation in MC-CDMA Systems Using Social Impact Based Wireless Communication Algorithm

In this paper a novel optimization technique i.e. Social Impact based Wireless Communication Algorithm (SIWCA) has been applied on multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) communication systems to mitigate multiple access interference (MAI). MC-CDMA is being researched as an alternate technology for fourth generation (4G) as well as fifth generation (5G) mobile systems. MAI has been a major concern for the CDMA based systems. MAI increases the bit error rate in a MC-CDMA system, which in turn degrades the system performance. The SIWCA is based on the social impact theory of human behavior in the society. The proposed approach combines the social sciences with the communication technology. The simulation results show that SIWCA based MC-CDMA detector is capable of significantly reducing the MAI and gives a near-optimum performance. Further SIWCA is compared with popular optimization techniques like genetic algorithm (GA) and binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) for different parameters. Simulation results show that SIWCA converges fast and works with lesser number of control parameters as compared to GA and PSO.

A Novel Architecture to Eliminate Bottlenecks in a Parallel Tiled QRD Algorithm for Future MIMO Systems

QR decomposition (QRD) is one of the performance bottlenecks in a lot of high performance wireless communication algorithms and should have the flexibility property for future multiple-input multiple-output systems. However, the existing QRD architectures only focus on several fixed dimension matrices. The parallel tiled QRD algorithm is a perfect choice to implement QRD for its flexibility and modularity property. The size of the tile is set to 2 $\times$ 2 instead of the traditional 200 $\times$ 200 or more to support flexible antenna configurations in this brief. Using a look-ahead technique and the property of unitary matrix, a novel algorithm based on a modified Gram–Schmidt (MGS) algorithm is proposed for the bottleneck operations (GEQRT and TTQRT) of the parallel tiled QRD algorithm. A corresponding hardware architecture is also designed with the proposed algorithm. The implementation results show that the hardware architecture based on the proposed algorithm achieves a 2.7× reduction in normalized processing latency, compared with the one based on the traditional MGS algorithm.

Equivalent Discrete-Time Channel Modeling for Molecular Communication With Emphasize on an Absorbing Receiver.

This paper introduces the equivalent discrete-time channel model (EDTCM) to the area of diffusion-based molecular communication (DBMC). Emphasis is on an absorbing receiver, which is based on the so-called first passage time concept. In the wireless communications community the EDTCM is well known. Therefore, it is anticipated that the EDTCM improves the accessibility of DBMC and supports the adaptation of classical wireless communication algorithms to the area of DBMC. Furthermore, the EDTCM has the capability to provide a remarkable reduction of computational complexity compared to random walk based DBMC simulators. Besides the exact EDTCM, three approximations thereof based on binomial, Gaussian, and Poisson approximation are proposed and analyzed in order to further reduce computational complexity. In addition, the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm is adapted to all four channel models. Numerical results show the performance of the exact EDTCM, illustrate the performance of the adapted BCJR algorithm, and demonstrate the accuracy of the approximations.

QR decomposition architecture using the iteration look‐ahead modified Gram–Schmidt algorithm

QR decomposition is extensively adopted in multiple-input–multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing wireless communication systems, and is one of the performance bottlenecks in lots of high-performance wireless communication algorithms. To implement low processing latency QR decomposition with hardware, the authors propose a novel iterative look-ahead modified Gram–Schmidt (ILMGS) algorithm based on the traditional modified Gram–Schmidt (MGS) algorithm. They also design the corresponding triangular systolic array (TSA) architecture with the proposed ILMGS algorithm, which only needs n time slots for a n × n real matrix. For reducing the hardware overhead, they modify the TSA architecture into an iterative architecture. They also design a modified iterative architecture to further reduce the hardware overhead. The implementation results show that the normalised processing latency of the modified iterative architecture based on the proposed ILMGS algorithm is 1.36 times lower than the one based on the MGS algorithm. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the designed architecture achieves the superior latency performance than the existing works.