Wireless Camera Research Articles

Low-Power Low-Area Near-Lossless Image Compressor for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

The paper presents the concept of a low-power, low-area, near-lossless image compressor for resource-constrained devices such as wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE). The compressor directly processes the raw data from the Bayer Color Filter Array (CFA) imager to avoid the high cost of color interpolation. To improve the efficiency of the compressor in terms of energy consumption, silicon area and compression ratio, the main part of the compressor, i.e., the entropy encoder, uses the existing correlations between the color components of a captured CFA image. The proposed image compressor requires only 12.4% of the memory needed by other high-quality CFA compressors based on the JPEG-LS standard. Despite this significant reduction in memory size, the proposed image compressor outperforms other state-of-the-art coding schemes on capsule endoscopy images. At the same time, it offers only slightly lower performance on standard test images. The proposed image compressor has been implemented as an intellectual property (IP) core using two different low-cost CMOS processes. The design, implemented in UMC 180 nm CMOS process, requires a very low silicon area (534 times 426 upmu m^{2}) and consumes very low energy (22 upmu J per a single 512 times 512 image frame). Even higher energy efficiency (12 upmu J per the same image frame) has the IP core implemented in the TSMC 130 nm CMOS process. Both of the selected technologies are low-cost and well-suited to implement a radio frequency transmitter and a low-power successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter in addition to the compressor to provide a cost-effective System on Chip for resource-constrained devices like WCE or wireless camera sensor network.

AI BASED LAKE CLEANING ROBOT

Recently, water pollution has become a global problem. Water resources such as lakes, rivers and lakes are polluted due to the accumulation of domestic, industrial, medical and sewage. The AI Based Lake Cleaning Robot project addresses this issue by providing an efficient and environmentally friendly remote pool cleaning machine. This project has two operating modes which are Manual or Android operating modes and default mode. In manual mode the device is used by the user, the android app is used to control the device to collect garbage. In automatic mode, AI technology that assists the wireless fidelity camera and ultrasonic sensors are used, the camera captures a real-time image of a liquid body and sends it to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for image analysis and CNN will control the boat's performance. The device is equipped with a waste bin. The device is designed to detect any obstacles through the use of ultrasonic sensors to avoid damage. A pool cleaning robot reduces a man's effort by performing an automatic cleaning process. The use of this function can be done in rivers, lakes, lakes and other areas of water to clean up surface water waste.

Design And Implementation of a Low-Cost Smart Surveillance Robot for Secured Monitoring System

Modern surveillance requires a lot of human effort. The international border monitoring also requires human involvement. By using automated robot, distant location monitoring can be easily achieved. An idea is proposed to design a robot for location tracking and for security purpose. It is primarily used for location where human surveillance is not possible. The robot is commanded to reach the destined location then using the wireless camera it transmits the scene. The robot comprises of three steps namely receiving the data, going to the location, and transmitting the surrounding data through the camera. The transmitter section consists of four buttons. When the first button is pressed, the DC motor attached with the robot runs and the robot reaches the destined location. The signal comes from the transmitter reaches the receiver section and the Arduino gives the command to rotate the DC motor. After reaching the location, it starts to transmit the surrounding scene through the wireless camera placed in the robot. Based on the input command the robot reaches the destined location. The wireless transmitting camera can be used for surveillance purpose. A firearm is attached to the robot. Whenever any intruder passes the restricted place, the firearm can be used to stun the intruder. An extra button is provided in the transmitter section for firing the weapon manually. An LCD display is used to see the current location of the robot. All these components are interfaced using Arduino board.

War Field Spying Robot with Wireless Camera

Abstract: As long as there are technological advancements, tactical powers will use these headways to reduce the risk of defeats and defeat their opponents. With the advancement of modern technology, it is increasingly dependent on the use of cutting-edge weapons or hardware. Advanced mechanics is one of the hottest fields of the modern era, with governments focusing on it for military purposes in both war and peace. They've been needed for a long time for demining and salvage work, but they've recently been repurposed for battle and spy operations. Today's military forces use a variety of robots for a variety of tasks, ranging from mine detection to rescue operations. They'll be utilized for reconnaissance and surveillance in the future, as well as logistics and support, communications infrastructure, forward-deployed offensive operations, and tactical decoys to hide manned assets manoeuvring. To make robots more effective in the unpredictable chaotic environment of the battlefield, researchers are lookinginto many characteristics of robots in laboratories to see if they can do their jobs as well as a humanoperated machine. The latest technology, software, and hardware are being explored in order to develop powerful and intelligent robots for various war-fighting activities. This paper discusses the employment of robotic technologies in combat surveillance. These robots are being tested to see if they can work in a self-contained, cooperative, and controlled environment . Our main focus is on the uses of robots in conflict, harmony, and their impact on society.

War Field Spying Robot Controlled by Raspberry Pi

Abstract: The major goal of this design is to deal with delicate scenarios when people are unable to navigate scripts such as darkness, entering tiny spaces, and spotting retiring losers. The robot is an ideal machine for the defense sector, as it will help to reduce mortal life loss while also preventing illegalconditioning. The robot is tone-powered, with a backup installation in case the base station's connectionis lost. Wireless cameras transmit real-time videotape and audio inputs to a base station examiner, which may be viewed, and action taken as needed. With a major view, to increase the amount of safety of the soldiers, if we know the activities of the enemy by maintaining a safety distance with them because, the flexibility of defense and attacking of the soldiers can be increased. It consists of a lock to position the enemy and to guide the missile, and the robotic system will also consists of a metal sensor that detects the metals such as land mines and other explosives that could cost the lives of our soldiers and the system can be controlled remotely. In creating this concept, we wanted to offer our army the ability to locate and land mains safely and attack them without damaging their lives. The project was created an army could locate explosives in the land safely, for increasing the safety of our army men and live to attack the enemies without putting our lives at risk

IOT Surveillance Robot Car

The Technology behind this paper is to develop a Robot to perform the act of surveillance in domestic areas. Nowadays robots plays a significant role in our day today life thus reducing human labor and human error. Robots are going to be manually controlled. In this project, one can manage the Robot with the help of mobile through Internet and might conjointly get the live streaming of video each in daytime furthermore as at night time with the help of wireless camera in the robot. The mechanism are going to be controlled manually with ESP32 CAM with TTL. This robot uses motor driver to the controller that controls the mechanism.

Headset bio-sniffer with wireless CMOS camera for percutaneous ethanol vapor from the ear canal

Volatile organic compounds contained in human volatiles are related to metabolism and disease. Measurement of these components is expected to enable non-invasive and simple metabolic evaluations and disease diagnoses. In particular, skin gas can be collected continuously without constraints, a useful property for the next generation of wearable measurement devices. In this study, we develop a wearable biochemical gas sensor (biosniffer) for ethanol by constructing a headset-type unrestrained ear canal gas measurement system integrated with a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera. This system measures ethanol gas released by the skin by detecting the increase in fluorescence of NADH, which is produced during the oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this system, excitation light from a UV-LED irradiates an ADH enzyme-immobilized membrane through a band-pass filter, and the fluorescence of NADH is detected by a small CMOS camera with Wi-Fi functionality. This system is integrated into an earmuff, forming a wearable headset. Fluorescence images shows an increased output correlated with the ethanol gas concentration. When integral analysis is used to assess the increase in fluorescence, it is possible to measure ethanol gas at 11 ppb–444 ppm, a range that includes the ethanol concentration in the skin after alcohol administration. Furthermore, when this device is attached to a human participant who is consuming alcohol, the increase and decrease output based on drinking and metabolism is confirmed, indicating the possibility of directly measuring ethanol gas from the ear canal with minimal effect of perspiration.

Low Power Intrusion Detection Using Multi-Level Sensor Authentication

Surveillance systems be connected with very less cost and less power IR and PIR sensors, which are more capable to find the false alarms and small inference. Wireless smart cameras become an appropriate solution for the upcoming challenges like the hardware capabilities in terms of low ­ power utilization and high imaging performance and high memory footprint all are very big tasks for the wireless smart cameras. For this reason, wireless surveillance systems still involve a significant aggregate of research in different areas such as mote architectures, video processing algorithms, power management, energy harvesting and distributed engine. Here we evolve a solution for this problem through multilevel sensing architecture. The proposed system to be find the energy interference in the first level. If any unwanted event, it will be occurring at the moment the additional authentication unit become initiate and activities. In this stage, PIR sensor that detects the traces of the event. If the PIR sensor detects the same, it authenticates the event and switches ON the wireless camera. This system has multiple advantages like reduced power consumption, improved event detection accuracy, longer life span and enhanced information clarity.

Shooting Utility Maximization in UAV-Assisted Wireless Camera Sensor Networks.

Recently, wireless camera sensor networks (WCSNs) have entered an era of rapid development, and WCSNs assisted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are capable of providing enhanced flexibility, robustness and efficiency when executing missions such as shooting targets. Existing research has mainly focused on back-end image processing to improve the quality of captured images, but it has neglected the question of attaining quality images on the front-end, which is significantly influenced by the location and hovering time of the UAV. Therefore, in this paper, we conceive a novel shooting utility model to quantify shooting quality, which is maximized by simultaneously considering the UAV’s trajectory planning, hovering time and shooting point selection. To expound further, we prove the submodularity of the utility function, whereby the original problem can be expressed as a submodular maximization problem with path constraints, and we propose a utility-cost ratio (UCR) algorithm to maximize shooting utility through two-level optimization. Then, by using the relaxation of the cost function, we analyze the gap between the proposed algorithm and the optimal algorithm (OPT) and prove that the UCR algorithm has a bi-criterion approximation ratio of . Simulation results show that the algorithm outperforms both the random algorithm (RAN) and the maximum shooting utility point selection algorithm (MSU) in terms of shooting utility and time utilization efficiency, improving shooting utility by 51% and 21% compared to the RAN and MSU algorithms, respectively, and achieving at least 88.2% of the OPT algorithm in terms of time utilization efficiency.

The Wireless Arthroscopic Era Begins: Arthroscopy’s Evolution from the Incandescent Era to the Fiber-Optic Era to the Wireless Era

Arthroscopic surgery was invented in 1912, when Dr. Severin Nordentoft used a cystoscope powered by an incandescence light to visualize a knee joint. This form of visualization initiated the paradigm shift from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery. The next major paradigm shift occurred in the mid-1970s with the connection of the arthroscopic camera via a fiber-optic cable, powered by a Xenon or LED light, to a display monitor. This system has helped propel the arthroscopic market to an expected US $16.3 BN by 2027. While there have been numerous incremental advances in arthroscopic camera technology over the last half-century the current arthroscopic camera systems remains largely the same. They remain tethered to the tower by a power cable and, most importantly, a light cable that generates significant heat. ArthroFreeTM, a wireless arthroscopic surgical camera powered by a high-efficiency, low-heat light source, is expected to initiate the next paradigm shift in arthroscopy. The expected benefits of a wireless camera system include ease of use, improved OR efficiency, reduction in costs, and better patient outcomes.

Could Head-mounted Cameras Be to Plastic Surgeons What a Laparoscope Is to Abdominal Surgeons?

As surgery becomes more minimally invasive, there are more opportunities to perform surgery through small skin incisions. However, only the surgeon can see the surgical field directly and sometimes the assistant needs to provide blind assistance. The main surgeon is required to adjust the position of the hooks that the assistant pulls as the surgery proceeds. The accumulation of these tasks prolongs the operation time and improper assistance can make the surgeon miss bleeding spots and cause postoperative hematoma. In this report, we present our experience sharing the surgical field with assistants and nurses using a head-mounted camera. A head-mounted wireless camera FM-105 (Faspro Systems Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan) was used in the surgery. Use of a camera-specific application allows the observers to monitor a live view of the video and recording. The video taken by the head-mounted camera was transferred to a laptop computer via Bluetooth, and the computer screen was projected to an external monitor in the operating room via an HDMI port. The assistant supported the surgeon while referring to the surgeon’s field of view on the screen (Fig. 1).Fig. 1.: Photograph of the head mounted camera used in this study. The camera and LED light are mounted in the middle. The captured images can be sent to a computer, tablet, or other devices via Bluetooth.The video taken by the camera was projected on the screen in real time, allowing the assistant to provide precise and timely support. Because the head-mounted camera was equipped with lighting, the surgical field was brightly illuminated, making ceiling-mounted lighting unnecessary. (See Video [online], which displays a scene of reanimation surgery for left facial palsy using a latissimus dorsi muscle flap. The surgeon is creating a narrow tunnel under the skin of the cheek. The video taken by the camera was projected on the screen in real time, allowing the assistant to provide precise support.) {"href":"Single Video Player","role":"media-player-id","content-type":"play-in-place","position":"float","orientation":"portrait","label":"Video 1","caption":"displays a scene of reanimation surgery for left facial palsy using a latissimus dorci muscle flap. The surgeon is creating a narrow tunnel under the skin of the cheek. The video taken by the camera was projected on the screen on real time, allowing the assistant to provide precise support","object-id":[{"pub-id-type":"doi","id":""},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-stream-id","id":"1_awqhmybv"},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-source","id":"Kaltura"}]} The use of high-definition video in surgical education is becoming popular.1–3 In recent years, operating rooms have been equipped with external cameras installed on the ceiling to capture videos of surgeries, providing a bird’s eye view. However, some procedures have very narrow surgical fields, such as cleft lip surgery, hand surgery, and muscle flap elevation performed through a small skin incision; the surgeon’s head often blocks the camera, and he is the only one who can directly see the surgical field. Recently, laparoscopy has become popular in abdominal surgery.4 The advantage of endoscopic surgery is that the surgeon and his assistants can see the same image of the surgical field through the camera. On the other hand, endoscopes are not commonly used in plastic surgery, where the body surface is often the site of surgery. Head-mounted cameras have been used to store surgical images for educational and academic presentations. In recent years, with the development of Bluetooth and other communication technologies, cameras are no longer limited to recording images; rather, they can also transmit images and videos to a computer or tablet in real time. There are several reports on the recording of surgical images using commercially available body cameras.2,3 However, when used in surgery, the surgeon may become fatigued due to the camera’s weight, and the quality of the video may deteriorate. A camera designed for surgery can accurately capture surgical images from the surgeon’s point of view, since the camera is placed between his eyes. By using Bluetooth to share videos and images, the head-mounted camera can be used like a laparoscope for abdominal surgeons. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.

Pipe Inspection Robot

Abstract: The engineer is constantly conformed with the challenges of bringing ideas and design into reality. New machines and techniques are being developed continuously to manufacture various products at cheaper rates and high quality. The pipe inspection robot with active pipe-diameter adaptability and automatic tractive force adjusting is developed for long-distance inspection of main gas pipelines with different diameter series. Its physical design employs the scheme that three sets of parallelogram wheeled leg mechanism are circumferentially spaced out 120° apart symmetrically. This structural design makes it possible to realize the adaptation to pipe diameter and tractive force adjusting together. On the basis of analyzing the mechanical actions of the adaptation to pipe diameter and tractive force adjusting, the related mechanical models are established, and their control system structure and control strategy are discussed. To verify the pipe-diameter adaptability and tractive force adjusting of the robot, related field experiments are implemented in actual underground gas pipeline. The experimental results show that the theoretical analysis in this paper is valid and the prototype of this robot can work well in actual underground gas pipelines. Compared with other similar robots, this robot, which employs active mode for its adaptability to pipe diameter, can be adaptable to the wide range of gas pipeline diameters from ∅300 mm to ∅500 mm and automatically provide a stable and reliable tractive force with strong capacity of tractive force adjusting. As a mobile carrier for visual inspection wireless camera is mounted to see corrosion, crack, defect, and holes of main gas pipelines, spring is also mounted in middle for making it flexible to take turn. Keywords: In pipe robot, Active pipe diameter adaptability; Tractive force adjusting; Gas pipelines inspection

Entropy encoder for low-power low-resources high-quality CFA image compression

An entropy encoder for high-quality image compression in low-power, low-resources devices like wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) or wireless camera sensor network (WCSN) is proposed. The proposed entropy encoder is optimized for encoding data resulting from transformation and quantization of images captured with a color filter array (CFA) digital camera. It efficiently exploits existing correlations among color components in CFA images to improve the performance of the image compressor in terms of power consumption, silicon area, and compression ratio. The image compressor based on the new encoder requires only 22% of the memory size needed by the JPEG-LS-based CFA compressor (for an image with 512 columns). Despite this significant reduction in memory size, the average compression ratio in relation to the image quality is superior to other state-of-the-art algorithms of similar computational complexity and memory requirements. The image compressor based on the proposed encoder has been synthesized using a low-cost UMC 180 nm CMOS process as an intellectual property (IP) core. The design requires a very small silicon area (0.54 × 0.50 mm) and achieves excellent energy efficiency (30μJ per a single 512 × 512 image frame and 20 fps). The selected technology for the implementation is not only low-cost but also well suited to implement an RF transmitter in addition to the compressor to provide a cost effective System on Chip (SoC) for resource-constrained devices like WCE or WCSN.

Design and Analysis of Surveillance Robot

Abstract: The main objective behind this paper is to develop a robot for surveillance in industrial & war areas. The project is designed to develop a robotic vehicle using android mobile. For remote operation attached with wireless camera for monitoring purpose. The robot along with camera wirelessly transmit real time video with low light vision capabilities. This is kind of robot will be helpful for spying purpose in war fields. The wi-fi technology is relatively new as compared to other technologies and there is huge potential of its growth and practical application. The security system then acts on these command and responds to the user. The ESP 32 camera is attached with security system for remote surveillance. This kind of robot will be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance

Current Density Limit of DC Grounding Facilities Considering Impact on Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

Grounding facilities, including high-voltage DC grounding electrodes and auxiliary anodes in impressed current cathodic protection systems, inject current into the ground. This study developed an experimental platform to determine the safe limit of current density for such facilities through an analysis of fish behavior on the platform. Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were selected for the experiment and placed in a tank; two rod electrodes were used to inject direct current into the water. A wireless camera was focused on the water tank to video record possible changes in fish behavior. The output voltage of the DC power source was varied, and the trajectories of the fish under various direct current fields were recorded. A tracking program was developed to analyze the trajectories and quantify the behavior of the fish. A new method combining the trajectories of fish samples with the results of current density calculations for analysis was proposed. Results demonstrated that the zebrafish could sense current in the water and turn when exposed to certain current densities. The intensity of the current at the turning points was statistically analyzed, and the threshold of current density at which the fish could no longer tolerate the current and turned was 0.4231 A/m2.

Fabrication and application of a wireless high-definition endoscopic system in urological surgeries.

To introduce a wireless high-definition endoscopic system (WHES) and compare it with a Storz high-definition (HD) system for image resolution, colour resolution, weight, and costs. The WHES incorporated a portable light-emitting diode light source and a wireless camera module, which can be compatible with different types of endoscopes. Images were wirelessly transmitted to a monitor or mobile platform such as smartphone through a receiver. The International Standards Organization 12233 resolution chart image was used for the comparison of image resolution and Munsell Colour Checker Chart for colour resolution. In all, 38 endourologists used a Likert questionnaire to blindly evaluate cystoscopic images from a patient with haematuria. The surgical team was asked about the overall performance of the WHES in 20 laparoscopic adrenalectomies using a unvalidated subjective survey. There was no difference in image resolution between the two systems (5.82 vs 5.89 line pairs/mm). Without lens and respective light sources, there were better purple (ΔE = 21.48 vs 28.73), blue (ΔE = 34.88 vs 38.6) and red colour resolution (ΔE = 29.01 vs 35.45) for the WHES camera (P < 0.05), but orange (ΔE = 43.45 vs 36.52) and yellow (ΔE = 52.7 vs 35.93) resolutions were better for the Storz HD camera (P < 0.05). Comparing the WHES to a Storz laparoscopic system, the Storz system still had better resolution of orange and yellow, while the resolution of purple, blue, and red was similar for the two systems. The expert comments on resolution, brightness, and colour for cystoscopy were not statistically different, but the ergonomics score for the WHES was higher (3.7 vs 3.33, P = 0.038). The overall cost of the WHES was $23 000-25 000 compared with $45 000-50 000 for a Storz system. There were 100% general satisfaction for the WHES in the survey. We developed a new WHES that provides the same resolution images as a Storz laparoscopic system and acceptable colour resolution with the advantages of wireless connection, small volume, low cost, portability, and high-speed wireless transmission.

Optimal Edge Nodes Deployment With Multi Association for Smart Health

The further evolution and integration of internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies would transform traditional health care processes into smart health care services, which leverages various wireless sensors, cameras, and controllers to collect multi-dimensional medical information and analyze them intelligently. In case of this, the massive amount of data generated by smart health devices need to be transferred, processed and stored quickly, which poses great challenges to traditional cloud-based communications with single association mechanism. To address this problem, this paper proposes an innovative multi-access edge computing based access network with multi-association mechanism, where a single smart device could associate and communicate with multiple edge nodes. The deployment of edge nodes for proposed access network is formulated as an extended knapsack problem, which considers not only signal to interference plus noise rate (SINR) requirement of devices, but also power constraint and load balance of edge nodes and it is solved by the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. Numerical results via SA algorithm show that the proposed multi-association mechanism can improve the SINR of devices significantly, while achieving better load balancing among edge nodes. All these together provides good reference to build an efficient access network for future smart healthcare system.

CameraRoach: A WiFi- and Camera-Enabled Cyborg Cockroach for Search and Rescue

We describe here our design and implementation of a cyborg insect, called CameraRoach, with onboard camera feedback that can be navigated via remote control providing a first-person view. The camera pack is mounted on the Madagascar hissing cockroach, which is small enough to fit into crevices but also can carry a printed circuit boards with power, communication, and sensor components (visual camera). For navigating the cockroach, we implemented a unique electronic backpack neural stimulator, which allows the cockroach to be maneuvered on a desired path with a joystick. A high-resolution wireless camera, also included in the backpack, sends live images via a WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) network. We present the results of an evaluation experiment with the CameraRoach and compare it with the other state of the art systems like the Beetle-Cam.

Design and fabrication of a low-cost wireless camera imaging system for centrifugal microfluidics

Centrifugal microfluidic devices offer a robust method for low-volume fluid handling by combining low-cost instrumentation with highly integrated automation. Crucial to the efficacy of Lab-on-a-Disc (LoaD) device operation is the selection of robust valving technology, the design of on-disc fluidic structures, and accurate control of disc spin-speeds (centrifugal force) during operation. The design and refinement of fluidic and valving structures is often guided by inspecting disc operation using high-speed camera systems. This approach involves synchronising image acquisition with disc rotation to visualise liquid flow through a series of images often presented in a video format. Depending on the decisions taken, such systems can cost from €4,000 upwards. This paper outlines the development of a low-cost centrifugal test-stand with an integrated imaging system using a generic wireless camera to record videos directly to a smartphone device. This imaging system can be fabricated using only 3D printers and a low-cost CNC milling machine from widely available materials for approximately €350. High-fidelity imaging of the entire disc for flow visualisation and the recording of real-time colour intensity measurements are facilitated by this standalone device. A vibration analysis study has been performed to determine the rotational velocity range at which the system can be safely operated. Furthermore, the efficacy of the imaging system has been demonstrated by performing real-time colour intensity measurements of dyed water dilutions.

Configuration-Adaptive Wireless Visual Sensing System with Deep Reinforcement Learning

Visual sensing has been increasingly employed in various industrial applications including manufacturing process monitoring and worker safety monitoring. This paper presents the design and implementation of a wireless camera system, namely, EFCam, which uses low-power wireless communications and edge-fog computing to achieve cordless and energy-efficient visual sensing. The camera performs image pre-processing and offloads the data to a resourceful fog node for advanced processing using deep models. EFCam admits dynamic configurations of several parameters that form a configuration space. It aims to adapt the configuration to maintain desired visual sensing performance of the deep model at the fog node with minimum energy consumption of the camera in image capture, pre-processing, and data communications, under dynamic variations of the monitored process, the application requirement, and wireless channel conditions. However, the adaptation is challenging due to the complex relationships among the involved factors. To address the complexity, we apply deep reinforcement learning to learn the optimal adaptation policy when a fog node supports one or more wireless cameras. Extensive evaluation based on trace-driven simulations and experiments show that EFCam complies with the accuracy and latency requirements with lower energy consumption for a real industrial product object tracking application, compared with five baseline approaches incorporating hysteresis-based and event-triggered adaptation.