Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks Research Articles

An improved three factor authentication protocol for wireless body area networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is a concrete solution for the healthcare system, and it is paramount to ensure the sensed data by the WBAN sensors is secure against vulnerable threats and inaccessible by unauthorized entities. In light of this, highly robust authentication schemes and solutions are essential for the successful adoption of WBANs. To this end, a plethora of secure authentication solutions have been recommended by investigators over the past few decades. However, the absence of cohesive research work in view of secure mutual authentication schemes does not light on the extensive purpose of offering a bird’s-eye solution to the domain. To address the security issues in the previous schemes, we approach them in the following manner: We reviewed the Ali et al. scheme, a recently proposed authentication scheme for wireless medical sensor networks for healthcare monitoring, asserting that their scheme can withstand various attacks. Despite this, we proved that their scheme still has significant security weaknesses and is vulnerable to various attacks through rigorous cryptanalysis. Afterward, we proposed our three-factor authentication scheme to overcome the vulnerable attacks found in the Ali et al. scheme. Thereafter, we performed an extensive informal and formal analysis using Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic to verify the robustness of the proposed scheme. From the analysis, we proved that the proposed authentication scheme is able to withstand various attacks on WBAN. Finally, a critical performance evaluation is done on our scheme. From the results, we identified that our scheme is a robust and identical solution for feature-rich WBAN health-care applications.

SOLDIERS HEALTH MONTORING AND TRACKING USING GSM AND GPS

In enemy territory soldiers not only have to deal with the physical threat, but also with stress andfatigue caused by protracted operations or lack of sleep. So for the security purpose we need a tool for remote soldier performance and health monitoring. So in this project a tool is implemented using biosensors for health monitoring purpose. Also a GPS system is used in order to track the location of soldier. Additionally a GSM modem is also used to make the system wirelessly compatible. Any abnormalities in the readings of wireless body area sensor network (WBASNs) is considered as a trigger for GSM to establish the connection between the soldier and base unit and send current location and health status to the receiver. By using all this equipments we had tried to implement the basic guarding system for the soldier in low cost, light weighted, portable and precise device.

Intelligent Wearable Systems: Opportunities and Challenges in Health and Sports

Wearable devices, or wearables, designed to be attached to the human body, can gather personalized real-time data and continuously monitor an individual’s health status and physiological disposition in a non-invasive manner. Intelligent wearables integrate advanced machine learning algorithms to process complex data patterns and provide accurate insights. As a result, intelligent wearables have emerged as a ground-breaking innovation in the fields of sports and health, introducing a new paradigm in kinematic analysis and patient data evaluation. For example, virtual coaches offer feedback on athletes’ performance, whereas virtual physicians assist in customizing medication for patients. This article provides an overview of various types of intelligent wearables and their applications in health and sports, categorizes machine learning algorithms, and introduces the wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) used for communication in wearable sensors. Additionally, we discuss potential challenges and development directions that could shape the future of intelligent wearables and propose effective solutions for their continued enhancement. This article offers valuable insights into the exciting potential of intelligent wearables to transform healthcare and sports.

A Statistical Analysis of Wireless Body Area Network using Clustering Based Routing Protocols

Recently, research on wireless body-area sensor networks (WBASN) or wireless body area networks (WBANs) has gained great importance in medical applications, and now plays an important role in patient monitoring. Clustering is the most important task in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by data aggregation through each cluster head (CH). The development of technology has seen comfort in the domestic and professional life of an individual. However, such survival was not able to meet medical emergencies during the pandemic COVID-19 and other health surveillance scenarios. As a result, it is important to design an energy-efficient routing system for WBAN. Existing routing algorithms focus more on energy efficiency than security. A Secure Optimal Path-Routing (SOPR) protocol is proposed to identify and discover routes in WBAN that are secure against black-hole attacks. In this paper the sensor's wireless capability has been tested with a simulator to detect and transmit signals across a wide range of frequencies and to ensure that data is transferred successfully. CARF reduces the maximum work done by relay nodes in case of overloaded nodes and thereby increases the energy distribution in the network. The proposed CARF design reduces packet loss and time delay, thereby increasing network lifetime compared to other fuzzy and heuristic methods used for routing in WSNs. The proposed algorithm maintains more than 75% of the residual energy in the network at a minimum initial energy level of 1 J to enable data syncing. A SAC-TA approach for data aggregation in WSNs is presented. False injection attacks are identified based on traffic analysis at the time of the route discovery process. One-time key generation algorithm is introduced to eliminate malicious nodes from the network. The presented paper proposes a congestion-free routing framework for data transmission from source to sink nodes in WSNs. Congestion-aware routing mechanisms modeled using fuzzy sets (CARF) include operations such as establishing non-localized nodes, by which more paths can be created for traffic distribution, and predicting an optimal congestion.

Wireless body area sensor networks based human activity recognition using deep learning

In the healthcare sector, the health status and biological, and physical activity of the patient are monitored among different sensors that collect the required information about these activities using Wireless body area network (WBAN) architecture. Sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR), which offers remarkable qualities of ease and privacy, has drawn increasing attention from researchers with the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable technology. Deep learning has the ability to extract high-dimensional information automatically, making end-to-end learning. The most significant obstacles to computer vision, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are the effect of the environment background, camera shielding, and other variables. This paper aims to propose and develop a new HAR system in WBAN dependence on the Gramian angular field (GAF) and DenseNet. Once the necessary signals are obtained, the input signals undergo pre-processing through artifact removal and median filtering. In the initial stage, the time series data captured by the sensors undergoes a conversion process, transforming it into 2-dimensional images by using the GAF algorithm. Then, DenseNet automatically makes the processes and integrates the data collected from diverse sensors. The experiment results show that the proposed method achieves the best outcomes in which it achieves 97.83% accuracy, 97.83% F-measure, and 97.64 Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC).

Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-based Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm for Anomaly Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks

Recent technological advances in sensor networks show rapid growth in healthcare monitoring systems based on Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). A small sensor attached to the body can record various psychological parameters. WBAN sensors frequently fail due to noise, misalignment of the hardware, and patient perspiration. It is difficult for healthcare professionals to determine whether the data collected by these sensing devices is defected or influenced by a malicious attacker. Even inaccurate information can result in a wrong diagnosis, and the physiological parameters are categorized as normal or abnormal. This research focuses on reading anomaly detection for wireless body sensors and proposes a novel method based on hybrid machine-learning algorithms. A hybrid Artificial Neural Network – Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (ANN-GOA) is proposed to find anomalous records in the dataset. Each anomalous record’s predicted value determines whether the recognized form is anomalous. The suggested hybrid ANN-GOA method results are compared with the parameters like recall, accuracy, F1 score, loss, and precision. The simulation results of the proposed hybrid ANN-GOA algorithm provide better accuracy of 98.8%, recall of 99.9%, F-score of 97.9% and precision of 99.8% when compared with other conventional algorithms.

Lengthening battery life expectancy of sensors in WBANs: A multifactorial approach

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are emerging as a key component in healthcare within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, with sensor battery life being crucial for widespread adoption. To that end, the present work analyzes the different components of sensor’s energy consumption with the objective of deriving analytical expressions for the battery lifespan for an ETSI SmartBAN compliant network. Results have revealed that the sensing energy consumption, commonly considered negligible, cannot always be ignored. Moreover, stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the physiological sensed data, such as error rate and end-to-end delay, must be fulfilled. Therefore, our approach synergizes an energy-efficient and QoS-aware PHY/MAC configuration framework with sensor energy harvesting. To further increase the WBANs autonomy, the present proposal integrates adaptive sampling mechanisms at sensors. Additionally, this research incorporates the patient’s status information and the sensor’s battery level to regulate the behavior of the system. This novel multifactorial approach has allowed an in-depth and comprehensive investigation of the synergies and mutual influences among the different components that integrate this multipronged proposal, demonstrating a significant potential for lengthening the sensor’s battery life expectancy and to substantially extend the WBANs autonomy. Notably, adaptive sampling markedly improves battery lifespan, especially with higher harvestable power levels and shorter MAC frames. In scenarios with lower battery charge or improved patient conditions, the adaptive sampling framework notably enhances system performance and battery lifetime. An ‘average’ case study, considering a medium patient critical level and a 50% battery charge, shows that adaptive sampling can increase battery duration up to 840.94%, significantly boosting WBANs autonomy.

Hash message authentication codes for securing data in wireless body area networks

SummaryThere are numerous medical applications for the growing use of wireless body area networks (WBANs), including remote patient health monitoring, early illness detection, and computer‐assisted rehabilitation. WBAN links many sensor nodes implanted or affixed to the human body to monitor physiological data. WBAN technology has the potential to benefit medical healthcare systems tremendously. However, the gathering and transferring sensitive physiological data in an unprotected environment raises severe security and privacy concerns. The limited resources and broadcast transmission of a WBAN pose grave safety issues in biomedical applications. Keeping sensitive patient data safe during broadcasts is critical in the healthcare business. As a result of the massive memory and processing requirements required by traditional public or private key architectures, tiny sensor nodes cannot use them. WBAN sensor nodes can communicate securely using the KHMAC key‐agreement technique proposed in this article. Measurements and confirmations of shared physiological parameters at the transmitter and recipient sensors are key to the proposed protocol KHMAC before communication is established. The proposed KHMAC protocol enables sensors to use their prior session knowledge for secure communication within a predetermined time window. This will shorten the time it takes to establish a shared key, prevent the retransmission of extracted characteristics in the medium and eavesdropping attacks, and preserve the unpredictability of the key. Both the feature extraction and key agreement stages will be shown to have higher precision and lower error rates with KHMAC's proposed key management methodology. The proposed protocol is proven to be more energy and memory efficient than existing key agreement systems.

Mobile Sink Node with Discerning Motility Approach for Energy Efficient Delay Sensitive Data Communication over Wireless Sensor Body Area Networks

The sensors nearby the static sink drains their energy resources rapidly, since they continuously involve to build routes in Wireless sensor networks, which are between data sources and static sink. Hence, the sensors nearby the sink having limited lifespan, which axing the network lifetime.The mobile-sink strategy that allows the sink to move around the network area to distribute the transmission overhead to multiple sensor nodes. However, the mobile-sink strategy is often tall ordered practice due to the continuous need of establishing routes between source nodes and the mobile sink (MS) at new position occurred due to its random mobility. In regard to above stated argument, this manuscript proposed a novel energy data transmission strategy which is effective for WSN with mobile sink. Unlike the traditional contributions, which relies on mobile sink with random mobility strategies, the proposal defines a discerning path for mobile sink routing between sectioned clusters of the WSN. The proposal of the manuscript titled “Mobile Sink Node with Discerning Motility Approach (MSDMA) for Energy Efficient Data Communication over WBAN”. The method defined in proposed model sections the target network in to multiple geographical clusters and prioritize these clusters by the delay sensitivity of the data transmitted by the sensor nodes of the corresponding clusters. Further, discriminating these clusters by their delay sensitive priority to define mobile sink route. For estimation of the delay sensitive priority of the clusters, set of metrics are proposed. The experimental study carried on simulation to assess the significance of the suggested method. The performance improvement of the suggested method is ascended through comparative analysis performed against benchmark model under divergent metrics.

A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks.

Recently, research into Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks (WBASN) or Wireless Body-Area Networks (WBAN) has gained much importance in medical applications, and now plays a significant role in patient monitoring. Among the various operations, routing is still recognized as a resource-intensive activity. As a result, designing an energy-efficient routing system for WBAN is critical. The existing routing algorithms focus more on energy efficiency than security. However, security attacks will lead to more energy consumption, which will reduce overall network performance. To handle the issues of reliability, energy efficiency, and security in WBAN, a new cluster-based secure routing protocol called the Secure Optimal Path-Routing (SOPR) protocol has been proposed in this paper. This proposed algorithm provides security by identifying and avoiding black-hole attacks on one side, and by sending data packets in encrypted form on the other side to strengthen communication security in WBANs. The main advantages of implementing the proposed protocol include improved overall network performance by increasing the packet-delivery ratio and reducing attack-detection overheads, detection time, energy consumption, and delay.

Two-Tier Cooperation Based High-Reliable and Lightweight Forwarding Strategy in Heterogeneous WBAN

Due to the limited and difficult access to sensor energy, energy conservation has always been an important issue in wireless body area network (WBAN). How to make full use of the limited energy of heterogeneous sensors in WBAN to achieve lightweight and high-reliable data transmission has also become key to the sustainable development of telemedicine services. This paper proposes a two-tier cooperation based high-reliable and lightweight forwarding (TTCF) mechanism via minimizing the amount of transmitted data and optimizing forwarding performance, so as to improve the efficiency and reliability of WBAN and reduce system energy consumption. In TTCF, an adaptive semi-tensor product compressed sensing evolution (STPCSE) model is first constructed to minimize the amount of data to be transmitted and extend the lifetime of sensors. Then, the important factors closely related to the energy consumption of human body sensors, including sampling frequency, residual energy and their importance in the network, are analyzed and redefined, and a high-reliable and lightweight forwarding model based on a multi-factor dynamic fusion is built. Finally, the performance and energy-saving effect of TTCF in a dynamic WBAN environment are compared and analyzed. Simulation results show that the system with our TTCF always performs the best in terms of data reconstruct accuracy, cumulative delivery rata, energy consumption and throughput. For example, its cumulative delivery rate is about 12% and 20.8% higher than that of UC-MPRP and CRPBA, and its residual energy and throughput are 1.22 times and 1.41 times, 1.35 times and 1.6 times of the latter two, respectively.

Analysis of Device Mismatches Effect on the Performance of UWB Receiver Front-End in Wireless Body Area Network Sensor Nodes

Today it is important to manufacture high quality integrated circuits which are insensitive to device mismatches. This paper presents an analysis of MOSFET transistors mismatches effect on the performance of UWB receiver front-end which constitute the most important part of Wireless Body Area Network sensor node. The receiver is based on Balun LNA with 25% fully differential double-balanced passive mixer. A PMOS and NMOS transistors mismatch models were proposed to determine LNA output offset voltage and mixer offset current respectively. The analysis result suggests that, to minimize NMOS current mismatch, and thus reducing second-order inter modulation distortion, the overdrive voltage must be maximized. A Monte Carlo and harmonic balance simulations were performed using 0.18µm CMOS process to evaluate the impact of mismatch as well as Vth mismatch on the receiver gain and IIP2. Simulation results show that IIP2 of the receiver is less sensitive to mixer NMOS mismatch but receiver gain is more sensitive. The receiver IIP2 confidence interval in case of NMOS mismatch is [24.674, 24.77]dBm and in case of NMOS Vth mismatch is [24.659, 24.857]dBm. This show the robustness of the proposed UWB receiver front end. Therefore the proposed circuit meets the requirement of UWB system perfectly which make it suitable for WBAN applications.

Life Span Improvement of Bio Sensors Using Unsupervised Machine Learning for Wireless Body Area Sensor Network

Life Span Improvement of Bio Sensors Using Unsupervised Machine Learning for Wireless Body Area Sensor Network

Efficient Hybrid Fault-Management Clustering Algorithm (HFMCA) in WBANs Based on Weighted Bipartite Graph

Wireless Body Area networks (WBANs) have been adopted extensively in academic and industrial research and development in recent years. WBANs promise to provide a suitable environment for remote patient monitoring and enable caregivers to intervene in case of abnormal health conditions. However, WBANs sensors are resource-constrained and face challenges, including, for instance, sensor energy harvesting, efficient routing, parent node selection in case of two hubs links, and data security. The stringent healthcare requirements burden managing WBAN resources and sensor functionality. In this research work, we tackle the issue of total energy consumption, communication overhead, and the lifespan of WBAN. We study the effect of routing and parent node selection on the network lifespan. The study considers a cluster-based routing protocol to establish a WBAN. This approach divides the network into clusters, where each cluster consists of a cluster head called a Relay Node (RN) and a set of functional sensors. Each RN collects data from its sensor nodes and sends it to a base station. However, the relay nodes are susceptible to failures at any time due to the challenging deployment environments and resource constraints of the nodes. In addition, the network sensors are dynamic in positions due to user body movements. Therefore, improving the robustness, fault management, and reliability at different postures becomes necessary. We propose a mobility-aware, energy-efficient Hybrid Fault-Management Clustering Algorithm (HFMCA) adopting the Weighted Bipartite Graph (WBG) to handle the vulnerable RNs prone to failure. The WBG helps find the optimum path between the vulnerable RN and its members to the sink node while maintaining minimum energy consumption and transmission costs. Finally, we conducted extensive experiments, and the simulation results illustrate the proposed algorithm’s efficiency in WBANs regarding energy consumption, network lifespan, and communication overhead.

Soldier health and position monitoring system using GPS and IOT technology

The fighter Wellbeing and Position Global Positioning Framework allows the military to track the current GPS position of officers and also monitors their health status, including internal temperature and heartbeat. This system also includes an additional feature that enables a soldier to request physical assistance or send a distress signal to the military if needed. The GPS modem transmits the latitude and longitude positions in a connected pattern, aiding the military in tracking the officer's current location. The system is highly beneficial for obtaining real-time health status information and providing immediate assistance to soldiers. In today's world, all nations prioritize their security, and soldiers, as the backbone of any armed forces, often lose their lives due to lack of medical aid during emergencies. Furthermore, soldiers engaged in missions or special operations might become disoriented on war fields, losing contact with authorities. To address these concerns, we developed this project. By utilizing a Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBANS) consisting of temperature and heartbeat sensors, we can monitor the soldiers' health status whenever necessary. Additionally, through GPS, we can track the precise location of the soldiers as needed. The use of an oxygen level sensor enables us to monitor the environmental conditions so that necessary aid can be provided by medical professionals. Communication between the soldiers and medical personnel is established via the Internet of Things (IoT). Any anomalies detected by the Remote Body Area Sensor Network (WBASNs) act as triggers for the IoT device to establish a connection between the soldier and the base unit, transmitting current location and health status to the receiver. To effectively convey this data, we have employed this equipment to create a cost-effective, lightweight, portable, and accurate defense system for soldiers.

Multipath Routing in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network for Healthcare Monitoring.

Mobility and low energy consumption are considered the main requirements for wireless body area sensor networks (WBASN) used in healthcare monitoring systems (HMS). In HMS, battery-powered sensor nodes with limited energy are used to obtain vital statistics about the body. Hence, energy-efficient schemes are desired to maintain long-term and steady connectivity of the sensor nodes. A sheer amount of energy is consumed in activities such as idle listening, excessive transmission and reception of control messages, packet collisions and retransmission of packets, and poor path selection, that may lead to more energy consumption. A combination of adaptive scheduling with an energy-efficient protocol can help select an appropriate path at a suitable time to minimize the control overhead, energy consumption, packet collision, and excessive idle listening. This paper proposes a region-based energy-efficient multipath routing (REMR) approach that divides the entire sensor network into clusters with preferably multiple candidates to represent each cluster. The cluster representatives (CRs) route packets through various clusters. For routing, the energy requirement of each route is considered, and the path with minimum energy requirements is selected. Similarly, end-to-end delay, higher throughput, and packet-delivery ratio are considered for packet routing.

Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks: Survey of MAC and Routing Protocols for Patient Monitoring under IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6.

Wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs) have received growing attention from industry and academia due to their exceptional potential for patient monitoring systems that are equipped with low-power wearable and implantable biomedical sensors under communications standards such as IEEE 802.15.4-2015 and IEEE 802.15.6-2012. The goal of WBASNs is to enhance the capabilities of wireless patient monitoring systems in terms of data accuracy, reliability, routing, channel access, and the data communication of sensors within, on and around the human body. The huge scope of challenges related to WBASNs has led to various research publications and industrial experiments. In this paper, a survey is conducted for the recent state-of-art in the context of medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols by considering the application requirements of patient monitoring systems. Moreover, we discuss the open issues, lessons learned, and challenges for these layers to provide a source of motivation for the upcoming design and development in the domain of WBASNs. This survey will be highly useful for the 6th generation (6G) networks; it is expected that 6G will provide efficient and ubiquitous connectivity to a huge number of IoT devices, and most of them will be sensor-based. This survey will further clarify the QoS requirement part of the 6G networks in terms of sensor-based IoT.

Quality of Service Aware Performance Improvement in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Modern healthcare quality has been under increasing pressure. Wireless Body Area Networks have enabled better monitoring of health and reduced costs. A wireless body area network comprises miniature sensors that can be worn or implanted to record a person’s health data. The uninterrupted and quick access to a patient’s health status makes it easier for the doctor to diagnose in an emergency. The network uses C.S.M.A/C.A during data transmission. With packet collision and loss being two significant issues, we designed an enhanced algorithm to improve the overall performance and Quality of Service of the Wireless Body Area Networks by introducing aging factors. The algorithm avoids unnecessary long backoff periods and brief backoff periods that lead to performance degradation, improving various Quality of Service parameters like packet reception rate, packets received per node, consumed energy, estimated network lifetime, and packet loss rate.

Proposed New Framework Scheme for Path Loss in Wireless Body Area Network

Recent technical developments in wi-fi networking, microelectronic integration and programming, sensors and the Internet have enabled us to create and enforce a range of new framework schemes to fulfil the necessities of healthcare-related wireless body area network (WBAN). WBAN sensors continually screen and measure patients’ indispensable signs and symptoms, and relay them to scientific monitoring for diagnosis. WBAN has a range of applications, the most necessary of which is to help patients suffering diseases to stay alive. The quality instance is the coronary heart implant sensor, whose video display unit monitors coronary heart sign and continuously transmits it. This setup eliminates the need for patients to visit the medical doctor frequently. Instead, they can take a seat at home and acquire an analysis and prescription for the disease. Today, a sizable effort is being made to increase low-power sensors and gadgets for utility in WBAN. A new framework scheme that addresses route loss in WBAN and discusses its penalties in depth is endorsed in this paper. The new framework scheme is applied to three case scenarios to obtain parameters by measuring vital information about the human body. On-body and intrabody conversation simulations are conducted. On-body conversation findings show that the route loss between transmitter and receiver rises with growing distance and frequency

A Comprehensive Survey on Signcryption Security Mechanisms in Wireless Body Area Networks.

WBANs (Wireless Body Area Networks) are frequently depicted as a paradigm shift in healthcare from traditional to modern E-Healthcare. The vitals of the patient signs by the sensors are highly sensitive, secret, and vulnerable to numerous adversarial attacks. Since WBANs is a real-world application of the healthcare system, it’s vital to ensure that the data acquired by the WBANs sensors is secure and not accessible to unauthorized parties or security hazards. As a result, effective signcryption security solutions are required for the WBANs’ success and widespread use. Over the last two decades, researchers have proposed a slew of signcryption security solutions to achieve this goal. The lack of a clear and unified study in terms of signcryption solutions can offer a bird’s eye view of WBANs. Based on the most recent signcryption papers, we analyzed WBAN’s communication architecture, security requirements, and the primary problems in WBANs to meet the aforementioned objectives. This survey also includes the most up to date signcryption security techniques in WBANs environments. By identifying and comparing all available signcryption techniques in the WBANs sector, the study will aid the academic community in understanding security problems and causes. The goal of this survey is to provide a comparative review of the existing signcryption security solutions and to analyze the previously indicated solution given for WBANs. A multi-criteria decision-making approach is used for a comparative examination of the existing signcryption solutions. Furthermore, the survey also highlights some of the public research issues that researchers must face to develop the security features of WBANs.