Wire Mesh Layers Research Articles

Large eddy simulation and experimental study of the effect of wire mesh on flame behaviours of methane/air explosions in a semi-confined pipe

Preventing the propagation of flames in a pipeline is an effective measure for avoiding gas explosion accidents and reducing losses. To evaluate the effect of wire mesh, acting as a porous media, experimental and simulation studies are conducted to determine the influence of the wire mesh on the dynamics of premixed methane/air flame propagation in a semi-closed pipe. Four different kinds of wire mesh with different numbers of layers are chosen in the experiments and simulation, and the mechanism of wire mesh quenching of the flame is investigated. The experimental and simulation results are consistent. Flames are quenched when 4 layers of 40-mesh or 3 layers of 60-mesh wire mesh are used; however, once the flame propagates through the wire mesh, the risk of methane combustion may increase. The wire mesh becomes the key factor causing flame folds and acceleration, and the greater the number of layers or the larger the mesh size is, the more obvious the folds after the flame passes through the wire mesh. Moreover, the combination of heat absorption and disruption of the continuous flame surface by the mesh causes flame quenching. Wire mesh can effectively attenuate the flame temperature during premixed flame propagation in a pipe, and the attenuated maximum rate reaches approximately 79% in the case of adding 3 layers of 60-mesh wire mesh.

Flexural behavior of rubberized concrete beams strengthened in shear using welded wire mesh

In this paper, experimental and numerical studies were implemented to evaluate the effect of Crumb Rubber (CR) ratio and Welded Wire Mesh (WWM) layers on the flexural behavior of RC beams. The volume of fine aggregate was partially replaced by CR particles with three percentages (0%, 10% and 20%). One layer and two layers of the WWM with U shape were additionally added to the shear reinforcement. The test results revealed that, the replacement of fine aggregate by 10% and 20% CR decreased the load capacity of the RC beams by 3.85% and 6.15% respectively compared to that without CR. Conversely, using the WWM as shear reinforcement increased the load capacity of beams and changed beams failure from shear to flexural (steel yielding followed by concrete crushing). The load capacity of RC beams cast without CR and strengthened in shear with one and two WWM layers increased by 6.2% and 9.2% respectively over that without WWM. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the ductility index of the all beams with CR. Finally, the obtained numerical results showed a good agreement with the experimental ones indicating the ability of the numerical model to simulate the behavior of rubberized concrete.

Thermal Evaluation of a Double-Pass Unglazed Solar Air Heater with Perforated Plate and Wire Mesh Layers

In this study, an experimental outdoor investigation of the thermal efficiency and outlet air temperature was conducted on an unglazed, double-pass, solar air heater with a perforated absorber plate and packing wire mesh layers as a supplemental absorbent area. This was done to observe their effects on the thermal performance of the solar air heater. The double-pass collector was constructed with a bed height of 0.05 m, and a collection area of 1.5 m2. The height of the upper channel was fixed at 0.015 m to improve the thermal efficiency, and the outlet temperature at air flow rates between 0.003 and 0.018 kg/s. The collector was mounted with a slope of 42° facing south, to maximize the intensity of solar irradiance during winter. The effects of the air flow rate, ambient temperature, inlet temperature, outlet temperature, and solar intensity were experimentally investigated. The results showed that thermal efficiency could be improved by increasing the air flow rate, where the highest thermal efficiency achieved was 86% at 0.018 kg/s. However, the temperature difference was increased to a maximum value of 38.6 °C, when the air flow rate was decreased to 0.003 kg/s. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant improvement in the thermal efficiency and outlet temperature; and when compared with previous research, the experimental results and the predictions for the outlet temperature using the theoretical model agreed.

Experimental Research on Ferro Foam Concrete I Beams with Different Number of Wire Mesh Layer

The paper presents the experimental study on Ferro foam concrete I beam with different number of wire mesh layers. Ferro foam concrete is alternative materials, which consist of a combination between wire mesh and foam concrete. This material is lightweight and easy to be produced. There are 3 specimens has been tested. Specimens’ configuration was 300 mm height, 150 mm width of upper and lower flange, and 60 mm web with 2200 mm span. The different between specimens was number of wire mesh layers, 2 layers, 3 layers, and 4 layers. Foam concrete used in this research consists of cement, water, foam agent, and 10 % Pozzolan. Compression strength of concrete was 23.23 MPa, and Tensile strength of reinforcement D8 and wire mesh G12.7 were 421 MPa. The specimens were tested using four points loading. Three units of LVDT were placed at a distance of 250 mm and 1000 mm from the support. Based on the results, it was found that the maximum load that can be carried out by specimen was 8.48 Tonf, 8.00 Tonf, and 9.50 Tonf, for 2 layer, 3 layers, and 4 layers, respectively. Maximum deflection for each specimen was 14.01 mm, 13.53 mm, and 21.37 mm, for 2 layers, 3 layers, and 4 layers, respectively. Number of layer in I beam 300.60.60 has no significant effect for the beam in their ability to carried the load.

Flexural Behavior of Square Ferrocement Panels Enhanced with Recycled Tires Sim Strengthened by CFRP

This paper presents an experimental algorithm with the results of using steel fibers in ferrocement panels, which were recovered from tires scrap. Waste steel fibers were cut with the same geometrical characteristics of normal steel fibers and were used in the panels at different layers. To have a reference ferrocement specimen, a plain mixture without fibers and mixtures containing a ratio of recycled steel fiber were also prepared. Some mechanical tests, such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength were determined. Furthermore, load deflection behaviors for 24 panels specimens were carried out under patch load. Test results show that the recycled steel fibers layers recovered from scrap tires affected the mechanical behavior of ferrrocement panels that are similar to the number of wire mesh layers. Depending on the distribution of R.S.F layers and wire mesh layers, the load-deflection curves were found. A comparison between these curves indicates that the R.S.F can reduce the deflection of panels, and increasing the number of wire mesh layers can increase the ability to bear stresses for panels. Rehabilitation with carbon fiber strips CFRP carried out with three forms (box network, inclined with diagonal, parallel to the diagonal and mix of diagonal and box network). The curves show that the rehabilitation with a parallel form to the diameter of the sample is a better treatment, which is characterized by resistance to stresses rather than other forms. We estimate that the recycled steel fibers increase the flexural strength and tensile strength, and 10% is the optimal ratio for increasing the flexural strength and tensile, increasing the number of wire mesh layers increases the ability to bear stresses of the panels. Recycled steel fibers can cause reduction in the deflection of ferrocement panels and can give the same bearing strength proximity (or less) to the panel containing the same number of wire mesh layers.

Predicting the polymer modified ferrocement ultimate flexural strength using artificial neural network and adaptive network based fuzzy inference system

Ferrocement is a thin composite made with a cement-based mortar matrix reinforced with closely spaced layers of small diameter wire mesh. The mesh made of square weld mesh and minimum reinforcement. Ferrocement can also be considered a high performance laminated cementitious composite. The paper presents comparative models were developed to predict the Ultimate flexural strength using Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. The data have taken from experimental research work of ferrocement slabs. It reinforced with welded square mesh with different volume fraction and incorporating modified mortar with Recron fibre and artificial Latex with varying percentage. This work is attempted to develop an optimized method for prediction of Ultimate flexural strength and to reduce the design time.

Flexural performance of wire mesh and geotextile-strengthened reinforced concrete beam

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beam (RCB) for enhancing its flexural performance is a very popular technique to increase the structural life span. Optimization of the construction and strengthening cost without compromising the target strength and service life of a structure is now a matter of challenge for researchers. The wire mesh and geotextile materials possesses some good properties, such as cost-effectiveness, high strength-to-weight ratio, significant flexural performance, and compatibility with concrete, thus can be used as strengthening material. This experimental study aimed to investigate wire mesh and geotextile as strengthening materials for RCBs to enhance their flexural capacity. Three different types of strengthening configuration were used for each type of strengthening material. In order to examine the effectiveness of the wire mesh and geotextile as strengthening material, three point bending tests were done. This experimental results showed that the beams wrapped using wire mesh could enhance the flexural performance and reduce the deflection of RCBs without damage up to the reliable limit. Moreover, wire mesh layer in the tension face and U-wrapping system were proven as the effective configuration in the strengthening technique. The nonwoven geotextile strengthened-beams also had a moderate strength compared with wire mesh strengthened-beams. Nevertheless, the RCBs were found to be more flexible in nature, having a grip on concrete after failure occurred in concrete crushing when wrapped with geotextile layer. Therefore, RCB strengthening by incorporating wire mesh and geotextile materials is sustainable in terms of structural integrity and economic aspect.

Enhancing the Punching Load Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using an External Epoxy-Steel Wire Mesh Composite

The present experimental work investigates the applicability and performance of a new strengthening method for concrete slabs, intended to increase their punching resistance using combination layers of steel wire mesh with epoxy attached to the concrete slabs’ tension face. Six simply supported square reinforced concrete slab specimens were tested up to failure under a central concentrated load. The main parameters in the study are the concrete compressive strength (30 MPa and 65 MPa) and the configuration of a bundle externally fixed to the tension side of the tested slabs. The experimental results appeared to greatly enhance the performance of the specimens, as they were externally strengthenined under this new method. When compared to the control slabs, the punching load and stiffness of the strengthened slabs increased up to 28% and 21%, respectively.

Tensile behavior of on- and off-axis carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites incorporating steel wire mesh

This paper experimentally investigates the tensile behavior of hybrid composites made with on- and off-axis carbon fiber reinforced polymer that incorporates stainless steel wire mesh. Various layers of off-axis carbon fiber, layers of steel wire mesh, and levels of curing temperature were used as test parameters. The test results indicated that the test specimens using an intermediate amount of carbon fiber layers (three and five off-axis layers) showed an inclined fracture of carbon fiber layers at failure, whereas the specimens using a large amount of carbon fiber layers (ten off-axis layers) exhibited a significant lateral contraction at failure. In particular, the use of a large amount of off-axis carbon fiber layers could significantly increase the initial stiffness, peak load, and residual load of the hybrid composites, in particular, when using steel wire mesh layers. In addition, the tensile behavior of the hybrid composites was governed by the combined effect of the steel wire mesh layers and the number of off-axis carbon fiber fabric layers. A model was proposed to predict the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite specimens, and the prediction results showed good agreement with the test results.

Comparative study of two types of self-recovery shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolator devices under compression–shear interactions

Two types of novel shape-memory alloy-based devices with three-dimensional isolation potential and deformation recovery abilities were developed. These two types of isolators, which are called shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolators, were both created with martensitic shape-memory alloy wires through weaving, rolling, and punching processes, but they underwent heat treatment at different fabrication stages and for different durations. A series of mechanical tests were performed on these two types of shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolators to investigate their properties under compression, shear, and combined compression–shear loading at room temperature. The restorable shear limit was then investigated, and the corresponding shear failure mechanism was discussed according to a tension test of one thin layer of the shape-memory alloy wire mesh. Subsequently, the deformation recovery ability of the shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolator with residual deformation was tested through heating on a thermo-control stove. Finally, the mechanical-property stabilities, energy-dissipation abilities, and recovery abilities were compared between the two types of shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolator devices. The experimental results indicated that both types of shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolators had excellent residual deformation recovery abilities, and the type-I shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolator device had more stable mechanical properties than the type-II shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolator. The type-I shape-memory alloy pseudo-rubber isolator device is thus an ideal candidate for traditional three-dimensional isolators.

Exergy Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Air Heaters Having Obstacles and Filled with Wire Mesh Layers

Two new experimental studies are presented in this research for improving the convection heat transfer and efficiency of flat plate solar air heater (SAH). An exergetic analysis is applied for evaluating the efficiency of a flat plate (SAH) with and without porous media. It was specially designed, low height bed filled with aluminium wire mesh layers and four aluminium longitudinal obstacles that increase the air path flow through the bed and the area of the absorber plate. Six wire mesh layers as an alternative of absorber plate, the layers had an internal diameter of 0.31 cm and a cross-sectional area of 0.22 cm × 0.22 cm. The wire mesh layers and the obstacles, improve the heat transfer from the absorber mesh layers in the moving air inside the heater. The plotted exergetic efficiency curves are a function of solar intensity, ambient temperature, bed temperature and temperature rise parameter (To-Ti / I). These efficiency curves are in bed with and without porous media through different airflow rate. The results illustrate that the heater with porous media SAH is more efficient, from exergy point of view, then the heater without porous media. The maximum exegetic enhanced efficiency with and without porous media SAH in this study has been found to be 3.42 % and 5.16 %, respectively. These results correspond to the low airflow rate of 0.015 kg/s and 2.5 cm channel depth. A significant improvement in the exergetic efficiency discovered when comparing the proposed system with other conventional SAHs.

Influence of Voids Ratio on Impact Behavior of Circular Ferrocement Slabs

The objective of using materials is to fully utilize the properties of these materials in order to obtain the best performance of the structure. The merits of material are based on many factors like, workability, structural strength, durability and low cost. Ferrocement is an excellent construction system. This paper studies the behavior of ferrocement circular slabs under impact load. The experimental program include testing four sime fixed supported ferrocement circular slabs of 800mm diameter and 50mm thickness. The Influence of the use of styropor voids was investigated in different ratios (24% and 48%) and a number of wire mesh layers four and six layers. Impact load test results revealed that increasing number of wire mesh from 4 to 6 led to an increase in the impact energy for first crack by (41.991% ,37.62%) respectively when using voids ratio by (24% and 48%) respectively and impact energy for full perforation by (21.7% and 9.94%) respectively when using voids ratio by (24% and 48%) respectively. Ferrocement circular slabs are used in construction fields such as roofs, tanks, manholes, etc.

An Experimental Study on Energy and Exergy for Glazed and Unglazed Solar System with Perforated Absorber Plate and Wire Mesh Layers

The purpose of this experimental study is to construct and evaluation three solar heaters (glassed heater 90 o bed angle, unglazed heaters 90 o bed angle and glassed heater 47 o bed angle), these heaters device 50 mm height of the bed with a perforated absorber plate and wire mesh layers. The perforated plate and six steel wire mesh layers were painted black then placed parallel to each other in heater bed; the mesh layers had a cross-sectional area of 2.2 mmA— 2.2 mm and an internal diameter of 4.11 mm, perforated plate had an internal hole diameter of 2 mm, pitch 4 mm. In this search, the outlet temperature and thermal efficiency were studied in a geographical zone, located in the Baghdad city, Iraq. The experimental results showed that the thermal efficiency increases as the air velocity increases in the range of 2 m/Sec to 7.5 m/Sec. The maximum efficiency obtained using the glazed solar heater 90 o bed slope was I·= 63%, but for unglazed solar heater same bed slops the maximum thermal efficiency decreased to I·= 43.3%. The maximum thermal efficiency increased to I·= 65.6% as decrease the bed slop to the 47 o for the glazed heater at a flowing air velocity of 7.5 m/Sec. Additionally, the temperature differences, ∆T , (T out – T in ) and exergy efficiency for three beds of solar heater indicated an inverse association with flowing air velocity: Temperature differences, ∆T, and exergy efficiency, I· Ex , increased as the air velocity decreased. The maximum temperature differences and exergy efficiency for glazed solar heater bed slope 90 o are ∆T = 37.9 °C and I· EX = 4.8 %, for unglazed solar heater bed slope 90 o , ∆T =16.8 o C and I· EX =2.23 %, for glazed solar heater bed slope 47 o are ∆T = 48 C o and I· EX = 5.24 %, which were recorded for the duration 12:00 am at maximum solar intensity, I. The results validated an improvement in the outlet air temperature T out , thermal efficiency, I· and exergy efficiency, I· EX . Â

Study on Flexural Behaviour and Cracking of Ferrocement Slabs by Neglecting Very Fine Sand

This paper presents the experimental results of eight slabs made of Ferrocement. All specimens were )700mm (long, )300mm (wide and )50mm (thick. These specimens were divided into two groups (The first group has four specimens coursed of normal sand gradient and in the other four specimens, the sand that passing from sieve No. 8 was neglected), to investigate behavior of slabs under bending effect and studying the cracks that generated after bending then, comparing the results between these two groups. A thin square welded wire mesh was used as reinforcement. The number of wire mesh layers was varied between 0 to 3 layers. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test was used to detect the cracks. The results showed that there was a slight rise in bending for first group slabs compared with second group slabs. Maximum bending strength was achieved for both slab groups with 3 layers of wire mesh. it was shown that there was a significant convergence in the load values required to cause appearing of the first crack and final failure for the two groups. The percentage of ultimate load between slab reinforced with 3 layers and without reinforcement was (25.27%) for the first group, while the increase in ultimate load for a specimen that reinforced with 3 layers was (24.16%) compared to specimen without reinforcement for the same group. On the other hand, the results showed an improvement in the performance of the second group slabs due to its resistance to appearing of cracks resulted from bending. The percentage of increasing cracks after bending for the unreinforced specimen in group 1 was (9%) compared with the unreinforced slab in group 2. Whereas the numbers of cracks number in slab reinforced with 1 and 2 layers in the second group were less than slabs with 1 and 2 layers in the first group about (8.86 %) and (7.77%), respectively. While this percentage for a specimen with 3 layers in group 2 was about (8.62%) less compared to the specimen with 3 layers in group 1..

Effects of steel fibres and silica fume on the behaviours of square ferrocement slabs under flexural loading

Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of a cement-sand matrix with closely spaced relatively small diameter wire meshes, with or without steel bars of small diameter which are known as skeletal steel. This work concerns the behaviours of square ferrocement slabs with dimensions of 500 × 500 × 30 mm when subjected to flexural load. This study included testing thirteen ferrocement slabs, and the main variables considered in the experimental work were the number of wire mesh layers, percentage of silica fume and presence of steel fibre. The effects of these variables on the behaviours and load carrying capacities of tested slabs under central loads were investigated. From the experimental results, increasing the percentage of silica fume from 0% to 6% caused ultimate flexural loads to increase up to 4.5% replacement. The load carrying capacity also increases with presence of steel fibre reinforcement, and the ductility is high where steel fibres are included. The results also suggest that an increase in wire mesh layers from six to ten layers leads to an increase in load capacity by 76%. Finally, the results show that the addition of steel fibres can reduce the crack width and increase the number of cracks compared to samples without fibres.

Drying behaviour of lemon balm leaves in an indirect double-pass packed bed forced convection solar dryer system

The thin-layer drying behaviour of lemon balm leaves in an indirect-mode solar dryer with forced convection was investigated. The solar air heater employed a novel counter flow double-pass packed-bed wire mesh layer configuration to enhance the energy gain of the heated air. The thermal performance of the solar dryer was experimentally evaluated under Babol (36.5387°N, 52.6765°E) prevailing weather conditions. The system was comprised of a double-pass packed bed of wire mesh air heater attached to a dryer cabinet. The collector thermal efficiency was determined under realistic conditions wherein solar irradiance changed from 600 to 900 W/m2, atmospheric temperature varied from 22 °C to 25 °C and the collector outlet temperature ranged from 38 °C to 68 °C. It was found that while increasing the flow rate from 0.006125 m3/s to 0.01734 m3/s improved the collector thermal efficiency by ~ 20%; further increasing the flow rate to 0.034378 m3/s had an adverse effect on the collector efficiency. Drying experiments were performed for lemon balm leaves with initial moisture content of 80% on wet basis to the final moisture content of 10%. Mathematical models were also tested to find the best thin layer model for describing the drying behaviour of lemon balm leaves.

Developement of Composite Armors Using Natural Rubber Reinforced with Steel Wire Mesh for Ballistic Resistance

A protective ballistic armor used for military buildings, that will meet the anti-terrorism and force protection demands, are increasingly needed, particularly in Thailand's southernmost provinces. A new type of ballistic armor system has been developed, composing of composite layers, using natural rubber reinforced with steel wire mesh, and Al plate. The composite layers were used as front material while the Al plate was used as backing plate. The armors were tested against NIJ-Type III threats using NIJ 0108.01 ballistic test standard. The armor, with 12 mm Al backing plate, can successfully resist the NIJ-Type III treat with only combination of two composite layers. Different than hard and brittle plate, such as ceramic, the use of composite layer at the front did not blunt and erode the projectile, due to its ductile property. However, the composite layer effectively reduces the velocity of projectile, due to high fracture toughness, as a result of reinforcing steel wire mesh layers in the composites. The projectile was finally stopped by the Al backing plate.

STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHTWEIGHT FERROCEMENTAERATED CONCRETE SANDWICH BLOCKS

Results of an experimental investigation on sandwich blocks fabricated using lightweight aerated concrete encased in a ferrocement box are presented in this paper. The primary variables investigated are the type of wire mesh; chicken and square wire mesh, and number of wire mesh layers in the ferrocement box. The response variables considered include compressive strength, overall unit weight and failure mode. The results are compared with control block specimens made solely of the aerated concrete. The results showed significant increases in compressive strength due to the encasement of aerated concrete. Overall, the unit weight of the sandwich blocks comply with the specifications for lightweight structural components. The ferrocement encasement changes the otherwise brittle failure mode of aerated concrete into a ductile one.

Uniaxial compression and tensile splitting tests on adobe with embedded steel wire reinforcement

Adobe has recently gained further significance, and the associated interest of engineers and researchers, due to its environment friendliness. Several studies can be found in the literature that focus on various aspects of the material behaviour of adobe. This article focuses on the investigation of the effects of wire mesh reinforcement on the compressive strength, uniaxial compression behaviour over the entire loading regime, and the tensile splitting strength of adobe specimens. A total of 30 cylindrical specimens with 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length were tested, 15 for tensile splitting and 15 for uniaxial compression. For each type of test, 5 specimens did not have any reinforcement, whereas 10 were reinforced with a single layer of steel wire mesh. It has been concluded that the adobe specimens reinforced with wire mesh do not suddenly split because of tensile stresses. It has also been concluded that the wire mesh reinforcement significantly increases the compressive strength of adobe specimens. The stress–strain response of adobe, which is non-linear with post-peak strain softening in the absence of any reinforcement, becomes bilinear in form with continuous post-cracking hardening when wire mesh reinforcement is added. The use of wire mesh reinforcement in adobe construction has great potential to further promote adobe as a construction material.

Compressive and Flexural Tests on Adobe Samples Reinforced with Wire Mesh

Adobe is an economical, naturally available, and environment friendly construction material that offers excellent thermal and sound insulations as well as indoor air quality. It is important to understand and enhance the mechanical properties of this material, where a high degree of variation is reported in the literature owing to lack of research and standardization in this field. The present paper focuses first on the understanding of mechanical behaviour of adobe subjected to compressive stresses as well as flexure and then on enhancing the same with the help of steel wire mesh as reinforcement. A total of 22 samples were tested out of which, 12 cube samples were tested for compressive strength, whereas 10 beams samples were tested for modulus of rupture. Half of the samples in each category were control samples i.e. without wire mesh reinforcement, whereas the remaining half were reinforced with a single layer of wire mesh per sample. It has been found that the compressive strength of adobe increases by about 43% after adding a single layer of wire mesh reinforcement. The flexural response of adobe has also shown improvement with the addition of wire mesh reinforcement.