Wireline Networks Research Articles

Jitter-Based Authentication for Automotive Wireline Networks

Jitter-Based Authentication for Automotive Wireline Networks

Hub location–allocation for combined fixed-wireless and wireline broadband access networks

Hub location–allocation for combined fixed-wireless and wireline broadband access networks

Generalized Channel Probing and Generalized Pre-Processing for Secret Key Generation

The paper considers secret key generation (SKG) from a channel between Alice and Bob against Eve all with multiple antennas. A generalized channel probing (GCP) method and a generalized pre-processing (GPP) method are proposed as two major steps before quantization, information reconciliation and privacy amplification for SKG. The degree-of-freedom (DoF) of the secret key capacity (SKC), relative to power or signal-to-noise ratio, based on the data sets at Alice, Bob and Eve after the execution of GCP is shown. The SKC-DoF is also shown to be the same as that based the new data sets after the application of GPP except for modifications chosen for computational efficiency. In particular, if Eve has a less number of antennas than either Alice and/or Bob, the SKC-DoF grows with the number of random transmissions from either Alice and/or Bob within each channel coherence period. This SKC-DoF property for GCP and GPP does not require the reciprocity of the channel. A reciprocal channel simply adds a product of the numbers of antennas at Alice and Bob towards the total SKC-DoF. Also shown in this paper is GCP with embedded public pilots, which results in no loss of SKC-DoF. Two prior methods for channel probing are also reviewed, and it is shown that none of them has the above mentioned SKC-DoF property despite previous claims. The potential application areas of GCP and GPP include both wireless and wireline networks.

On Scalable Network Communication for Infrastructure-Vehicle Collaborative Autonomous Driving

Network communication is crucial for Infrastructure-Vehicle Cooperative Autonomous Driving (IVCAD), which can help to improve both driving safety and efficiency. Existing IVCAD systems either use RoadSide Units (RSUs) deployed sparsely in critical locations to extend the on-board sensing, or use RSUs deployed densely in a limited area to provide both sensing and decision-making for vehicles. For both scenarios, the numbers of RSUs and vehicles are small, and the network communication solutions are based on the existing wireline and cellular network infrastructures and their extensions. However, it remains unknown whether these existing network communication solutions are scalable when the IVCAD system is deployed city-widely with hundreds of thousands of RSUs and millions of vehicles. In this paper, we analyze the network communication requirements for different types of IVCAD systems, and show that when the numbers of RSUs and vehicles in the system are large, using the existing solutions to support IVCAD can incur very high extra network communication facility cost. We further discuss how to use wireless mesh networks formed by RSUs themselves to solve the network communication problem without any deployment of extra network communication facilities. To enable the RSU network, we provide a network communication framework based on network coding and highlight some research directions.

Review and Comparison of Digital Algorithms for Secure Data Transmission in Autonomous Mobile and Stationary Systems

Autonomous systems based on the "Internet of Things" paradigm have become widespread. The Internet of Things devices are used for collecting and analyzing data, control electrical systems. The Internet of Things the most common fields of use are smart houses, smart cities, smart traffic, environment monitoring, healthcare etc. With the automation to the degree of autonomy of such processes as cargo delivery and human transportation, the Internet of Things paradigm begins to extend not only to stationary devices, but also to mobile, primarily small unmanned aerial vehicles. UAV can be used not only for civil use but for police or military operations too. This poses a potential threat to skilled criminals such as terrorists, smugglers and drug couriers. There is an urgent problem of secure transmission of data and control signals at distances up to tens of kilometers without loss of communication and the possibility of interception of control. Wireless communication technologies are widely used in all areas of the economy: control systems, environmental safety monitoring, industrial automation, logistics, etc. Wireless networks have many characteristics in common with wireline networks, and therefore, many security issues of wireline networks apply to the wireless environment. Wireless data is easy to intercept by potential eavesdroppers. Issue of security and privacy become more notable with wireless networks. The paper substantiates the transition to cryptographically protected wireless communication channels in autonomous control systems for both fixed and mobile performance. Possible attack vectors in such systems are considered. An analytical review and classification of modern cryptographic protection (encryption) algorithms used at the representative, session and channel levels of communication interfaces together and functional diagrams for some of them are performed. Selected criteria for comparing cryptographic algorithms, which allows you to choose the best depending on the functions performed and the conditions of use of a particular autonomous system.

More than a number: The telephone and the history of digital identification

This article examines the telephone’s entangled history within contemporary infrastructural systems of ‘big data’, identity and, ultimately, surveillance. It explores the use of telephone numbers, keypads and wires to offer new perspective on the imbrication of telephonic information, interface and infrastructure within contemporary surveillance regimes. The article explores telephone exchanges as arbiters of cultural identities, keypads as the foundation of digital transactions and wireline networks as enacting the transformation of citizens and consumers into digital subjects ripe for commodification and surveillance. Ultimately, this article argues that telephone history – specifically the histories of telephone numbers and keypads as well as infrastructure and policy in the United States – continues to inform contemporary practices of social and economic exchange as they relate to consumer identity, as well as to current discourses about surveillance and privacy in a digital age. This article is based on a paper presented at the Media in Transition symposium (Utrecht, June 28, 2018), in the Industries and Infrastructures panel organised by Judith Keilbach. Also published in this issue of ECS are Amanda D. Lotz, ‘Unpopularity and cultural power in the age of Netflix: new questions for cultural studies’ approaches to television texts’ and Vicki Mayer, ‘From peat to Google power: communications infrastructures and structures of feeling in Groningen.’

Building a Resilient Telecommunications Sector in Puerto Rico in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Irma and Maria

In September 2017, following two catastrophic hurricanes, Puerto Rico's wireline, wireless and cable networks were rendered largely inoperable. As this article will illustrate, the causes of this devasting failure of the telecommunications sector were not attributable to Hurricanes Irma and Maria alone. The hurricanes revealed the fragility of Puerto Rico's telecommunications infrastructure, which failed, leaving the majority of Puerto Rican citizens without a means to communicate by phone or by Internet or to reach 911 for emergency services for weeks or months. This article will also summarize the 33 courses of action (COAs) for rebuilding the telecommunications sector that were proposed by the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center, a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) operated by the RAND Corporation and adopted by the government of Puerto Rico. These COAs were prepared as part of the Congressionally mandated Puerto Rico economic and disaster recovery plan. Even though significant progress has been made toward recovery in Puerto Rico, substantial investment is still required to achieve a resilient and robust telecommunications sector. The estimated cost for the 33 COAs was $3.2 billion. The overall cost estimate for the Puerto Rico recovery plan, including all sectors, was $139 billion.

Transmission Control Technology in Computer Wireless Network Communication

<p>With the rapid development of wireless network communication in China, information transmission technology has become the key point. Information transmission mainly includes wireline network communication, wireless network communication and broadband communication. Due to the limitation of communication barriers in different areas and environment, problems, such as poor signal, weak channel transmission and distribution ability, and channel congestion, will emerge during the information transmission process. Therefore, by taking transmission control technology as the research object, analysis on the disadvantages of computer wireless network communication are conducted in this article. Some corresponding improvement measures are also put forward for reference.</p>

A Meta-Learning Scheme for Adaptive Short-Term Network Traffic Prediction

Network traffic prediction is a fundamental prerequisite for dynamic resource provisioning in wireline and wireless networks, but is known to be challenging due to non-stationarity and due to its burstiness and self-similar nature. The prediction of network traffic at the user level is particularly challenging, because the traffic characteristics emerge from a complex interaction of user level and application protocol behavior. In this work we address the problem of predicting the network traffic at the user level over a short horizon, motivated by its applications in cellular scheduling. Motivated by recent works on robust adversarial learning, we treat the prediction problem for non-stationary traffic in an adversarial context, and propose a meta-learning scheme that consists of a set of predictors, each optimized to predict a particular kind of traffic, and of a master policy that is trained for choosing the best fit predictor dynamically based on recent prediction performance, using deep reinforcement learning. We evaluate the proposed meta-learning scheme on a variety of traffic traces consisting of video and non-video traffic. Our results show that it consistently outperforms state-of-the-art predictors, and can adapt to before unseen traffic without the need for retraining the individual predictors.

Enabling Multicast and Broadcast in the 5G Core for Converged Fixed and Mobile Networks

The fifth generation of cellular technologies, 5G, promises to deliver a wide variety of services. However, the first release of 5G (3GPP Rel-15) did not consider multicast capabilities in the 5G system including both access and core networks. This article fills the gap by describing solutions for 5G mobile core network architecture incorporating multicast and broadcast capabilities. Two innovative solutions to provision multicast and broadcast, based on 3GPP Rel-15 arechitecture, have been proposed and analyzed. One is 5G architecture friendly with low imprint over Rel-15 while the other is based on the evolution of LTE Broadcast architecture. The architectural solutions feature two new main transmission modes: transparent multicast transport and point-to-multipoint services. The former enables the 5G network as a network pipe supporting multicast traffic providing a cost-effective delivery mode for multimedia while the latter enables multicast and broadcast as a service. The paper also presents a convergent fixed wireline and mobile network architecture based on the proposed mobile network architecture altenatives. The proposed architecture alternatives are suitable for different verticals and applications such as Digital Terrestrial Television, Public Warning, Internet of Things, V2X (vehicle to everything) and mission critical communications (MCC).

Far-End Crosstalk Mitigation for Future Wireline Networks Beyond G.mgfast: A Survey and an Outlook

With the escalating demand for high speed, high reliability, low latency, low cost and ubiquitous connectivity, the telecommunications industry is entering a new era where the ultimate optimality of the current wireline-wireless access network has to be achieved. Regarding the current wireline network paradigm, dominated by the copper-based digital subscriber lines (DSL) technology, multi-Gigabit data rate is the ambitious design objective at the customer end for the forthcoming ITU-T G.mgfast standard. In order to prepare for the new challenges in the era of total network convergence, both the wireline and the wireless community must be able to think beyond their respective conventions and learn from each other if necessary. Overall, the current DSL-based wireline network architecture is prone to the mutual interference resulting in far-end crosstalk (FEXT). The newly expanded 424/848 MHz spectrum of the ambitious G.mgfast project introduces far higher FEXT than that over the current 212/30 MHz G.fast/VDSL2 band. Additionally, the coexistence of multiple standards will also cause `alien' FEXT. In these cases, using the plain zero forcing precoding (ZFP) will no longer attain a sufficiently high performance. However, as shown in the field of wireless communications, using lattice reduction as a signal space remapping technique significantly improves the performance of traditional multi-user detectors (MUD) and of the respective multi-user precoders (MUP). These promising techniques have largely remained unexploited in commercial wireless communications, due to their complexity in the face of the rapidly fluctuating wireless channels. In this survey, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art in wireline access network and an outlook for recent technological advances in the holistic `wireline + wireless' access network in the context of network convergence, focusing on the dominant challenge of FEXT mitigation in future DSL networks. Against this background, we investigate both the family of linear precoding and of the Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) schemes conceived for classic DSL. Furthermore, we present a tutorial on the family of lattice reduction aided MUPs, as well as quantifying their expected performances in realistic DSL scenarios. As a by-product, we also demonstrate the duality between MUP and MUD, in the hope that the fifty years' history of MUD could be used to accelerate the development of efficient near-optimal MUPs for future DSL. Under the recommended operating conditions of the 212 MHz profile of G.fast, our benchmark comparisons indicate that the lattice reduction aided techniques are very powerful compared to conventional schemes. In particular, their good performances do not rely on optimized spectrum balancing, and they are also shown to be relatively robust against channel state information (CSI) estimation error, under the assumption of perfectly time-invariant DSL channels.

Mobile Ad hoc networks security: Challenges and solutions

Security plays a very important role in order to provide protected communication between mobile nodes in a hostile environment. Unlike the wire line networks, the unique characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks pose a number of nontrivial challenges to security design, such as open peer-to-peer network architecture, shared wireless medium, stringent resource constraints, and highly dynamic network topology. In this article only focus on the fundamental security problem of protecting the multi-hop network connectivity between mobile nodes in a MANET. Ad hoc networks are a wireless networking pattern for mobile Amphitryon. Unlike traditionary mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not depend on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, these networks are self-configurable and self-governing systems which are able to support mobility and consolidated themselves arbitrarily. In this article only focus on the rudimentary security problem of protecting the multi-hop network connectivity among mobile nodes in a MANET. We identify the security issues related to this problem, discuss the challenges to security design, and review the state-of-the-art security proposals that protect the MANET link- and network-layer operations of delivering packets over the multihop wireless channel

Awareness of Farm Women in Regards To Agricultural Coverage in Media

In most developing countries, like India, women are responsible for nutrition and food security at household level and even at agricultural level whereas they are not considered ‘farmers’. They just do this duty as being addressed as housewives. Whereas, women are more than that.The 2020 prediction says that more than half of new Internet users in India will be from rural societies, and rural users will constitute almost half (48%) of connected users (The Rising Connected Consumer in Rural India: by The Boston Consulting Group suggests). Also, number of Indian rural internet users will reach to 315 million users in 2020. The growth will be driven by cheaper handsets, explosion of wireless and wireline networks. Even various studies after 201 suggested that Facebook, WhatsApp and YouTube are now being used to share diverse farming based information across different parts of India. Similarly, the contribution of females, in modern times, is unlimited both at home and farm. Women have an understanding of the latest technologies which could be amalgamated with agriculture. For Agriculture, media aims at encouraging national integration, dissemination of message, educating women, providing healthy entertainment and spreading of essential knowledge to fuel agricultural production.Punjab is a land of farming and known as ‘Bread Basket’ and its women are equally contributing in the agriculture. In the various villages of Punjab, women are oriented to farming and use Media for agricultural tips, agricultural know-hows, recipes, sessions based on agriculture, etc. Even a wide range of mass media including newspaper, magazines, books, radio, television etc. are being utilised by farm women based in Punjab. The following study will focus on the utilisation of Media, in various forms, by farm women of Village Pakhowal, Punjab for analysing agricultural coverage.

Anlisis QoS Open IMS Core berbasis Network Function Virtualization pada Protokol TCP

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an NGN technology to convergence support of wireline and wireless networks with QoS guarantees. Therefore IMS is widely used by telecommunications operators. Increasing customers make operators overwhelmed by having to replace or add new devices to increase IMS capacity, which is less profitable for operators on the operational costs. The concept of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is solve the problem. The concept changed of hardware-dedicated to software-dedicated in a virtual environment allows the NFV to be more flexible in increasing device capacity and can reduce dependence on hardware purchases. In this research IMS implemented using Open IMS Core and NFV infrastructure software using OpenStack. analysis based on QoS file transfer services and web servers by measuring parameters throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. Based on the measurement of QoS parameters obtained by traffic load of 0 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 20 Mbps, 30Mbps. The throughput average values on file transfer service are 0.2906 Mbit / s and 16.4366 Mbit / s on web server services. The delay average value on file transfer service is 25.5077 ms and 0.7708 ms on the web server service. The resulting jitter value is <1 ms. Percentage of packet loss is < 1%.

A Novel Scheduling Approach for Packet Delay in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks and Comparative Analysis with Other Scheduling Approaches

Objectives: The goal of the work is to design a network as well as a new scheduling approach that provides minimizing the delay, better operation of resources in the network and increasing optimality. Methods: In the wireless network and wireline Network, the delay stability is one of the significant metrics considered. The delay analysis of packets plays an essential job in the network. Decomposition of packets partition into multiple paths, checks whether any two nodes assemble at same point as bottleneck occurred or not. To overcome these issues, it utilizes a new delay efficient scheduling policy. Findings: In this research, a new scheduling algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization Max Weight Scheduling (ACOMWS) for minimizing the delay, is proposed. For recognizing the behavior of each path in the network, lower bound analysis is used. Comparative result analyses of proposed scheduling algorithm (ACOMWS) are evaluated with other algorithms (MWS, BP, ACO, Greedy, and GMWS). Application/Improvements: The proposed hybrid scheduling algorithm (ACOMWS) improves the results to achieve better precision results compared to the previous related works. Keywords: Adhoc, Backpressure, Greedy, Max-weight, Packet Delay, Scheduling, Throughput Optimal

Flexibility in Softwarized Networks: Classifications and Research Challenges

The increase of flexibility is a common objective of softwarized networks based on concepts, such as software defined networking, network function virtualization, and network virtualization. Hence, in the state-of-the-art, flexibility is used as an argument for a certain proposed architecture, solution mechanism or design choice in general. The meaning of flexibility behind such rather qualitative arguments is highly diversified in the literature, as a common understanding of flexibility is missing so far. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art in softwarized networks with a focus on the flexibility that is provided by each proposed concept, mechanism or system. In particular, we show that the flexibility provided by different network softwarization technologies can be classified into six different aspects within the three high-level flexibility categories, i.e., configuration adaptation, functions location, and scalability. We analyze the state-of-the-art in flexibility from several viewpoints including flexibility aspects, network technologies, domains and planes in order to derive a common understanding of how flexibility can be provided in softwarized wireline and wireless networks. Moreover, we reveal open issues, which are mostly related to the fact that flexibility is not clearly defined in the literature, and derive concrete research challenges accordingly. Our classification of flexibility and the derived research challenges aim at stimulating the discussion toward a more quantitative analysis of the design requirement of flexibility that has demonstrated increasing importance for softwarized networks and beyond.

Optimal DoF Region of the MIMO Butterfly Network

A butterfly network is a classical model to demonstrate the throughput advantage of the network coding technique over wireline networks. We are curious about what happens if the wireless network is considered instead, especially for the multiple-antenna scenarios. In this letter, we study this problem and aim to fully characterize the degrees of freedom (DoF) region for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) butterfly network in the general setting. It turns out that significant DoF gains can be achieved if more advanced interference management schemes than the conventional time-sharing one are employed for the MIMO butterfly network, which is quite similar to the case of its wireline counterpart. Moreover, an existence proof based on the algebraic topology is provided in this letter, which may be of independent interest.

Software Defined Wireline-Wireless Cross-Networks: Framework, Challenges, and Prospects

Optical networks can support a large amount of IP traffic in the next generation of networks with energy efficiency awareness. However, the ever increasing demand of IP traffic also renders tremendous energy consumption in the next generation of networks. The traditional separate design for wireline and wireless networks cannot meet the demand of energy efficiency in the systems well. Fortunately, SDN provides effective leverage to transform such a separate design into a wireline-wireless cross-network design. In this article, through employing software defined cross-networks, the wired routing and wireless transmission can be controlled in an integrated and centralized way. Intelligent algorithms can thus be used for effective implementation of joint design with low delay, powerful control function of networks, and energy-efficient trade-off across the networks. However, it is challenging to find a suitable trade-off among energy efficiency, energy consumption, and traffic delays between wired and wireless networks. This motivates us to propose a novel and feasible integrated energy- efficient framework. We also provide several promising research directions for joint energy efficiency designs in the next generation of networks.

Optical Fiber Submarine Cable Deployment and Digital Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa

The recent deployment of fibre-optic submarine cables (SMCs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) raised the prospects for the digital economy expansion and the whole sub-continent take-off, but also exposed countries and populations to new sources of vulnerability. This paper provides empirical evidence on the ambivalent effect of SMC deployment on the digital divide in 46 SSA countries. On the one hand, results show that the laying of SEACOM, MainOne and EASSy cables in 2009-2010 has yielded a three percentage points increase in internet penetration rates. This is a huge increase, meaning that the deployment of these cables has almost doubled the penetration of Internet in the sub-continent’s population. On the other hand, exogenous sources of telecommunication disruptions related to SMC laying – the country’s exposure to SMC outages and digital isolation – are found to reduce internet and mobile penetration rates, to lower investments in ICTs, and to increase mobile-cellular tariffs and the wireline network instability. Therefore, while SMC arrival in SSA has reduced the digital divide, this divide would be lower if SSA countries were less digitally vulnerable.

On the Equivalency of Reliability and Security Metrics for Wireline Networks

In this paper, we consider a secure network coding problem in which some secret keys are shared among legitimate nodes, and there exists an eavesdropper which is able to hear a subset of links. We show the equivalency of secure network coding under and strong secrecy conditions. For linear network coding, we show a stronger result: equivalency of perfect secrecy and zero-error constraints to weak secrecy and $epsilon$-error constraints. This is a secure version of the result obtained by Langberg and Effros, on the equivalence of zero-error and $epsilon$-error regions in the network coding problem with co-located sources. Jalali and Ho exploit extractor functions to prove the and strong rate region equivalency for this network; however, to prove this equivalency, we develop some tools in random binning and prove the equivalency in a slightly more general setting.