Wire Cloth Research Articles

High‐Resolution Measurement of Root Water Uptake Using Automated Time‐Domain Reflectometry

AbstractMethods for monitoring changes in soil water content with high resolution in both space and time are needed to help quantify patterns of soil‐water uptake by plant roots. We designed and tested an automated time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) system for precise, continuous measurement of such changes. A two‐dimensional root‐zone enclosure was constructed from stainless steel wire cloth, with a parallel pair waveguide centered within each of 10 rectangular compartments. The wire cloth confined the electromagnetic pulse from the TDR without restricting root growth or water movement. Digitized waveforms from the analog TDR unit were captured, analyzed, and converted to volumetric water content by a program written for a datalogger. A sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) plant was grown for 84 d, during which soil water content and changes in weight were monitored at 15‐min intervals. Standard deviations in water‐content measurement were estimated to be between 0.0008 and 0.001 m3 m−3. Water‐balance computations of evapotranspiration agreed well with measurements by a precision electronic balance, with a standard deviation of 0.0012 m3 m−3 during a 6‐d period. The wire mesh supported the root system, which had grown through it, even after soil was removed by rinsing with water. This will facilitate determination of root densities corresponding to measured changes in water content. The high degree of spatial and temporal resolution afforded by the system make it a valuable tool for studying the dynamics of water flow in the root zone, and information provided by this method may allow resolution of some issues that have remained controversial due to lack of measurement ability.

Method of making an acoustic panel with a triaxial open-weave face sheet

A method of producing an open, triaxial woven, acoustic face sheet useful in acoustic energy absorbing panels for aircraft engines or the like. The composite face sheet is formed from carbon fibers in an epoxy resin matrix and has about 25 to 33% open area. This face sheet has lower weight and superior and more uniform strength and stiffness than biaxial composite face sheets. The face sheet is made by first weaving carbon fiber tows at warp angles of +30° and -30° and a fill angle of 90°. The woven sheet is impregnated with epoxy as other resins in a manner which produces no rich or starved areas and no blocked openings. The resulting prepreg material may be stored for extended periods at reduced temperatures. The prepreg material is shaped on a suitable mold surface and the resin is fully cured, preferably in a vacuum bag assembly in an autoclave. The resulting sheet has very light weight, an excellent percentage of openings and high strength and stiffness. The sheet may be incorporated in an acoustic energy absorbing structure wherein the sheet has bonded to its outer surface a smooth microporous sheet such as a stainless steel woven wire cloth.

Effects of inlet conditions and surface roughness on the performance of transitions between square and rectangular ducts of the same cross-sectional area

A study has been made of the effects of inlet conditions and surface roughness on the performance of transitions between square and rectangular ducts of the same cross-sectional area. The conditions at entry were varied by using different approach lengths of straight duct and by means of a square screen of woven wire cloth. The surface roughening was accomplished by coating the surface of the transition with graded waterproof silicon carbide paper, whose surface roughness was measured with a Talysurf 4 instrument. All tests were run at Reynolds number 10 5. The results indicate that the static pressure loss coefficient significantly increases as the inlet boundary layer thickness increases. This variation is a function of aspect ratio at the rectangular end; the loss coefficient rises as the aspect ratio falls. The pressure drop slightly increases when the wall surface is roughened and is higher at low aspect ratios.

A parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal. I. A general mass transfer correlation for flow-by electrodes of expanded metal and wire cloth

A dimensionless parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal is presented and successfully applied in the correlation of mass transfer results obtained by other authors with flow-by electrodes of this material. The geometric term seems to apply also to nets arranged parallel to the flow.

Effect of Light on the Pupariation of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

In preliminary tests, emergent third-instar larvae (larvae after exiting from the leafmine) of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) subjected to a period of darkness were observed to pupate before those maintained under continuous lighting. Oatman (1959) reported this behavior for a similar species, L. pictella (Thomson). The experiment described here documents this behavior for L. trifolii. The mature L. trifolii third-instar larva exits the leafmine in the morning and drops to the ground to pupate (Leibee, 1984). This behavior facilitated the collection of mature third-instar larvae for use in this experiment. Infested carrot foliage was placed onto 0.64-cm (hole size) wire cloth over paraffin-coated cafeteria trays from 5 A.M. (the beginning of the photoperiod) to 9 A.M. to collect the larvae as they dropped from the foliage. The collection procedure was conducted in a fully lighted room maintained at 25?C. The cafeteria tray containing the larvae was removed from underneath the foliage at the end of the collection period. Twenty third-instar larvae were transferred with a camel's-hair brush to each of six plastic pill cups with caps. At 10 A.M., three of these cups were individually wrapped with two layers of aluminum foil to subject the larvae to complete darkness and placed along with the uncovered cups into a fully lighted growth chamber maintained at 25?C. Only the larval stage was present in the cups when placed into the growth chamber. The three uncovered cups were inspected at 15-min interals for the presence of puparia. After one h (11 A.M.), the three covered cups were unwrapped and included in the inspections for pupariation. The cumulative number of larvae that had pupariated was recorded after each 15-min interval. The results are presented in Table 1 as percent cumulative pupariation. The continuously lighted larvae pupariated at a relatively steady rate throughout the experiment once pupariation began. When the covered cups were unwrapped at the end of the 1-h dark period, it was found that significantly (P 0. 1) in percent cumulative pupariation between treatments. Pupariation was complete in both treatments after 225 min, indicating that pupariation could be delayed for only a limited amount of time regardless of lighting conditions. All the larvae subjected to darkness did not pupariate, indicating a difference in responsiveness to the absence of light. Since the larvae could have been from one to five hrs old at the beginning of the dark period, this difference in responsiveness might have been due to age with the younger larvae not having acquired the ability to pupariate during the dark period. The reduced amount of pupariation in the dark-treated larvae during the 30 minutes following the dark period was probably due to the large number of larvae pupariating earlier and leaving mostly larvae that were unable to pupariate. In conclusion, this study shows that pupariation of the emergent larva of L. trzfolii can be delayed for a limited time by continuous lighting. This behavior, in addition to

Double parallel-plate electrostatic analyzer for Tara end-loss studies

An endloss spectrograph has been designed and is being fabricated for the Tara tandem mirror. This spectrograph is a double parallel-plate electrostatic analyzer about 60 cm in length with a 30° entrance angle; the high-voltage plate is a transparent wire cloth grid which allows higher energy particles to pass through for detection on a symmetric ground plane. The analyzer has three detection planes: first, the normal focal plane for low-energy detection at high resolution (0.1–4 keV); second, the entrance grounded plate for mid energies (4–6 keV); and third, the symmetric ground plane for coarse resolution at higher energies (8–20 keV). The analyzer is defocusing on the symmetric plane. This spectrograph will be able to measure simultaneously the endloss potential cutoff and ions from the neutral beams; in conjunction with a loss cone neutral beam source the resolution is sufficient (60 eV) to measure the plasma potential.

Artificial Feeding of Northern Fowl Mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), through Membranes

A new device and technique are described for the in vitro feeding of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago). The device consisted of a glass cylinder 25 mm in length and in outside diameter, capped with a chick skin membrane at one end and a snap-cap with a wire cloth window at the other end. Maximum feeding by northern fowl mites on warmed heparinized chicken blood occurred after 60 min and at a blood temperature range of 36-42 C. Skin membranes prepared from 1-wk-old chicks gave significantly higher feeding rates than those from 4-wk-old chicks, but unfrozen skins and skins frozen up to 4 wk were equally effective. Also, mites fed equally well through white leghorn and broiler chick skin membranes. About 80% of northern fowl mites fed. The in vitro technique described simplifies the approach to studies of northern fowl mite biology and physiology.

Pulsating Fatigue Strength of Low Carbon Steel Wires with Weave Angle

A composite material, ferrocement, is a thin cement mortar with multiple layers of reinforcing mesh. The strength of composite materials is dependent upon the strength of reinforcing materials. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fatigue strength of reinforcing meshes used for ferrocement. Specimens with weave angle are extracted from square woven wire cloths, and tested under pulsating load. The woven wires used for these specimens are about 1 mm diameter-cold drawn and galvanized low carbon steel wires. The sizes of mesh openings. are 6, 8 and 10 mm. For the comparison, 2%- and 5%- prestrained woven wires and a straight wire are also tested. The summary of concluding remarks is as follows.The knuckle points of the specimens are subjected to bending moment as well as axial load. Therefore the S-N curve between the nominal stress S and the number of cycles to failure N does not have linearity. On the high stress level close to the yield point where the weave angle is diminished, the fatigue strength is improved by work hardening, though the shortest fatigue life appears on the middle stress level. Therefore this S-N curve may be difficult to be applied to design purposes.On the middle stress level of S-N curves, the fatigue life shows minimum cycles when the extreme fiber stress of a knuckle point calculated by elastic analysis has maximum value. The maximum strains, or peak strains, calculated by elastic stress analysis at a knuckle point are used to convert a S-N curve into a e-N curve. The obtained e-N curve is given by e·N0.148=0. 0206. The equation provides a significant coverage for all the experimental data of the specimens with different weave angles. The fatigue strength at N=2 × 106 cycles becomes e=0. 0024. This value is close to the proof stress (2% strain), the fatigue strength (2 ×106 cycles) of the straight wire and the 5%-prestrained woven wire. This e-N curve can be applied easily to design.

Leafminer Control on Carrot with Trigard, Winter, 1982-83

Abstract ‘Pak Mor’ carrots were planted 15 Nov. in Montverde muck on a commercial vegetable farm in Zellwood, Fl. The carrots were planted in two, four-row bands (each band was 4-in wide), 10-in apart on raised beds on 48-in centers. Because there were two bands per bed, spraying was based on 24-in centers. A plot consisted of 15 ft of one bed. Plots were separated by one unsprayed bed. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied as a band over the top of each band of carrots at 40 lb/in2 and 2 mph. The volume of spray for the first and second applications was 25 and 63 gal/acre, respectively. The volume for the remaining treatments was 50 gal/acre. All rates were applied on 9 Dec. The 0.125 and 0.500 rates were applied again on 15, 22, and 28 Dec. One meter of carrot tops was collected from each of the two bands in each plot on 5 Jan. The samples were maintained at 25 ± 1°C in rearing containers until all the larvae exited the leaves. The rearing container consisted of a 9-in by 12 1/4-in by 4 1/8-in deep clear plastic box, with lid, containing a 1/4-in wire cloth to support the foliage and lined with a paper towel to soak up excess moisture. The puparia were collected and held in pill cups until the adults emerged and died. The number of adults, normal and deformed puparia, unemerged puparia, and parasites were recorded.

Liquid/solid separation. Cake filters in batch filtration. An authoritative discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the filter press and the pressure-leaf filter

Plant/Operations ProgressVolume 2, Issue 4 p. 216-221 Article Liquid/solid separation. Cake filters in batch filtration. An authoritative discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the filter press and the pressure-leaf filter Richard W. Campbell, Richard W. Campbell Newark Wire Cloth Co., Newark, N.J. 07104 Richard W. Campbell holds a B.S. in business administration from West Virginia Wesleyan College. He joined Newark Wire Cloth in 1976 and is presently Project Engineer serving the Middle Atlantic states and New Jersey.Search for more papers by this author Richard W. Campbell, Richard W. Campbell Newark Wire Cloth Co., Newark, N.J. 07104 Richard W. Campbell holds a B.S. in business administration from West Virginia Wesleyan College. He joined Newark Wire Cloth in 1976 and is presently Project Engineer serving the Middle Atlantic states and New Jersey.Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1983 https://doi.org/10.1002/prsb.720020406Citations: 1 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume2, Issue4October 1983Pages 216-221 RelatedInformation

Tensile and Leakage Properties of Ferrocement

Static uniaxial tensile tests and water leakage tests were carried out on two types of ferrocement plates; type A and type B specimens were defined by DnV “Tentative rules for the construction and classification of ferrocement vessels”. Type A specimen consists of 4 to 12 layers of the same type of netting. Type B specimen consists of one layer of reinforcing rods and 6 or 12 total layers of netting. The main reinforcing netting used in specimen was a woven wire cloth with mesh width of 8 and 10 mm. Two series of experiments using equal contents of the mortar were tested.The tensile strength and the displacement behaviors of ferrocement plates due to tensile load, such as elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and elongation, were discussed in connection with the volume fraction and the specific surface of reinforcement. Leakage behaviors were studied from the viewpoints of the crack width and the ratio of applied stresses to the ultimate tensile stress of a ferrocement plate. Basic data for design were obtained in this study.

Effect of Pre-Filtration and Enzyme Treatment on Membrane Filtration of Foods

Effects of prefiltration and enzyme and surfactant treatments on the filterability of foods were examined. The clarification of food suspensions, using a fine wire cloth prefilter, did not affect microbial recovery from the 87 food samples examined. One hundred and nine foods were clarified by prefiltration and then tested for their filterability through a 0.45-μ Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter; 68 could be filtered without any additional treatment. Of the remaining 41 foods. 39 were rendered filterable with an appropriate enzyme or surfactant treatment. The application of these procedures greatly enhances the practicality of membrane filtration for microbiological analysis of foods.

Extraction by Sieving: A Biased Procedure in Studies of Stream Meiobenthos

Extraction by Sieving: A Biased Procedure in Studies of Stream Meiobenthos

Pigs Per Cage, Flooring Materials and Use of Soybean Hulls in Starter Diets for Pigs Housed in Triple Deck Nurseries

Three series of trials were conducted to compare performance of 21- to 28-day-old weaned pigs housed in triple deck cages. The first set of trials compared the performance of pigs housed six, eight and 10 to a cage (.25, .18 and .15 m2 of floor space per pig, respectively). The second set examined the performances of animals housed in cages with three types of floors: galvanized expanded metal, galvanized woven wire and oil tempered wire cloth (quarry wire). The third series focused on the effects of feeding soybean meal starter diets containing 10% dried whole whey with (1) 0 or (2) 10% soybean hulls. In addition, performance of pigs housed in the top, middle and bottom deck was compared in all trials and was found to be similar for all decks. Pigs were progressively cleaner from the top to bottom decks. In the first series, which involved 384 pigs with an average initial body weight of 5.7 kg, body weight and accumulative daily gain were lower (P<.05) for pigs housed 10 per cage than for those housed eight or six per cage after the fourth week of the trial. After the third week, accumulative daily feed was greatest (P<.05) for pigs housed six per cage. Accumulative feed to gain ratio was higher (P<.05) during the third, fourth and seventh week for six pigs than for eight pigs; the ratio was intermediate for pigs housed 10 per cage. The results suggest that 10 pigs may be housed per 1.2 × 1.2 m cage from 5 to 12 kg and that a maximum of eight pigs may be housed from 12 to 22 kilograms. In the second series, conducted with 312 pigs with an average initial weight of 7.0 kg, performance did not differ (P<.10) among pigs housed in cages with expanded metal, woven wire and quarry wire floors. However, foot pad scores were higher (P<.05) for pigs kept in cages with quarry wire floors, indicating more cuts, cracks and abrasions. In the third series, which involved 96 pigs with an average initial weight of 5.0 kg, the addition of 10% soybean hulls to the starter diet had no significant effect on performance, fecal consistency or cleanliness score.

FULL‐FLOW FILTRATION IN LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEMS

Filter media used for full‐flow filtration are made of paper, woven wire cloth and monofilament fabrics. The main characteristic of paper is a high retention rate of small particles. An absolute filter fineness is difficult to guarantee. Woven filter cloth can today be produced within a mesh tolerance less than 5 per cent. This makes it possible to remove excessively large particle sizes in the oil. It is possible to range lubricating oil systems into classes depending on the increasing amounts of solid matter. For each stage of contamination exists an optimal filter and filter arrangement.

Flue gas scrubbing in wire cloth filter in combustion of solid waste

Flue gas scrubbing in wire cloth filter in combustion of solid waste

Collection efficiency and pressure drop in grid filters of high packing densities at intermediate reynolds numbers

An experimental investigation of the behaviour of fiber filters was studied using reproducible model filters consisting of successive layers of filter elements. These filter elements were built from grids of stainless steel wire cloth to simulate a fiber filter. A Phoenix Dust and Smoke Photometer was used to measure the particle collection efficiency of the model filters. The wires were 25–60 μm dia. and had an inter-wire distance of 35–80 μm. The packing density ranged from 0·20 to 0·25. The measurements of collection efficiency and the pressure drop across the filter were taken for linear velocities of from 50 to 300 cm/sec corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 1–10. The pressure drop measurements could be correlated almost exactly with the Fuchs-Stechkina equation for pressure drop in media with low packing densities. The efficiency measurements using monodisperse latex particles of 0·234, 0·50 and 2·02 μm dia., indicated a first order removal process.

Isolation of trophoblast basement membrane from full-term human placenta.

SummaryTerminal chorionic villi (CVI) were prepared from the rami chorii of the middle zone of the placenta, and were purified by forcing them through an 80-mesh followed by washing through a 325-mesh wire cloth. Trophoblast basement membrane (TBM) was obtained from CVI pellets by sonication in 1 M saline followed by extraction with 0.3 M acetic acid, and treatment with deoxyribo- and ribonuclease. The final preparation, on electron microscopy, was free of connective tissue contaminants and of plasma membranes.

Albumen embedding and individual mounting of one or many mammalian ova on slides for fluid processing.

For studies of ova with the light or electron microscope, as well as for autoradiographic and histochemical studies, these cells need to be sectioned. The handling of individual, often hard-to-obtain, cells through fluid processing by micropipettes is time-consuming and can easily cause damage or loss of valuable specimens. A number of interesting methods have been described for handling ova or free-floating cells. In these methods cells are commonly handled in containers with fine-mesh, wire cloth bottoms, when a number of cells are involved. Unfortunately they all require special equipment not readily or easily available (Buchanan 1965; Rinaldi et al. 1966; Izquierdo 1967; Shands 1968). In our method, egg white provides a supporting matrix for mouse ova and allows one or several specimens to be mounted on a slide.

Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Sustained-Release Tablets: Relation of In Vitro Release of the Drug to Blood Pressure Changes after Administration to Anesthetized Cats

The in vitro release of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PET) from a sustained-action PET tablet was determined using USP tablet disintegration apparatus with the modification that 100-mesh stainless steel wire cloth replaced the usual 10-mesh. The immersion medium was simulated gastric fluid for the first 2 hr. and simulated intestinal fluid for the subsequent 10 hr. There was a gradual release of the drug and 80 to 100% of the drug was dissoluted at the end of 12 hr. The tablet when administered by mouth to anesthetized cats produced a 28 to 30% fall in arterial blood pressure which persisted for 12 hr. A good correlation between the rate of release of the drug in vitro and the in vivo effect in sustained lowering of the blood pressure was obtained. The in vitro method described is proposed for the quality control of sustained-action PET tablets.