Winterianus Essential Oil Research Articles

A comprehensive assessment of the antiproliferative effects of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil, citronellal, and citronellal complexed with β-cyclodextrin on cervical cancer cell line (HeLa)

Cymbopogon winterianus. Jowitt (syn. Cymbopogon nardus. (L.) W. Watson var. mahapengiri. Winter) (Poaceae family) is native to tropical and semitropical areas of Asia, India, and Indonesia, and is cultivated in South and Central America. In this work, the antiproliferative potential of the essential oil of C. winterianus, its major compound against the HeLa cervical cancer lineage, as well as the major compound Citronellal complexed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CO) was evaluated. By gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, it was possible to identify that Citronellal (38.89 %) is the major compound in C. winterianus. In vitro assays with cervical cancer cells (HeLa), it was possible to observe the antiproliferative activity of C. winterianus essential oil (CW), with IC50 of 1.86 μg/mL, as well as of the compound Citronellal (CO), IC50 4.44 μg/mL and citronellal complexed β-cyclodextrin (β-CO), IC50 2.59 μg/mL, as well as the evaluation of cell migration and cell cycle. NIH-3T3 non-tumor cells were also used to evaluate the selectivity of these compounds in tumor cells. All tested samples showed SI > 3, confirming the highest toxicity in tumor cells. All samples tested were able to decrease cell migration and when the proportion of cells in the Sub-G0 Phase was observed, all samples increased the proportion of cells with fragmented DNA, an indication of cell death, except for CW. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a potential to be explored in the C. winterianus essential oil, Citronellal, and Citronellal complexed with β-cyclodextrin.

Cymbopogon distans: A source of essential oil with potential antibacterial, antifungal, and mosquito-repelling properties

The essential oils have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their potential as natural antimicrobial agents and a means of controlling mosquitoes. This study explored the chemical composition and antibacterial, antifungal, and mosquito-repellent properties of Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Wats (Poaceae) is a less explored aromatic plant distributed in the Himalayas. The fresh biomasses of C. distans and two commercially grown Cymbopogon species, namely C. flexuous and C. martini were submitted to hydrodistillation to extract their essential oils. Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed the presence of citral, geraniol, and geranyl acetate as major constituents of C. distans. The essential oils of C. flexuous and C. martini were dominated by citral and geraniol, respectively. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of C. distans essential oil were evaluated using disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods and compared with the essential oils of C. flexuous and C. martini. C. distans essential oil showed a broader spectrum of potent antibacterial and antifungal activities (minimum inhibitory concentration: 0.41 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration/minimum fungicidal concentration: 0.82 mg/ml) against the test strains. C. distans essential oil, in combination with norfloxacin and penicillin G showed synergistic interactions (fractional inhibitory concentration ≤0.5) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. C. distans essential oil showed a repellent effect against Aedes aegypti (73.3 %) that was comparable to C. winterianus essential oil (75.6 %). This study suggests that C. distans essential oil may be a promising natural candidate for developing new herbal therapies for combating microbial infections and mosquito-borne diseases.

A New Blend of Litsea cubeba, Pinus mugo, and Cymbopogon winterianus Essential Oil Active as an Anti-tyrosinase Ingredient in Topical Formulations.

Tyrosinase is a target enzyme to be inhibited in order to reduce excessive melanin production and prevent typical age-related skin disorders. Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, belonging mainly to monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have been relatively little studied as tyrosinase inhibitors. Among the monoterpenoids, citral (a mixture of neral and geranial) is a fragrance compound in several essential oils that has shown interesting tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Although citral is listed as an allergen among the 26 fragrances in Annex III of the Cosmetics Directive 2003/15/EC, it can be safely used for the formulation of topical products in amounts that are not expected to cause skin sensitization, as shown by various commercially available products.The aim of this work was to evaluate two different formulations (oil/water emulsion, oily solution) containing a new combination of essential oils (Litsea cubeba, Pinus mugo, Cymbopogon winterianus) applied to the skin both in nonocclusive and partially occlusive modes. The blend is designed to reduce the concentration of citral to avoid potential skin reactions while taking advantage of the inhibitory activity of citral. Specifically, the amount of citral and other bioactive compounds (myrcene, citronellal) delivered through the skin was studied as a function of formulation and mode of application.The results show that an oil/water emulsion is preferable because it releases the bioactive compounds rapidly and minimizes their evaporative loss. In addition, semi-occluded conditions are required to prevent evaporation, resulting in higher availability of the bioactive compounds in viable skin.

Production and Characterization of k-Carrageenan Films Incorporating Cymbopogon winterianus Essential Oil as New Food Packaging Materials.

The global production of synthetic plastics from petroleum-based raw ingredients exceeds 150 million metric tons. The environment is threatened by tons of plastic waste, thus endangering wildlife and the public's health. These consequences increased the interest in biodegradable polymers as potential substitutes for traditional packaging materials. This study aimed to produce and characterize k-carrageenan films incorporating Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil, in which citronellal was determined to be the major compound (41.12%). This essential oil presented remarkable antioxidant activity, as measured through DPPH (IC50 = 0.06 ± 0.01%, v/v; AAI = 85.60 ± 13.42) and β-carotene bleaching (IC50 = 3.16 ± 0.48%, v/v) methods. The essential oil also showed antibacterial properties against Listeria monocytogenes LMG 16779 (diameter of inhibition zone = 31.67 ± 5.16 mm and MIC = 8 µL/mL), which were also observed when incorporated in the k-carrageenan films. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed the reduction of the biofilms of this bacterium, and even its inactivation, due to visible destruction and loss of integrity when the biofilms were created directly on the developed k-carrageenan films. This study also revealed the quorum sensing inhibition potential of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil (diameter of violacein production inhibition = 10.93 ± 0.81 mm), where it could impede intercellular communication and, hence, lower violacein synthesis. The produced k-carrageenan films were transparent (>90%) and slightly hydrophobic (water contact angle > 90°). This work demonstrated the viability of using Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil to produce k-carrageenan bioactive films as new food packaging materials. Future work should focus on the scale-up production of these films.

Essential oil composition and antimicrobial potential of aromatic plants grown in the mid-hill conditions of the Western Himalayas

Essential oils are highly concentrated natural extracts obtained from plants, rich in bioactive constituents with antimicrobial properties, but the distinctive climate of the Western Himalayan region influences the same. Aromatic and medicinal plants, viz., Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon winterianus, Pelargonium graveolens, and Nepeta cataria were grown in the foothills of the Western Himalayan condition and evaluated for essential oil content, composition, and their effect on some of the most common pathogenic microorganisms. The essential oil content (%) was 0.77, 0.45, 1.37, 0.15 and 0.17% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. The major essential oil constituents of the isolated oils were terpinen-4-ol, thymol, citronellal, citronellol, and nepetalactone, contributing 41.24%, 31.81%, 43.13%, 43.35% and 91.43% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. Well-diffusion assay revealed that the essential oil of O. majorana and O. vulgare was active against both the tested Gram-positive, viz., Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96; and Gram-negative, viz., Escherichia coli MTCC 43, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453 bacteria, while the essential oil of C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria showed activity against only some Gram-positive bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (v/v) values indicated the highest efficacy of O. majorana essential oil against B. subtilis (0.5%), M. luteus (1%), and S. aureus (1%), while O. vulgare was most efficient to E. coli (2%) and K. pneumoniae (2%). C. winterianus essential oil did not inhibit any bacterial strains. M. luteus was susceptible to the essential oil of P. graveolens (1%) and N. cataria (0.5%) at low concentrations. Present findings showed the association between the chemical constituents’ profile of isolated essential oils from the Himalayan region and their antimicrobial activity, indicating their perspective to be utilized as antibacterial means.

Essential Oil Constituents and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) stem from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil contains citral-derived chemicals with a variety of pharmacological effects, although there has been minimal research on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and biological aspects.
 AIM: This research aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and chemical components of C. winterianus stem essential oil.
 METHODS: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, water content, water extractive values, ethanol extractive values, and essential oil yield. The oil was extracted by ethanol steam distillation method, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS.
 RESULTS: Cymbopogon winterianus stems are 15-35 cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad, with a rough, stiff, and thin texture, with prominent fibers on the top and bottom surfaces. It has a bitter and slightly spicy taste with a distinctive lemony aroma and was greenish yellow in hue with a blend of purplish-red colors. The upper and lower epidermis was examined under a microscope, which revealed sclerenchyma fibers, trichomes, parenchyma, calcium oxalate (rosette), cortex, stem pith, oil cells, stomata (Gramineae type), trachea (ladder and spiral thickening), and collenchyma. The water content was 7.16±0.72%, the water-soluble extractive value was 12.152±0.003%, the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 12.290 ±0.76%, and the essential oil content was 6.46±0.50%. Essential oil constituents were 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, formate; trifluoroacetyl-lavandulol; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-dione, 13-methyl-; palmitic acid vinyl ester; glycidyl palmitate; 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-; glycidyl palmitoleate; 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene; and cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-.
 CONCLUSION: The essential oil constituents and preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Cymbopogon winterianus stem can provide useful data for further phytochemical analysis, quality control, and standardization of Cymbopogon winterianus. Citronellyl formate detected as citral derivatives as the main compound in the ethanol steam distillation method.

Ovicidal, larvicidal and oviposition repelling action of a nanoemulsion of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) on Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

• Nanoemulsified Citronella EO 15% is lethal for eggs of C. hominivorax. • Nanoemulsified Citronella EO 15% is lethal for larvae of C. hominivorax. • Nanoemulsified Citronella EO 15% reduces the oviposition of C. hominivorax. • Adult of C. hominivorax are sensitive to nanoemulsified Citronella EO 15%. Cochliomyia hominivorax is the dipteran that causes the worst and most serious types of myiasis in animals and humans in the Americas. They are parasitic affections caused by the massive infestation of larvae of this species on the tissues of living mammals. The routine treatment uses chemosynthetic products that have high toxicity and can cause several injuries to animal and human health, besides environmental contamination. The development of more friendly alternatives to the treatment of this disease is an important knowledge gap nowadays. Citronella ( Cymbopogon winterianus ) is the most widely cultivated medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical regions. Essential oils have a recognised repellent and larvicidal activity against a wide variety of insects. This work aimed to evaluate the repellent, ovicidal and larvicidal efficacy of a topical commercial formulation composed of 15% (w/v) nanoemulsified Citronella essencial oil (Nano Citronela Plus®) in in vitro trials on specimens of C. hominivorax created under laboratory conditions. Nano Citronela Plus® is an oil-in-water nanoemulsion obtained by high-pressure homogenization method. The composition of tested nanoemulsion was Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil, vanillin, caprylic/capric triglyceride, polysorbate 80, sorbitan oleate, tocopheryl acetate, sodium benzoate and water. Nano Citronela Plus® demonstrated 100% lethality on eggs and first and second stage larvae of C. hominivorax . Mortality in the larvae of third stage was 69.33% and inhibited the oviposition of C. hominivorax females. Nano Citronela Plus® proved to be a possible herbal alternative for the control and treatment of myiasis caused by C. hominivorax . In vivo studies may test this hypothesis.

Physicochemical properties, toxicity and larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus in front of Aedes aegypti

Due to the increasing rate of morbidity and mortality caused by vector diseases in the current context, especially by Aedes aegypti, substances of plants have been studied as alternatives to chemical insecticides, among them, the essential oil (EO) of the species Cymbopogon winterianus. Thus, this study evaluated the larvicidal activity of the EO of C. winterianus against the A. aegypti larvae. EO was extracted through the hydro-distillation technique and physicochemical properties were determined. To evaluate larvicidal activity, tests were performed with larvae in the third instar at the final concentrations of 19.54; 26.50; 55.59; 138.98; 208.47 and 277.97 mg L-1 of C. winterianus EO. In addition, Artemia salina Leach bioassay was used to verify toxicity effect. EO obtained presented satisfactory results in 2.64%. In the larvicidal assay, 100% mortality of larvae was observed after 24 hours at concentrations of 208.47 mg L-1 and 277.97 mg L-1 of the EO, showed effective in the other concentrations and with LC50 of 46.18 mg L-1, considered highly active. In the toxicity assay, the EO presented LC50 at 532.34 mg L-1, showed considered nontoxic. These results reinforce the use of EO front A. aegypt larvae control.

The phytochemistry of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil from Lombok Island, Indonesia and its antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi

Andila PS, Hendra IPA, Wardani PK, Tirta IG, Sutomo, Fardenan D. 2018. The phytochemistry of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil from Lombok Island, Indonesia and its antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 232-239. Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor [Sereh Wangi] is a plant producing essential oil that has been extensively used in perfumery, mosquito repellent, medicinal, and cosmetic industry. In Indonesia, the accession of C. winterianus plant had been collected from natural forest in Sembalun, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province. However, the phytochemical properties and its biological potential of this accession have never been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content of essential oil of C. winterianus from Lombok and to explore its potential as a bioantifungal against several phytopathogen fungi. The essential oils were extracted from fresh stem and leaf of C. winterianus by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of them was determined by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 26 and 20 compounds were obtained from the stem and leaf oil with the dominant compounds of essential oil in stem were Torreyol (17.89%), Oxirane, octyl- (15.84%), (-)-Isopulegol (14.44%), Isopulegol 2 (12.18%), and Geranyl Acetate (5.89%) while in leaf were (-)-Isopulegol (22.69%), Oxirane, octyl- (16.64%), Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (14.21%), "KW3 AUS Epiglobulol” (9.47%), and Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)- (7.14%). The presence of these contents as dominant chemical compounds in S. winterianus was reported for the first time. The highest content of oils was identified as monoterpene (38.01% and 45.78% in stem and leaf oil) and sesquiterpene ( 27.67% and 17.78 % in stem and Leaf oil). The biological study showed that leaf essential of C. winterianus expressed positive antifungal activity against Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, dan Cladosporium sp.

Efeito moluscicida do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Poaceae) sobre Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817) e Biomphalaria tenagophila(D’Orbigny, 1835)

RESUMO O uso das substâncias moluscicidas convencionais no controle de planorbídeos vetores constitui-se uma importante ferramenta no combate da fasciolose hepática e esquistossomose. Sendo, portanto, de extrema relevância para a pecuária e para os serviços de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Por outro lado, a seleção de caramujos resistentes a tais substâncias e sua baixa seletividade estimulam a busca por novas substâncias. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon winterianusJowitt sobre Lymnaea columella e Biomphalaria tenagophila, hospedeiros intermediários de Fasciola hepatica e esquistossomose mansônica, respectivamente. O óleo essencial foi extraído a partir de folhas frescas utilizando o sistema Clevenger. A análise qualitativa foi realizada por meio de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) e a quantificação dos constituintes presentes no óleo foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). O efeito moluscicida foi avaliado utilizando seis moluscos de cada espécie e o óleo essencial de C. winterianus nas concentrações finais de 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 e 100 ppm. A análise por cromatografia gasosa do óleo essencial possibilitou a identificação dos componentes majoritários geraniol (28,62%), citronelal (23,62%) e citronelol (17,10%). Os valores de DL100 e DL50para os moluscos das espécies L. columella e B. tenagophila foram, respectivamente, 60 e 40 ppm; 80 ppm e 60 ppm. O óleo de Cymbopogon winterianus demonstrou-se uma alternativa promissora para o controle dos moluscos, sendo a espécie L. columella mais sensível ao mesmo.

Preparation, Characterization, and Pharmacological Activity of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor (Poaceae) Leaf Essential Oil of β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes.

This study aimed to evaluate the orofacial antinociceptive effect of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil (LEO) complexed in β-cyclodextrin (LEO-CD) and to assess the possible involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). The LEO was extracted, chromatographed, and complexed in β-cyclodextrin. The complex was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry derivative (TG/DTG). Male Swiss mice (2-3 months) were treated with LEO-CD (50–200 mg/kg, p.o.), vehicle (distilled water, p.o.), or standard drug (i.p.) and subjected to the orofacial nociception formalin-, capsaicin-, and glutamate-induced. After the formalin test, the animals were perfused and the brains subjected to immunofluorescence for Fos. The rota-rod test (7 rpm/min) was carried out. Geraniol (37.57%) was the main compound of LEO. DSC and TG/DTG proved the complexation. The orofacial nociceptive behavior was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. The number of Fos-positive cells was significantly changed in the dorsal raphe nucleus (p < 0.01), locus coeruleus (p < 0.001), trigeminal nucleus (p < 0.05), and trigeminal thalamic tract (p < 0.05). LEO-CD did not cause changes in motor coordination in the rota-rod test. Thus, our results suggested that LEO-CD has an orofacial antinociceptive profile, probably mediated by the activation of the CNS without changing the motor coordination.

Influence of essential oil fractionation by vacuum distillation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick

The aim of this work was to study the influence of essential oil fractionation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus J.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) essential oils were fractionated by vacuum distillation yielding fractions that were analyzed by the GC/MS. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the effect of the total essential oil and fractions on larvae of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus. The fractions 04 and 05 of the C. winterianus essential oil were the most active showing LC50 values of 1.20 and 1.34 μL/mL, respectively. The LC50 of the total oil was 3.30 μL/mL while the effect of the fractions 01, 02 and 03 was less pronounced, with LC50 values of 4.37, 4.24 and 3.49 μL/mL, respectively. The fraction 03 of the S. molle essential oil was the most active showing LC50 value of 8.80 μL/mL while the fractions 01 and 02 did not show toxic effects on the larvae.

Viabilidade de sementes de feijão caupi após o tratamento com óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt)

O tratamento de sementes com óleos essenciais é um método alternativo que auxilia o manejo integrado de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tratamento de sementes de feijão Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. com o óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt). Foi avaliado o efeito do óleo essencial de C. winterianus sobre V. unguiculata nas dosagens 20 μL, 15 μL, 10 μL, 5 μL e testemunha. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi determinada pela porcentagem de emergência, velocidade de emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência. A análise dos dados foi realizada no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, disposto em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 com cinco repetições. As sementes fumigadas apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os parâmetros avaliados em relação à testemunha. O óleo essencial de citronela revelou potencialidade alelopática sobre a germinação de sementes de feijão que variou de acordo com a concentração do óleo.

Cardiovascular effects induced by Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil in rats: involvement of calcium channels and vagal pathway

This study has investigated the cardiovascular effects of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil (EOCW) in rats. C. winterianus is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. For the measurement of haemodynamic and ECG parameters, male Wistar rats under anaesthesia were cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and electrodes were subcutaneously implanted in their paws. For an in-vitro approach, the rats were killed and the superior mesenteric artery was removed and cut into rings (1-2 mm). These rings were then mounted in organ baths containing Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C and gassed with carbogen. In rats, EOCW (1-20 mg/kg, i.v.) induced dose-dependent hypotension and tachycardia. These effects were not affected by L-NAME or indometacin, but were partially reduced after atropine administration. EOCW (20 mg/kg only) also induced bradycardia-associated sinoatrial blockade, junctional rhythm, and first-degree atrioventricular block, which was abolished after atropine administration or vagotomy. In arterial rings, EOCW (0.1-3000 microg/ml) induced relaxation of phenylephrine tonus that was not affected by removal of the endothelium. These relaxations were similar to those observed in rings without endothelium precontracted with KCl 80 mm. EOCW was able to antagonize the CaCl(2) (30-300 mum) induced contractions in depolarizing solution (KCl 60 mm). These results demonstrated that EOCW induced hypotension and vasorelaxation. These effects appeared to be mainly mediated by Ca(+2)-channel blocking. Furthermore, the higher dose of EOCW induced transient bradycardia and arrhythmias due to a cardiac muscarinic activation secondary to a vagal discharge.

STUDY ON MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN SIMULATING CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION BY STEAM DISTILLATION

The main objective of this study is to improve the mathematical modelling of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil extraction by steam distillation proposed by Cassel and Vargas by minimum 5% error reduction. Two process variable of steam distillation which are extraction time and raw material state (dry or natural) has been optimized by using factorial experimental planning to obtain high yields of citronella essential oil from twig and leaves of lemongrass species Cymbopogon winterianus (C.winterianus). The optimal condition for maximum yield (0.942%) were found to be an extraction time, 4 hr, state, natural plant. The study of Cassel and Vargas was subsequently continued with five proposed kinetics model of the extraction process. The modelling of the extraction process is optimized by using one adjustable parameter of the model and the adequacy of the fit of the models to the experimental data are analyzed by using three statistical criteria that are correlation coefficient (r) ,the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean relative deviation modulus (E). The result has shown that the mathematical model developed by Ana based on mass transfer fundamentals is the optimum mathematical model for the extraction of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil by steam distillation.