Winter Type Research Articles

The Radiographic Characteristics of Mandibular Wisdom Teeth That Can Cause Severe Deep Neck Infection.

Mandibular wisdom teeth can occasionally cause infections, which can progress to severe deep neck infections (DNIs) including deep neck abscesses or necrotizing soft tissue infections, which are fatal. This study aimed to identify the radiographic characteristics of mandibular wisdom teeth that developed severe DNIs. This study included patients who were admitted for the treatment of severe mandibular wisdom tooth infection between July 2012 and June 2024 at a single center. Patient characteristics, clinical data, and radiographic findings were analyzed and compared between the severe DNI group and mild DNI group including patients with cellulitis or superficial abscess. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Nineteen of 42 patients (45.2%) were included in the severe DNI group. The multivariate analysis showed that the highest odds ratio (OR) was for the presence of a radicular cyst (OR=17.7), followed by the presence of a dentigerous cyst (OR =14.5). The most common mandibular wisdom tooth with a dentigerous cyst in patients with severe DNIs was inverted according to Winter's classification and type IIIC in the Pell and Gregory classification. Radiographic characteristics associated with severe DNIs included the presence of radicular and dentigerous cysts in the mandibular wisdom teeth. Especially in dentigerous cysts, deeply impacted teeth should be taken attention.

Approaching holistic crop type mapping in Europe through winter vegetation classification and the Hierarchical Crop and Agriculture Taxonomy

The process of crop type mapping generates land use maps, which serve as critical tools for efficient evaluation of production factors and impacts of agricultural practice. Yet, despite the necessity for comprehensive solutions in space and time, the state of research still exhibits significant limitations in these two dimensions: (1) From a temporal perspective, the primary focus of past research in crop type mapping has been on the economically most meaningful, main-season crops, thereby largely neglecting the explicit study of off-season vegetation despite its pivotal roles in year-round management cycles. (2) Viewed spatially, study areas in crop type mapping show distinct limitations from a multi- and transnational standpoint, despite intense cross-regional and international interrelations of agricultural production and an increasing number of countries publishing crop reference data. With a focus on Europe, this research aims to tackle the two described shortcomings (a) by investigating to what extent a selection of major off-season, winter vegetation types in continental Europe can be classified and (b) by analyzing the transnational applicability of the Hierarchical Crop and Agriculture Taxonomy (HCAT) for remote sensing-based crop type mapping across the European Union (EU). This study uses ESA’s Sentinel-2 satellite data, EU’s administrative farming declarations, and HCAT labels to analyze off-season farming measures, based on a study period from late summer to spring, in Austria, France, Germany, and Slovenia. We demonstrate that deep learning models effectively identify major productive and agroecogically significant winter vegetation in continental Europe. HCAT proves thereby valuable for transnational crop classification, excelling in mixed-country experiments and showing potential for transfer learning. This study’s findings provide a solid foundation for advancing transnational as well as winter and all-year crop type mapping, thereby serving as contribution towards temporally and spatially holistic research on agricultural practices’ sociocultural, economic, and environmental impacts.

Assembly and analysis of sequence from a spring and winter type Camelina sativa by whole genome PacBio HiFi technologies

Camelina sativa is an emerging oilseed crop with potential for multi-cropping with more traditional cash crops. Until very recently, the only reference genome for camelina was produced using short read technologies and was considerably fragmented. To facilitate the mapping of traits associated with vernalization requirement and freezing tolerance in an F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed by crossing a spring- and winter-biotype of camelina, we performed long read sequencing using PacBio HiFi technology. Here we report on the genome assembly and gene annotation obtained from the long read sequencing of the two parental lines. Both assemblies formed 20 chromosomal units with a genome size of 667,897,934 and 714,129,675 bases for C046 and Joelle, respectively. Assessment of completeness by BUSCO analysis indicated the C046 and Joelle genomes were both 99.5 complete with 98.1 % of the conserved genes being duplicated. Skim-sequencing of the F6:7 RILs resulted in 823,142 markers that mapped to variants identified by comparisons of the parental genome sequences. These sequences provide a valuable resource for breeders seeking to improve the food and industrial attributes of camelina.

The Influence of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization on Oil Quality and Seed Meal in Different Genotypes of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Adequate nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization of oilseed rape crops is necessary to obtain good-quality oil and post-extraction rapeseed meal. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of N fertilization (100, 160 and 220 kg ha−1) and S (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha−1) on the value of seeds of three winter oilseed rape genotypes. Two winter oilseed rape genotypes obtained by mutagenesis (cultivar Polka and breeding genotype PN440) were characterized by changed fatty acid profile. The cultivar Polka, type HO (high oleic), had a high content of oleic acid (C18:1, 78.0%) and the breeding genotype PN440, type HOLL (high-oleic and low-linolenic), had a high content of oleic acid (C18:1, 75.0%) and a low content of linolenic acid (C18:3, 3.0%). We also used the canola type of winter oilseed rape cultivar, Monolit. The analysed winter oilseed rape genotypes responded similarly to the N and S fertilization factors with regard to the content of crude fat and total protein in the seeds and the composition of fatty acids in the oil. N fertilization increased the content of glucosinolates (GLS-alkenyl, indole and total) in seeds, whereas S application decreased the content of saturated fatty acids (stearic acid-C18:0) in oil and increased the content of alkenyl and total glucosinolates (GLSs) in seeds. A significant interaction between N and S was observed for crude-fat and total-protein content. This study suggests that ensuring an adequate supply of both nitrogen and sulfur in the soil is essential for optimizing meal and oil quality in different types of winter oilseed rape cultivars. Proper management of these nutrients can lead to improved oil content and overall crop performance.

A Study on Foundation Color Classification with the Application of Personal Colors

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to classify foundation colors by applying personal colors and then was to figure out the consistency in base and brightness between the personal color system (PCS) foundation colors with the face and skin color measurement and the self-diagnosis foundation colors.Methods: The research subjects included 40 women aged 20–50 years who lived in capital area. The data were analyzed with frequency and percentage analysis, χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-test, and one-way ANOVA, &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test using SPSS WIN 27.0.Results: The foundation colors were inspected according to a personal color type. Consequently, the foundation colors appeared to be the Warm (Yellow) base as a type of spring and autumn of being sorted into Warm tone type, the Cool (Pink) base color as a type of summer and winter of being categorized into Cool tone, No. 21 brightness as a type of spring and summer, and No. 23 brightness as a type of autumn and winter.Conclusion: The results of this study can be considered to be what the PCS foundation color classification is available through the personal color application and to be what the outcome on women’s self-diagnosis foundation color measurement increases the availability of PCS foundation color classification. These findings arranged a theoretical ground on the skin color expression suiting themselves and on color matching through applying personal colors when women select foundation colors and are expected to be likely used as basic data in beauty field.

Growth and yield-related traits of near-isogenic wheat lines carrying different alleles at the Vrn-D1 locus

ABSTRACT At the major vernalization locus ‘Vrn-D1’, the spring allele, Vrn-D1a, and two winter alleles, Vrn-D1b and vrn-D1, have been identified in wheat. We conducted field trials to determine the effects of alleles on growth and yield-related traits, using near-isogenic lines developed in the genetic background of spring type wheat cultivars, ‘Abukumawase’ and ‘Asakazekomugi’, both of which carry the Vrn-D1a allele. Although maturity date of three alleles was same, the panicle development occurred earlier in the following order of genotype: Vrn-D1a > Vrn-D1b > vrn-D1. There was a significant difference in panicle development even between two winter type alleles vrn-D1 and Vrn-D1b. Grain yield and the spikelet number per spike of the original spring type cultivars were lower than those of the winter type NILs. In addition, while the young panicle development of the tillers in the spring type cultivars was found to be two weeks to one month later in the tillers than that in the main stem, young panicle development of the main stem and tillers in the winter type NILs were almost identical. Hence, winter type wheat bearing vrn-D1 which exhibit later panicle development than that bearing Vrn-D1b, was elucidated to might be more useful especially in areas with high risk of frost damage. Spring type wheat had a lower sink capacity and grain yield, meanwhile that was considered to prevent severe frost damage by allowing late-developed tillers to survive.

Studying a collection of common-wheat varieties for leaf rust resistance, crop yield and grain quality in the environmental conditions of Novosibirsk region.

The relationship between a variety's genotype, environmental conditions and phytopathogenic load are the key factors contributing to high yields that should be taken into account in selecting donors for resistance and high manifestation of valuable traits. The study of leaf rust resistance in 49 common wheat varieties was carried out in the field against the natural pathogen background and under laboratory conditions using single-pustule isolates with virulence to Lr9 and Lr24. It has been shown that the varieties carrying alien genes Lr6Agi2 (Tulaikovskaya 10) and Lr6Agi1 (Voevoda) were resistant to leaf rust infection both in the field and in the laboratory. Varieties KWS Buran, KWS Akvilon, KW 240-3-13, and Etyud producing crop yields from 417 to 514 g/m2 comparable to the best standard variety Sibirskaya 17 can be reasonably used as Lr24 resistance gene donors under West Siberian conditions. Omskaya 44 variety showing crop yield of 440g/m2 can be used as a donor for Lr19 and partially effective Lr26. Varieties Tuleevskaya and Altayskaya 110 with Lr9 in their genomes are recommended for the development of resistance gene-pyramided genotypes. The highest protein and gluten contents were observed in the CS2A/2M sample, while KWS Buran, Altayskaya 110, Volgouralskaya, and KWS Akvilon showed the lowest values. Varieties CS2A/2M, Tulaikovskaya 10, Pavon, and Tuleevskaya were ranked the highest in micro- (Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe) and macronutrient (Ca, Mg, K) contents among the common wheat samples from the collection, while the lowest values for most elements were observed in KWS Buran, Novosibirskaya 15, and Volgouralskaya. Winter varieties demonstrating leaf rust resistance against the infectious background typically carry adult plant resistance genes (Lr34, Lr12, and Lr13), particularly combined with the juvenile Lr26 gene. The presence of Lr41 in a winter type line (KS 93 U 62) allowed it to maintain resistance against a leaf rust pathogen clone kLr24, despite the presence of Lr24 in the genotype. Varieties Doka and Cheshskaya 17 may act as donors of resistance genes Lr26 + Lr34 and Lr9 + Lr12 + Lr13 + Lr34, as well as sources of dwarfing without losses in winter hardiness and yield under West Siberian conditions.

Winter avifauna habitat types of urban agglomerations: comparison by qualitative and quantitative indicators

Background. The winter avifauna of urban agglomerations is a rather dynamic object of research, whose indicators differ across cities and years of observation. Depending on the species characteristics and the level of anthropogenization, birds in the territory of cities choose different types of habitats, which also requires analysis. Materials and Methods. Research on the species composition of wintering birds on the territories of Zhydachiv and Lviv urban agglomerations was carried out in winter periods of 2020–2023 by means of field trips using the method of point records (Bibby et al., 2000). In order to count small species of Passeriformes accurately, a slightly modified version of this method was used. In this case, observations were carried out in a double radius. Birds were recorded separately in R1 – up to 25 m and R2 – from 25 to 50 m. The optimal time for counting at one point is 8–10 minutes. The counting area corresponds to a circle with a known radius. Research was carried out mainly in morning hours – from 8:00 to 11:00 in the case of absence of heavy precipitation, fog or strong wind. Results and Discussion. After comparing the winter avifauna of urban agglo­merations of the regional (Lviv) and district (Zhydachiv) levels, which differ in the level of environmental transformation, we established certain differences. A total of 48 species of wintering birds have been recorded, of which the Сommon Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) are protected by the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Conclusion. For each of the agglomerations, dominant species of birds have been determined. Admittedly, birds in the territory of cities seek to occupy a territory with conditions most similar to the natural environment. Additionally, we attempted to understand the patterns of distribution of wintering species in the study area and the reasons for such placement.

Features of photosynthetic activity in durum wheat crops in the southern chernozem zone

An experiment conducted over 4 years showed that in order to obtain specified levels of productivity of durum wheat varieties, pre-sowing treatment of seed material with new types of biofertilizers should be used. At the same time, the indicators of photosynthetic activity exceed the values of the corresponding indicators of the control variants. As a result, with lower costs for their acquisition when using biofertilizer Gumi 20, the yield of spring wheat increases to 2.85 t/ha (variety Donskaya Elegiya), and for winter durum wheat to 4.16 t/ha (variety Aksinit) . Based on the experimental materials obtained, conclusions were formulated about the mechanism for obtaining specified yield thresholds for durum wheat varieties belonging to the spring and winter types.

Analysis of the Structural Organization and Expression of the Vrn-D1 Gene Controlling Growth Habit (Spring vs. Winter) in Aegilops tauschii Coss.

The duration of the vegetative period is an important agronomic characteristic of cereal crops. It is mainly influenced by the Vrn (response to vernalization) and Ppd (response to photoperiod) genes. In this work, we searched for alleles of several known genes of these two systems of response to external conditions in 15 accessions of Aegilops tauschii Coss. (syn. Ae. squarrosa L.), with the aim of studying the impact these alleles have on the vegetative period duration and growth habit. As a result, three allelic variants have been found for the Vrn-D1 gene: (i) one intact (winter type), (ii) one with a 5437 bp deletion in the first intron and (iii) one previously undescribed allele with a 3273 bp deletion in the first intron. It has been shown that the spring growth habit of Ae. tauschii can be developed due to the presence of a new allele of the Vrn-D1 gene. Significant differences in expression levels between the new allelic variant of the Vrn-D1 gene and the intact allele vrn-D1 were confirmed by qPCR. The new allele can be introgressed into common wheat to enhance the biodiversity of the spring growth habit and vegetative period duration of plants.

Winter Precipitation Type from Microwave Radiometers in New York State Mesonet Profiler Network

Abstract Winter precipitation is a major cause of vehicle accidents, aviation delays, school and business closures, injuries through slips and falls, and adverse health impacts such as cardiac arrests and deaths. However, an improved ability to monitor and predict winter precipitation type (p-type) could significantly reduce and mitigate these adverse impacts. This study presents and evaluates a modified parcel thickness method to derive p-type from a microwave radiometer (MWR) every 10 min. The MWR-retrieved p-types from six selected New York State Mesonet (NYSM) profiler network sites are validated against reference observations from the Meteorological Phenomena Idenfication Near the Ground (mPING) and Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). Between the two reference observations, the mPING reports are biased toward snow (SN) and sleet (SLT) and away from rain (RA) and freezing rain (FZR) compared to the ASOS. The MWR has the best Pierce skill score (PSS) for RA, followed by SN, FZR, and SLT, and consistently overforecasts FZR and underforecasts SLT compared to both mPING and ASOS. The MWR p-type retrievals are generally found to be in better agreement with ASOS than mPING. Continuous thermodynamic profiles and p-type estimates from across all 17 profiler sites are available at http://www.nysmesonet.org/networks/profiler. Having such thermodynamic information from across the state can be a valuable resource, with a significant advantage over twice daily NWS radiosondes, for monitoring and tracking hazardous winter weather in real time, for accurate forecasting, and for issuing timely warnings and alerts. Significance Statement Accurate prediction and monitoring of winter precipitation type (p-type) is important due to the adverse economic and health impacts posed by winter weather. However, complexities in understanding and modeling the processes that govern p-type and inadequate observational data limit accurate monitoring and prediction. To address these issues, a ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) that provides thermodynamic profiles up to 10 km every 2 min, as deployed at 17 sites in the New York State Mesonet (NYSM) profiler network, can be a valuable tool. This study evaluates the accuracy of p-type estimates based on the parcel thickness method from the MWR data and its implementation to the NYSM real-time operations.

Extension of the forming process in the selection of winter common wheat for productivity and quality by using the gene pool of related wheat species within the framework of food security

The formation process in the selection of winter common wheat for productivity and quality has been expanded by using the gene pool of related species. The purpose of this study was to expand the formative process in the selection of Triticum aestivum L. winter type of development with the further obtaining of genotypes with increased adaptability, plant productivity and grain quality through the use of winter common wheat with purple grain, whole grain wheat and Ethiopian wheat in hybridization. In the study, the methods of conducting the examination of plant varieties are used for carrying out phenological observations, morphological studies, evaluation of breeding material according to economic and valuable characteristics. In the creation of new forms, methods of hybridization and individual selection were used, and the TVEL method was used for pollination. The protein and gluten content were determined by infrared spectrometry. Parental components were studied and selected to expand the forming process to obtain productive grains from the main ear, thousand kernel weight, high grain quality, resistant to lodging, shedding of grain, drought-resistant and resistant to fungal pathogens, hybrid forms, specifically as a result of involvement of the source material Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum sphaerococcum Perc. in the hybridization. According to the results of the hybridization of winter common wheat and Ethiopian wheat, it was possible to obtain and breed in F4 forms with a long ear (&gt;10-11 cm), an increased amount of grain from the main ear (&gt;55 pcs.) and a different colour of grain from dark brown to purple, as an indicator of increased anthocyanin content and high antioxidant capacity. The practical value of this study lies in the fact that the research results expand information on the use of winter common wheat in the selection of productivity and quality of other types of wheat: Triticum sphaerococcum, T. aethiop. var. decoloratum, and the developed proposals will allow considering the use of parental components of wheat in research, help improve methods of hybridization and selection of new forms with desirable traits in the system of interspecies crossings

Barley systematics and taxonomy foreseen by seed morphometric variation.

Since its Neolithic domestication in the Fertile Crescent, barley has spread to all continents and represents a major cereal in many modern agrarian systems. Current barley diversity includes thousands of varieties divided into four main categories corresponding to 2-row and 6-row subspecies and naked and hulled types, each of them with winter and spring varieties. This diversity is associated to different uses and allow cultivation in diverse environments. We used a large dataset of 58 varieties of French origin, (1) to assess the taxonomic signal in barley grain measurements comparing 2-row and 6-row subspecies, and naked and hulled types; (2) to test the impact of the sowing period and interannual variation on the grains size and shape; (3) to investigate the existence of morphological differences between winter and spring types; and finally (4) to contrast the relationship between the morphometric and genetic proximity. Size and shape of 1980 modern barley caryopses were quantified through elliptic Fourier Transforms and traditional size measurements. Our results indicate that barley grains record morphological diversity of the ear (89.3% classification accuracy between 2-row/6-row subspecies; 85.2% between hulled and naked type), sowing time of the grains (from 65.6% to 73.3% within barley groups), and environmental conditions during its cultivation and varietal diversity. This study opens perspectives for studying archaeological barley seeds and tracing the barley diversity and evolution since the Neolithic.

Effect of fungicide treatment and nitrogen fertilisation on the yield of two breeding types of winter oilseed rape cultivars

The effect of three fungicide treatment programmes and the level of spring nitrogen fertilisation on the seed yield of two types ofcultivars of Brassica napus L. sown at two different seeding rates was studied in a field experiment. The subject of the study was anopen-pollinated cultivar ‘Casoar’ and a restored hybrid cultivar ‘Visby’. Three plant protection programmes, two levels of spring nitrogenfertilisation (160 and 220 kg N⋅ha1), and two different seeding rates for each cultivar (‘Visby’—50 and 70 seeds⋅⋅m2; ‘Casoar’—60 and 80 seeds⋅m2) were included. The most intensive protection programme comprised three fungicide treatments: first in autumn at the six-leaves-unfolded stage—BBCH 16, second in spring at the stem elongation stage—BBCH 33, and third at the full flowering stage—BBCH 65. One of two less intensive programmes of plant protection included fungicide application in autumn at the sixleaves-unfolded stage—BBCH 16 and at the full flowering stage—BBCH 65, while the second included fungicide application in spring at the stem elongation stage—BBCH 33 and at the full flowering stage—BBCH 65. The effectiveness of the protection programmes and nitrogen fertilisation was influenced by the intensity of abiotic stress factors. The average yield from the plots protected against pathogens was significantly higher than that from the untreated plots. The increase of nitrogen fertilisation from 160 to 220 kg⋅ha1 also caused a significant increase of average seed yield. The yield of cultivar ‘Visby’ was higher and less dependent on the seeding rate compared to cultivar ‘Casoar’.Keywords: Winter oilseed rape; Cultivars; Disease control; Nitrogen fertilisation; Seeding rate; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Leptosphaeria spp.; Alternaria spp. Botrytis cinerea.

Ice-nucleating particles in northern Greenland: annual cycles, biological contribution and parameterizations

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) can initiate ice formation in clouds at temperatures above −38 ∘C through heterogeneous ice nucleation. As a result, INPs affect cloud microphysical and radiative properties, cloud lifetime, and precipitation behavior and thereby ultimately the Earth's climate. Yet, little is known regarding the sources, abundance and properties of INPs, especially in remote regions such as the Arctic. In this study, 2-year-long INP measurements (from July 2018 to September 2020) at Villum Research Station in northern Greenland are presented. A low-volume filter sampler was deployed to collect filter samples for offline INP analysis. An annual cycle of INP concentration (NINP) was observed, and the fraction of heat-labile INPs was found to be higher in months with low to no snow cover and lower in months when the surface was well covered in snow (&gt; 0.8 m). Samples were categorized into three different types based only on the slope of their INP spectra, namely into summer, winter and mix type. For each of the types a temperature-dependent INP parameterization was derived, clearly different depending on the time of the year. Winter and summer types occurred only during their respective seasons and were seen 60 % of the time. The mixed type occurred in the remaining 40 % of the time throughout the year. April, May and November were found to be transition months. A case study comparing April 2019 and April 2020 was performed. The month of April was selected because a significant difference in NINP was observed during these two periods, with clearly higher NINP in April 2020. In parallel to the observed differences in NINP, also a higher cloud-ice fraction was observed in satellite data for April 2020, compared to April 2019. NINP in the case study period revealed no clear dependency on either meteorological parameters or different surface types which were passed by the collected air masses. Overall, the results suggest that the coastal regions of Greenland were the main sources of INPs in April 2019 and 2020, most likely including both local terrestrial and marine sources.

Development of Physical Qualities Through Kyrgyz National Games in Primary School

This article is devoted to the development of physical qualities in primary school students through the Kyrgyz national games. Examples of games from historical works are given, where you can see games of a different nature — games on horseback that require great strength, agility, speed, coordination, flexibility, educating courage, friendship, unity of action, mutual assistance and understanding and many other qualities. In addition, this article gives as an example other type of games that educate and develop all those qualities necessary in later life that are of an applied nature. The games are indicated in their original name and with a translation into Russian, preserving the meaning of the game. In addition, explanations are given for these games that develop various qualities, including physical ones. A variety of national outdoor games are offered for younger students included in the curriculum and the use of three-level activity of movements in physical education lessons is considered, which include running, jumping games, games with throwing, hitting, throwing and knocking down objects, winter types of games, competitive martial arts games, etc. The article gives exemplary games that develop speed, agility, endurance, strength and flexibility. They are subsequently used in the following classes and acquire a different look as a former sports type such as “Toguz Korgool”, “Ordo” and the national wrestling “Kurosh” in the future, these outdoor games in students form all the necessary qualities, including physical, and also have an educational role.

Identification of genomic regions associated with cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) resistance in spring and winter wheat

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is a major threat to cereal crop production globally including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present study, single-locus and multi-locus models of Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) were used to find marker trait associations (MTAs) against CCN (Heterodera avenae) in wheat. In total, 180 wheat accessions (100 spring and 80 winter types) were screened against H. avenae in two independent years (2018/2019 “Environment 1” and 2019/2020 “Environment 2”) under controlled conditions. A set of 12,908 SNP markers were used to perform the GWAS. Altogether, 11 significant MTAs, with threshold value of −log10 (p-values) ≥ 3.0, were detected using 180 wheat accessions under combined environment (CE). A novel MTA (wsnp_Ex_c53387_56641291) was detected under all environments (E1, E2 and CE) and considered to be stable MTA. Among the identified 11 MTAs, eight were novel and three were co-localized with previously known genes/QTLs/MTAs. In total, 13 putative candidate genes showing differential expression in roots, and known to be involved in plant defense mechanisms were reported. These MTAs could help us to identify resistance alleles from new sources, which could be used to identify wheat varieties with enhanced CCN resistance.

Combining a multi-environment trial and a diagnosis method to assess potential yield and main limiting factors of three highly different pea types

The evaluation of varieties of cultivated species is based on the implementation of multi-environmental trials that show high performances or strong limitations in some environments. To know the cause of these limitations, and to reason the adaptation of varieties to different environments, we propose a combined approach between the classical analysis of experimental results and a diagnostic approach using the DiagVar tool, which allows to assess the impact of limiting factors in each trial, the potential yield and the sensitivity of cultivars to those factors. This procedure is applied in a large and diversified field trial network including eight locations and three years to the comparison of two to four cultivars of the three agronomical pea types: spring peas, hr-winter peas (non-reactive to photoperiod) and Hr-winter peas (reactive to photoperiod).Estimates of potential yields from DiagVar for the three pea types were consistent with the experimental results, with higher values for hr-winter cultivars than for spring and Hr-winter ones. We shed light on specific limiting factors for each type, some of them being rarely quantified previously, which allows us to better target specific regions or environments for each pea type. Thus, spring types were more impacted by early limiting factors (loss of plants, low temperatures and radiation, lack of water, leading to reduced growth) and end-of-cycle stresses (high temperatures, water stress). Diseases had higher impacts on both winter types. Here we show for the first time that the lack of solar radiation affected particularly hr-winter type and the low crop nitrogen status affected more frequently spring peas. These results highlight the interest of carrying out an agronomic diagnosis in the analysis of varietal multi-environment trials, revealing the most important limiting factors to take into account while breeding new pea cultivars, particularly limiting factors that are difficult to directly observe. This method proves to be reliable and informative for breeders, technicians and agricultural advisors to discuss the adaptation of varieties to specific environment.

Allelic Variation of Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 Genes in Winter Durum Wheat and Its Effect on Quality Parameters

Winter durum wheat is a relatively young crop that is highly adaptable due to its winter type of growth habit. The priority of breeding and genetic improvement of winter durum wheat is to improve grain quality and pasta quality, largely determined by the glutenin storage proteins. In the present study, a collection of 76 accessions of winter durum wheat from P.P. Lukyanenko National Grain Centre was studied. The allelic state of high-molecular-weight glutenin genes, Glu-A1 and Glu-B1, using PCR markers and SDS-PAGE was identified and grain and pasta quality traits were assessed in a two-year field experiment. The positive effect of the Glu-A1a allele and a negative effect of Glu-A1c on the gluten index were shown. It was found that Glu-B1al and Glu-B1f have a positive effect on the quality and quantity of protein and gluten, while the Glu-A1c + Glu-B1al genotypes were closest to the high-quality category in protein-associated quality traits.

Tyre/road noise measurements on ISO tracks using the modified CPX method

Tyre rolling noise test method specified in the UNECE Regulation 117 is directly used in the Tyre Labelling Directive. Noise level specified on EU Tyre Label of each new tyre available on the European market was determined based on vehicle coast-by noise measurements performed on the standard reference road surface proscribed in the ISO 10844:2014. Available data from investigations by the vehicle and tyre industry and results from the STEER project show that the effect of ISO test track is significant. To estimate the noise variation on existing ISO test tracks, a small Round Robin Test was conducted on 3 of them, as a part of the joint Polish-Norwegian project ELANORE. The modified CPX method was used for this purpose. Measurements were performed for 9 selected tyres of summer, winter and all-season type, with label noise values ranging from 66 to 74 dB. Additionally, 2 standard reference tyres, P1 (SRTT) and H1 (Avon AV4), specified in the ISO 11819-3:2017 were tested. The obtained differences in noise levels for the tested tyres were up to 3.7 dB depending on test track. The ranking of tyres regarding measured noise levels didn't correspond at all to the noise values given on tyre labels.