Winter Type Research Articles

Association mapping for morphological traits relevant to registration of barley varieties

Elucidating marker-trait associations would have fruitful implications in distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) tests of new varieties required for both variety registration and granting plant breeders’ rights. As the number of new varieties with narrow genetic bases increases, the necessity for deployment of molecular markers to complement morphological DUS traits gets particular attention. We used simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and sequence related amplification polymorphisms (SRAPs) markers in association mapping of morphological traits in a collection of 143 barley landraces and advanced breeding lines. This panel represented a diverse and uniform sample in terms of both quantitative and categorical traits whilst it was structurally partitioned by number of ear rows (six- and two-rowed) and seasonal growth habit (winter and spring types) characteristics. SSRs were more powerful compared with SRAPs in separating six- and two-rowed genotypes based on both model-based Bayesian and neighbor joining clustering methods. A number of associated SSR and SRAP markers were found for 15 out of 36 DUS traits after considering Bonferroni correction through linear models (GLM and MLM) and chi-square-based tests (SA and AAT). This is also the first report of association of awn roughness and grain color with molecular markers in barley. Moreover, SSR marker BMAC0113 appeared associated with time of ear emergence (TEE), confirming previous findings. These markers could be beneficial to complement and speed up DUS testing of new varieties, as well as for improving management of barley reference collections.

Fenotipska varijabilnost osobina klasa i genetička struktura populacije u kolekciji jarih ječmova

Domestication, selection and modern breeding narrow the genetic variability of barley, and thus create the need for re-integration of variability as a basis for barley breeding. In this study, 4 barley cultivars and 48 landraces from Serbian gene bank were analysed during two years. Phenotypic variability and genetic structure of the two quantitative spike traits: length and width, and one trait of grain: 1000 grain weight, were analyzed in a population with genotypes of known type of vegetation and spike form. Average spike length ranged from 4,2 to 10,2 cm, spike width 0,65 to 1,27 cm and 1000 grain weight from 27,58 to 51,35 g. Analysis of variance has a significant F value for all sources of variation in all traits. Analysis with 16 SSR markers detected a total of 105 allelic forms. Observing the groups of vegetation type and spike form, diversity of genes was the highest in the spring barley (two-row and six-row forms) and six-row barley (spring and winter types). The results of AMOVA test for spike form showed highly significant values for both sources of variation, while the intergroup component was dominant both for the type of vegetation (91,26 %) and form of the spike (90,83 %). Based on the cluster dendrogram 52 genotypes are classified into three main groups and 11 sub-groups. The results showed there is considerable variability of examined traits in the collection, so it can be used in barley breeding programs.

CОНЯЧНО -ДОБОВІ ГЕОМАГНІТНІ ВАРІАЦІЇ: СЕЗОННІ ТА ДОВГОТРИВАЛІ ЗМІНИ SqY, SqZ НА ОБСЕРВАТОРІЇ AIA

The spatial ambiguity of the magnitude of centennial trends in the Sq variations diurnal amplitudes determined the investigation of this question in the region of negative century variations geomagnetic field. Objective. To study the characteristics (trends of diurnal amplitudes and shapes) of solar-diurnal Sq variations at the Antarctic observatory AIA. Methods. Analysis of geomagnetic field monitoring data at the observatory for the period 1958-1991. Exclusion of the effect of the dependence ofthe daily amplitude of Sq variations on the solar activity index F10.7 using the regression analysis residual method. Results. From the analysis of the shape of Sq variations, seasonal features of SqZ, SqY were obtained: autumn-spring asymmetry and an additional morning extremum in the daily course of Sq winter (April-September) type. Seasonal differences were found both in the mean monthly values of the daily amplitude of Sq variations and in the values of their long-term trend for 33 years. Conclusions. The revealed positive trends of the average annual daily amplitudes of Sq variations were 11% for the eastern SqY and 17-20% for the vertical SqZ variation. The observed variation in the trend value of the annual amplitudes Sq is apparently due to seasonal variations of the physical parameters that determine Sq.

The selection and the evaluation of Оnobrichis arenaria (Кit) genetic material in a collection nursery

The results of studies of sandy sainfoin Onobrichis arenaria (Kit) DC, 1825 of the first year of life and the first year of use obtained in two consistent foundations are presented. The objects of the research included SibNIIK-30, Petushok, Peschanyj 22 cultivars and some samples from the natural flora: S-1, S-2, S-3. Drill sowing method was used for the cultivars, broad drill sowing - for the wildings, due to seed shortage. Sowing rate for cultivars was 400, for wild plants - 200 fertile seeds per 1m2. The data on seed density, field germination, over-wintering, green mass and seed yields are presented. During summer sowing, within the conditions of soil moisture deficiency in 2016 the studied cultivars were developing according to the winter type, forming in autumn rosettes from 5 or more shortened shoots. During spring sowing and the favorable soil moisture in 2017 the height of young plants reached 76-96 cm, separate flowering shoots were observed, i.e. the development proceeded according to the spring type. The wildings, regardless of the weather conditions and sowing time, were developing according to the winter type, forming 3,3-4,4 and 4,0-5,0 shortened shoots per plant in 2016 and 2017 respectively. In the first foundation, the plants SibNIIK-30 cultivar wintered well, all the rest cultivars and samples had only 50-60% survived plants. In the second foundation the wildings wintered well, more than 50% of plants died among the cultivars. On average, during these two foundations green matter total yield of the first year of use varied from 1,28 to 3,46 kg/m2. The seed yield varied from 59,16 to - 92,57 g / m2.

The impact of winter feed type on intestinal microbiota and parasites in honey bees

The intestinal microbiota of honey bees consists of only few bacterial species and may have effects on health and pathogen resilience. Honey is usually harvested and replaced by sugar syrup. We hypothesized that replacing honey may change the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and therefore compromise pathogen resilience. Fifteen colonies were fed with wheat starch syrup, sucrose syrup, or blossom honey. 16S-based bacterial community analysis was performed on three individuals per hive in summer and winter, and Nosema ceranae and Crithidia/Lotmaria levels were assessed by qPCR. Seasonal differences in the intestinal microbiota and N. ceranae were found; however, microbiota and parasite levels were very similar between the feed types. Rhizobiales and Bifidobacteria were found to be increased in the bees that had received honey or wheat starch syrup, as compared to sucrose syrup. In conclusion, intestinal microbiota and parasites were found to be largely unaffected by the winter feed type.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИЗМУ НА ЗАКАРПАТТІ В ЧЕХОСЛОВАЦЬКИЙ ПЕРІОД (1918 – 1938)

The article summarizes the features of tourism development in Transcarpathia in the Czechoslovak period. The achievements in development of tourism infrastructure, popularization of summer and winter types of rescreation were outlined. The role of activity of the Club of Czechoslovak tourists was determined. It was established, that іn the twenties - thirties of the twentieth century in Transcarpathia tourism begins to be seen not only as the direction of leisure of the population, but also as an integral sector of the economy, which is able to effectively use available capacity (natural, cultural, material and technical) and positive impact on the overall socio-economic development of the region More than two dozen tourist shelters (houses) mainly in mountainous areas were opened or renovated for tourists. More than 400 people were equipped to sleep in public buildings and institutions of hospitality. Almost 1000 km of hiking trails were marked. There were few dozen hotels, restaurants, canteens, coffee houses throughout Transcarpathia. The largest contribution to the development of tourism infrastructure in this period was made by members of the Club of Czechoslovak tourists. Improvement of transport infrastructure, such as roads, railways, air travel positively influenced the development of tourism. Much attention is paid to the popularization of tourism potential of Transcarpathia. Tourist guides and maps, some articles in complex journals were published, advertising information was spread on the pages of the press. Some tourist trains from Czechoslovak Republic and abroad were sent to Transcarpathia. Particular interest was shown by German, French, Italian, Hungarian tourists. The greatest admiration of visitors was caused by great mountain views that are complemented with historical and cultural sights, crafts and even household and industrial objects. Cultural, educational tours and active recreation prevailed, but recreation resorts were affected with decline. Ski tourism also developed. Ski trails on mountain areas were arranged. Ski competitions at various levels organized annually.

Spring thermocline formation in the coastal zone of the southeastern Baltic Sea based on field data in 2010–2013

The transition from winter vertical mixing to the formation of the spring thermocline in the southeastern Baltic Sea is studied based on data from the hydrophysical measurements program (11 expeditions) in the Russian part of Gdansk Bay in March–June 2010, 2011, and 2013. CTD measurements were taken along the standard 18-km transect across the isobaths with a 500-m step abeam the city of Baltiysk. A set of frequently measured data was collected in a 1–2 week interval from the end of March to the beginning of May, which made it possible to analyze the transformation of the vertical thermal structure of water from inverse winter type to the summer stratification with the transition of temperature over the temperature of the density maximum. Series of repeated measurements at the deep and coastal stations as well as surface and subsurface towed measurements were carried out. The fact that lenses of freshened warmer water appear at the surface almost simultaneously with intensification of cold intrusions in intermediate (10–40 m) layers makes it possible not only to confirm the advective nature of the formation of the spring thermocline in the Baltic Sea, but also to hypothesize about the intensification of intrabasin exchange when winter-time vertical mixing ceases: the potential energy excess supported by vertical mixing in the 60-m upper quasi-homogeneous layer (UQL) of the Baltic Proper, in which the horizontal estuarine salinity gradient is significant, is converted to kinetic energy of exchange currents as the mixing process terminates. Such water dynamics makes it possible to explain the intensification of intrusions in the Baltic in spring and the formation of the cold intermediate layer due to the fast propagation of late-winter UQL water from the Bornholm Basin to the Baltic Proper. The results agree well with earlier published studies of other authors.

Evaluation of Wearing Comfort and Ease of Working Pants for Improved Mobility

This study provides a size specification and ease for the development of pants for working clothes in the construction industry according to season. We collected and measured the size specification of 4 types of Spring/Fall pants, 4 types of winter brushed bonding pants, and 4 types of winter padded...

Patterns of Genetic Structure and Linkage Disequilibrium in a Large Collection of Pea Germplasm.

Pea (Pisum sativum, L.) is a major pulse crop used both for animal and human alimentation. Owing to its association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, it is also a valuable component for low-input cropping systems. To evaluate the genetic diversity and the scale of linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay in pea, we genotyped a collection of 917 accessions, gathering elite cultivars, landraces, and wild relatives using an array of ∼13,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Genetic diversity is broadly distributed across three groups corresponding to wild/landraces peas, winter types, and spring types. At a finer subdivision level, genetic groups relate to local breeding programs and type usage. LD decreases steeply as genetic distance increases. When considering subsets of the data, LD values can be higher, even if the steep decay remains. We looked for genomic regions exhibiting high level of differentiation between wild/landraces, winter, and spring pea, respectively. Two regions on linkage groups 5 and 6 containing 33 SNPs exhibit stronger differentiation between winter and spring peas than would be expected under neutrality. Interestingly, QTL for resistance to cold acclimation and frost resistance have been identified previously in the same regions.

A Comparative Study on Root Traits of Spring and Winter Canola (Brassica napus L.) under Controlled and Water Stressed Conditions

Root system in canola (Brassica napus L.) varies largely in different growth habit types. A study was conducted with five winter and five spring types of canola germplasm. The objective was to identify the gradual change of root traits at different growth habits stages under controlled and water stressed conditions. Two experiments, controlled and water stressed, were conducted in a greenhouse. Data on different root traits were collected at 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after planting. In controlled experiment, no significant difference was observed for root traits between winter and spring types at 30 days after planting. However, significant variations were appeared for taproot length (F = 10.17***) and root dry weight (F = 16.96***) between winter and spring types at 40 days after planting. All other root parameters such as basal taproot diameter (F = 22.14***), bottom taproot diameter (F = 4.59*), primary root branches (F = 78.70***) and root vigor (F = 47.18***) were significantly higher in the winter types compared to those of the spring types at 60 days after planting. Growth pattern curves indicated that all the root traits of spring types increased in a steady fashion, where the root traits of winter types increased rapidly after 40 days of planting. In water stressed experiment, the water stress was applied from 20 to 60 days after planting, and data was taken at 60 days after planting. All the root parameters except taproot length were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the stressed spring and winter plants compared to the control plants. The root growth reduction in stressed winter type germplasms was higher. Basal taproot diameter, bottom taproot diameter, primary root branches, root vigor, and root dry weight were decreased by 43%, 63%, 19%, 31% and 53%, respectively in stressed winter type plants. In contrast, the root growth reduction of the spring type germplasms were relatively lower. This study indicated that winter type canola generates vigorous root system in comparison to spring types under normal growing conditions, but ceases its root growth rate more than the spring types under water stressed conditions.

Cryptic diversity within the harmful dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea in coastal Chinese waters is related to differentiated ecological niches

Blooms of the harmful dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea are responsible for the mass mortality of fish and invertebrates in coastal waters. This cosmopolitan species includes several genetically differentiated clades. Four clonal cultures were established by isolating single cells from Xiamen Harbour (the East China Sea) for morphological and genetic analyses. The cultures displayed identical morphology but were genetically different, thus revealing presence of cryptic diversity in the study area. New details of the apical structure complex of Akashiwo sanguinea were also found. To investigate whether the observed cryptic diversity was related to environmental differentiation, 634 cells were obtained from seasonal water samples collected from 2008 to 2012. These cells were sequenced by single-cell PCR. For comparison with Chinese material, additional large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences were obtained for three established strains from Malaysian and French waters. To examine potential ecological differentiation of the distinct genotypes, growth responses of the studied strains were tested under laboratory conditions at temperatures of 12°C to 33°C. These experiments showed four distinct ribotypes of A. sanguinea globally, with the ribotypes A and B co-occuring in Xiamen Harbour. Ribotype A of A. sanguinea was present year-round in Xiamen Harbour, but it only bloomed in the winter and spring, thus corresponding to the winter type. In contrast, A. sanguinea ribotype B bloomed only in the summer, corresponding to the summer type. This differentiation supports the temperature optimum conditions that were established for these two ribotypes in the laboratory. Ribotype A grew better at lower temperatures compared to ribotype B which preferred higher temperatures. These findings support the idea that various ribotypes of A. sanguinea correspond to distinct ecotypes and allopatric speciation occurred in different climatic regions followed by dispersal.

Analysis of variations in the ice regime in individual regions of the Sea of Okhotsk during the warming period

Research results of interannual variations in iciness anomalies in the Sea of Okhotsk from 1979 to 2015 are presented. This temporal interval is called the warming period, or the warm period in the modern literature. Variations in the ice regime for hierarchical regions of the first level with spatial scales larger than 400 000 km2 are analyzed for the first time. A comparative analysis of repeatability of various winter types, as well as periods with positive and negative trends in iciness variations, is made for each ice-covered region chosen and for the entire Sea of Okhotsk. It is shown that ice formation processes and the ice regime in individual regions of the sea have significant differences, which should be considered in developing prognostic models, as well as in field work.

New winter oilseed rape varieties – seed quality and morphological traits depending on sowing date and rate

Many studies have focused on research about impact of time and density of sowing on the agronomic characteristics of different crops. However, the number of studies investigating such a response on the qualitative composition of different types of winter oilseed rape varieties is still limited. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of sowing date and density on yield, protein and oil content and quality of winter oilseed rape varieties: open-pollinated, a typical hybrid of traditional type of growth and a new semi-dwarf hybrid, which biology and yielding have not been thoroughly established. This experiment was conducted applying four sowing dates (August 14, August 25, September 4, September 15), three winter oilseed rape cultivars (PR45D03 -semi-dwarf hybrid, PR46W31 – hybrid, Californium – open-pollinated) and four sowing rates (30, 40, 50, 60 seeds/m2). Among the compared sowing dates, August 25 proved to be optimal for yielding of the tested winter oilseed rape cultivars. Semi-dwarf variety contained less protein and glucosinolate in seeds, but more oil in comparison to other studied varieties (hybrid and open-pollinated). The yields did not differ significantly within a density of 40, 50, 60 seeds/m2, so it is important result, especially for the agricultural practice.

Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015

AbstractBarley (Hordeum vulgare) is cultivated on 49.1 million hectares worldwide with 50.2% of the area located in Europe. Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), occurs wherever barley is grown. Cultivar resistance plays an important role in global barley production, especially in parts of Europe where high concentrations of both spring and winter types are grown. The aim of this report was to postulate specific resistance genes in barleys from nine European countries registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015. Thirty‐five spring cultivars and 27 winter barleys were tested with 56 diverse Bgh isolates. Twenty‐five known resistance genes were postulated, and unknown genes were detected in Sandra, Saturn and Zeppelin. Unidentified specific resistance genes were also present in winter hybrids Hobbit and Wootan. Spring cultivars Arthur and Francin consisted of three and two genotypes, respectively. Resistance gene mlo was present in 26 spring cultivars, and the proportion of cultivars with this gene increased from 62.9% in 2006–2010 to 75.7% in 2011–2015. The gene Mlp1 was identified for the first time in German winter cultivar Saturn. Five spring cultivars registered in Slovakia were included in the tests. All the cultivars that were tested contained one or more specific resistance genes to powdery mildew. Adaptability of the pathogen and possibilities for breeding winter barleys are discussed.

Dissolved organic carbon as potential indicator of global change: A long-term investigation in the northern Adriatic

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an essential component of the biogeochemical marine system, effecting biological and chemical reactions that take place in the sea. DOC represents a dynamic component of the global carbon cycle.This paper reports 25years of measurements of DOC content and distribution at seven stations along the transect Po River delta – Rovinj in the northern Adriatic (NA). The results show strong temporal and spatial variability: (1) The highest average DOC concentrations were observed in 1998 and 2002 (143μmol/L and 137μmol/L, respectively); (2) The minimum average DOC was recorded in 2006 (88μmol/L) and (3) The short-term DOC accumulation (up to 203, average 102μmol/L) for the years 2009 to 2012, was observed during the summer and autumn months followed by unusually low DOC concentrations during the winter and spring. The DOC results from the more recent monitoring at the same stations indicate primarily oligotrophic characteristics of the NA seawater (88μmol/L).The results of DOC variability and distribution in the NA appears to be strongly influenced by complex circulation patterns. This paper provides a “link” between the Ionian circulation and the NA ecosystem as a part of the recently identified Adriatic-Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS). A good agreement between the BiOS oscillation and other variables related to the DOC concentration, like the NA A and B winter types, the Po River discharge, salinity, chlorophyll a, occurrence of hypoxic-anoxic conditions, eutrophication and oligotrophication, suggests that DOC might be a good tool and indicator of global change.

Post-polyploidisation morphotype diversification associates with gene copy number variation

Genetic models for polyploid crop adaptation provide important information relevant for future breeding prospects. A well-suited model is Brassica napus, a recent allopolyploid closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana. Flowering time is a major adaptation trait determining life cycle synchronization with the environment. Here we unravel natural genetic variation in B. napus flowering time regulators and investigate associations with evolutionary diversification into different life cycle morphotypes. Deep sequencing of 35 flowering regulators was performed in 280 diverse B. napus genotypes. High sequencing depth enabled high-quality calling of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion-deletions (InDels) and copy number variants (CNVs). By combining these data with genotyping data from the Brassica 60 K Illumina® Infinium SNP array, we performed a genome-wide marker distribution analysis across the 4 ecogeographical morphotypes. Twelve haplotypes, including Bna.FLC.A10, Bna.VIN3.A02 and the Bna.FT promoter on C02_random, were diagnostic for the diversification of winter and spring types. The subspecies split between oilseed/kale (B. napus ssp. napus) and swedes/rutabagas (B. napus ssp. napobrassica) was defined by 13 haplotypes, including genomic rearrangements encompassing copies of Bna.FLC, Bna.PHYA and Bna.GA3ox1. De novo variation in copies of important flowering-time genes in B. napus arose during allopolyploidisation, enabling sub-functionalisation that allowed different morphotypes to appropriately fine-tune their lifecycle.

Effect of protection against pathogens on yield of two breeding types of winter oilseed rape cultivars under high level of nitrogen fertilization

Effect of protection against pathogens on yield of two breeding types of winter oilseed rape cultivars under high level of nitrogen fertilization

Effects of winter Tyre type on roughness and polishing of road surfaces covered with ice and compact snow

PurposeThis field study was designed to compare to what degree various proportions of studded and unstudded winter tyres affect the roughness and polishing of road surfaces covered with ice and compact snow.MethodsTest cars equipped with studded and unstudded winter tyres drove around a test track according to the designed procedure. The main straight section of the track had five lanes, each with a different proportion of cars with studded tyres: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% of the respective lane traffic. The remainder were cars with unstudded winter tyres. Each lane included sections of ice and compact snow with subsections for constant speed, braking and acceleration. The lanes were driven 642 times. The ambient temperature was approximately 0 °C during the test.ResultsThe overall results showed that there was no substantial difference in friction of the road surface between lanes having 100%, 75% or 50% of cars with studded tyres. However, the friction was much poorer in lanes having fewer cars with studded tyres.ConclusionsThese results suggest that traffic with 50% of cars having studded tyres results in adequate friction of icy road surfaces in the test conditions.

Rapid cultivar identification of barley seeds through disjoint principal component modeling.

Classification of barley varieties is a crucial part of the control and assessment of barley seeds especially for the malting and brewing industry. The correct classification of barley is essential in that a majority of decisions made regarding process specifications, economic considerations, and the type of product produced with the cereal are made based on the barley variety itself. This fact combined with the need to promptly assess the cereal as it is delivered to a malt house or production facility creates the need for a technique to quickly identify a barley variety based on a sample. This work explores the feasibility of differentiating between barley varieties based on the protein spectrum of barley seeds. In order to produce a rapid analysis of the protein composition of the barley seeds, lab-on-a-chip micro fluid technology is used to analyze the protein composition. Classification of the barley variety is then made using disjoint principle component models. This work included 19 different barley varieties. The varieties consisted of both winter and summer barley types. In this work, it is demonstrated that this system can identify the most likely barley variety with an accuracy of 95.9% based on cross validation and can screen summer barley with an accuracy of 95.2% and a false positive rate of 0.0% based on cross validation. This demonstrates the feasibility of the method to provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive method to verify the heritage of barley seeds.

Genetic Diversity and Symbiotic Efficiency of Nodulating Rhizobia Isolated from Root Nodules of Faba Bean in One Field.

Thirty-one nodulating rhizobium strains were collected from root nodules of spring and winter type faba bean cultivars grown in micro ecoarea, i.e. the same field in Chengdu plain, China. The symbiotic efficiency and phylogeny of these strains were studied. Effectively nitrogen fixing strains were isolated from both winter type and spring type cultivars. Based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and concatenated sequence of atpD, glnII and recA genes, the isolates were assigned as Rhizobium anhuiense and a potential new Rhizobium species. The isolates were diverse on symbiosis related gene level, carrying five, four and three variants of nifH, nodC and nodD, respectively. Strains carrying similar gene combinations were trapped by both winter and spring cultivars, disagreeing with the specificity of symbiotic genotypes to reported earlier faba bean ecotypes.