Satureja Montana Research Articles

Bioactivity of essential oils from cultivated winter savory, sage and hyssop

Species of the Lamiaceae family have enjoyed a rich tradition of use for flavoring, food preservation, and medicinal purposes, due to their curative and preventive properties. Cultivated winter savory (Satureja montana L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) are produced for seed, herb, and essential oil. Dominant compounds in S. montana essential oil were carvacrol (43.2%) and thymol (28.4%), while CIS-thujone (27.1%) and camphor (19.3%), followed by trans-thujone and 1,8-cineole were the major compounds in S. officinalis essential oil. As for H. officinalis essential oil, CIS-and trans-pinocamphone (41.1% and 20.5%, respectively) were the most abundant compounds, followed by b-pinene. S. montana essential oil exhibit the highest antimicrobial properties, as well as antioxidant capacity, compared to other tested essential oils. Furthermore, H. officinalis essential oils showed higher antioxidant activity than that of S. officinalis. The aim of this investigation was to determine the composition and bioactivity of essential oils of mentioned varieties. Presented results show that S. montana essential oil could be proposed as a valuable source of natural preservatives.

Dodatak etarskih ulja u biopolimerni film na bazi pogače uljane tikve golice u cilju poboljšanja njegove antioksidativne aktivnosti

Active films based on pumpkin oil cake, with 1 % and 2 % of winter savory and basil essential oil, were synthesized in the paper, and the antioxidant activity of the films obtained was subsequently examined. A biopolymer film based on pumpkin oil cake without the addition of essential oils was used as a control. The following methods were used for determining the antioxidant activity of the films: the DPPH radical scavenging activity, the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and the reducing power assay. The control film showed some antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity = 61 %, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity = 33 %, reducing power = 0.534). However, the addition of essential oils increased the antioxidant activity of the films, especially their reducing power, where as the film with 2 % of winter savory essential oil exhibited the highest activity. A slight increase in the DPPH radical and the hydroxyl radical scavenging activities was also observed with the incorporation of essential oils into the experimental films.

Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils on Selected Weeds: Potential Hazard on Food Crops.

The chemical composition of winter savory, peppermint, and anise essential oils, and in vitro and in vivo phytotoxic activity against weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and food crops (maize, rice, and tomato), have been studied. Sixty-four compounds accounting for between 97.67–99.66% of the total essential oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Winter savory with carvacrol (43.34%) and thymol (23.20%) as the main compounds produced a total inhibitory effect against the seed germination of tested weed. Menthol (48.23%), menthone (23.33%), and iso-menthone (16.33%) from peppermint only showed total seed germination inhibition on L. multiflorum, whereas no significant effects were observed with trans-anethole (99.46%) from anise at all concentrations (0.125–1 µL/mL). Low doses of peppermint essential oil could be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals to control L. multiflorum. The results corroborate that in vivo assays with a commercial emulsifiable concentrate need higher doses of the essential oils to reproduce previous in vitro trials. The higher in vivo phytotoxicity of winter savory essential oil constitutes an eco-friendly and less pernicious alternative to weed control. It is possible to achieve a greater in vivo phytotoxicity if less active essential oil like peppermint is included with other active excipients.

Antiradical and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from the Lamiaceae Family Plants in Connection with their Composition and Optical Activity of Components

Antiradical activity of essential oils of korean mint (Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Mey)), blue giant hyssop (Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavander (Lavandula angustifolia L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), lemon mint (Mentha piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq), monarda (Monarda fistulosa L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), clary (Salvia sclarea L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) cultivated in the Central Botanical Garden of NAS of Belarus was investigated in the reaction with the cation-radicals of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+·). The most pronounced antiradical activity was observed for the essential oils with a high content of phenolic compounds: winter savory and monarda. Antiradical properties of the essential oils and individual phenolic and terpene compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, citral, (+)-pulegone) in the reaction with ABTS+· significantly differ in aqueous solutions and ethanol-water mixtures. Нigh antibacterial activity of selected components of essential oils from the Lamiaceae plants, carvacrol, citral, and linalool, towards test organisms Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas putida was shown. The antibacterial activity of enantiomers of pinene and limonene was determined. The dextrorotary isomer of α-pinene possesses a significantly higher level of activity as compared with the levorotary one. S-(-)-limonene proves itself as a more active antimicrobial component towards Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus saprophyticus than R-(+)-limonene. Both enantiomers show comparable activity towards Esherichia coli. Due to the high antibacterial activity the essential oils from Satureja montana and Monarda fistulosa can be considered as effective antibacterial agents.

Cytotoxic attributes of antiviral plants rich in polyphenolic and volatile compounds

The application of natural products for treatment and prevention of various diseases is becoming more important. Not only antibacterial natural preparations are being developed, but also antiviral natural products are investigated. There are two main problems in such investigations: (i) special chemical analysis and data analysis methods have to be used, (ii) not only antiviral effect has to be taken into account, but also cytotoxic and other unwanted effects. In this work, a combination of separation methods (capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography), spectrophotometric methods, data mining/data analysis methods (hierarchical clusterization, multidimensional scaling and classification and regression tree induction) for clarifying chemical attributes in cytotoxic plant extracts was applied. The selected plants belonged to families: (i) Lamiaceae, (ii) Asteraceae and (iii) Fabaceae. Most cytotoxic were Agastache foeniculum Pursh. Kuntze. and Salvia officinalis L. extracts. Least cytotoxic were Perilla frutescens L. and Satureja Montana L. extracts. The tendency of cytotoxic extracts having abundant concentrations of medium and low electrophoretic mobility cations was clarified.

Antifungal activity of essential oils against azole-resistant and azole-susceptible vaginal Candida glabrata strains.

Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen, associated with endocarditis, meningitis, and disseminated disease, and also with complicated vaginitis. Essential oils derived from aromatic plants are known in traditional medicine as antimicrobial agents and have antifungal properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether 12 tested essential oils (tea tree, laurel, anise, basil, bergamot, lavender, mint, oregano, grapefruit, rosemary, winter savory, and ginger) could have a transverse effect on C. glabrata sensitive strains but above all on strains resistant to the three main azole antifungals used (clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole). For this reason, different strains of C. glabrata, vaginal isolated, were characterized (disk diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentration) with respect to their response to such antifungals. Electron microscopy analyses were performed to examine cellular damages in depth. Subsequently, we wanted to evaluate the effect of the oils on human cells to estimate their potential cytotoxicity. Oregano and winter savory were the two most effective essential oils, inducing growth inhibition, cell damage of C. glabrata strains (both sensitive and resistant to azole antifungal drugs), and medium-high level of toxicity against human keratinocytes. The results of this work support the research for new alternatives or complementary therapies against vaginal candidiasis.

In vitro antibacterial activity of plant essential oils against Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus aureus, the causative agents of exudative epidermitis in pigs

Greasy pig disease or exudative epidermitis, a generalized or localized skin disease affecting piglets, is mainly caused by Staphylococcus hyicus, although other staphylococcal species such as Staphylococcus aureus may also induce disease. Piglets with skin lesions can be treated systemically with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics are now frequently observed in S. hyicus and S. aureus isolates. In this study, the antibacterial activity of plant essential oils as well as their ability to potentiate the effect of several antimicrobial compounds against S. hyicus and S. aureus were investigated with a view to a potential use as skin disinfectants. Among ten essential oils tested, those from cinnamon, thyme, and winter savory were the most active with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 0.078 to 0.313% (v/v). Using a fluorescent probe with DNA affinity, it was found that thyme and winter savory oils act, at least in part, by disturbing the bacterial membrane integrity. At concentrations below the MIC, thyme and winter savory oils reduced biofilm formation by S. hyicus. Moreover, a treatment of pre-formed biofilms of S. hyicus with cinnamon or thyme oils significantly decreases its viability. Synergistic interactions between essential oils, more particularly from thyme and winter savory, and penicillin G, chlorhexidine or nisin, were observed. This study supports the therapeutic potential of essential oils as topical therapeutic agents against exudative epidermitis.

Komparativna analiza etarskih ulja tri Lamiaceae vrste dobijenih konvencionalnom i mikrotalasnom destilacijom

The purpose of this paper is to compare the essential oils (EOs) of three Lamiaceae species (Satureja montana (winter savory), Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Origanum vulgare (oregano)) isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD). The total EO yields of all three plants obtained by MWHD were nearly twofold lower than those obtained by HD. However, the microwave treatment was found to be significantly shorter. The chemical profile of the EOs obtained was determined using GC-MS. Carvacrol was the most abundant compound in the winter savory and oregano EOs (92.20 and 93.42 %, respectively), whereas linalool was the predominant compound in the basil EO (67.71 %). The results obtained indicate that certain chemical alterations occur during microwave treatments. The MWHD of winter savory led to a decrease in the carvacrol content (84.11 %), accompanied by a significant increase in the antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH assay, compared to the winter savory EO obtained by HD. Although a decrease in major compound contents of both the basil and oregano EOs obtained by MWHD was observed, no significant difference was found in their antioxidant activity.

Nema

The evaluation of the inhibition effect achieved by essential oils of dill ( Anethum graveolens L . ), oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) and winter savory ( Satureja montana L.) on seed germination and shoot growth of Johnson grass ( Sorghum halepense L.) was tested in laboratory. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents were carvon (40.5%) and limonene (32.2%) for A. graveolens essential oil, carvacrol (73.7%) for O. vulgare essential oil, α-pinene (43.5%) for J. communis essential oil, b-thujone (32.7%) and camphor (17.2%) for S. officinalis essential oil, thymol (44.6%) and p- cimene (13.4%) for S. montana essential oil. The in vitro study on herbicidal activity was carried out on seed germination and shoots length of S. halepense ; A. graveolens , O. vulgare , S. montana essential oils significantly inhibited the germination and shoot length and their herbicidal activity could be attributed mainly to their high content of carvone, carvacrol and thymol. A. graveolens , O. vulgare and S. montana essential oils reduced seed germination by 61.5%, 52.7% and 47.3%, respectively, while J. communis and S. officinalis essential oils stimulated germination (7.7% and 2.2%, respectively). The shoot growth reduction for almost all essential oils, except J. communis essential oil , was more than 30%. The solution of A. graveolens , O. vulgare and S. montana essential oils exhibited more powerful bio-herbicidal effect compared to J. communis and S. officinalis essential oils on the germination and shoot growth of S. halepense .

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacities of Four Mediterranean Industrial Essential Oils and Their Resultant Distilled Solid By‐Products

The aim of this work is to chemically characterize and evaluate the antioxidant capacities of the essential oils and their resulting solid residues of four aromatic plants from the industrial distillation, including hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super), cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.). In general, the different in vitro antioxidant assays showed that both the oil and the industrial residue extract of S. montana followed by the residue of S. chamaecyparissus are the best antioxidants, whereas the solid residue extracts of S. chamaecyparissus and H. officinalis show the highest copper and iron chelating capacities, respectively. Therefore, distilled solid residues might well constitute a viable and profitable source of natural antioxidants with a potential application in food and non‐food products.Practical Applications: Solid residues from the industrial steam distillation of aromatic plants constitute an available and affordable source of phenolic compounds that can be used as natural and safe antioxidants, among others, in foodstuffs. Moreover, the exploitation of distilled plants constitutes a sustainable approach to reduce the residues generated every year from this industry, which results in environmental issues when they are not correctly managed.Essential oils and their resulting solid residues from the industrial distillation of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super), cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) are potential sources of phenolic compounds that can be used as natural and safe antioxidants, among others, in foodstuffs.

Optimization: Microwave irradiation effect on polyphenolic compounds extraction from winter savory (Satureja montana L.)

ABSTRACTMicrowave-assisted extraction of polyphenols with elevated antioxidant activity from winter savory was optimized by simultaneous maximization of total phenolics, total flavonoids yields, and antioxidant activity (measured by two assays—DPPH and reducing power assay). For optimization of microwave assisted extraction, Box–Behnken experimental design coupled with response surface methodology was applied. Independent variables were extraction time, ethanol concentration, and irradiation power. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate model fitness and determine optimal conditions.

Stability studies and determination of carnosic acid and its oxidative degradation products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

The stability of carnosic acid (CA, an important abietane ferruginol-type diterpene, with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-mutagenic properties) exposed to different stress conditions (daylight, high temperatures, different solvents, and humidity) was investigated. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyse the degraded samples. Structural identification of degradation products was assigned based upon MS fragmentation patterns. The stability experiments were performed on pure CA (96% purity) as well as on commercially-available rosemary extract (containing 50.27% of CA and 5.65% of a diterpene lactone carnosol-C). For the extraction of target compounds three different techniques were compared: ultrasonic extraction (UE), Soxhlet (SE) and microwave extraction (MWE). It was shown that CA always occurs in combination with C, which is produced by oxidation and ring closure from CA, but with UE transformation of CA into C was minimal and constant when compared to SE or MWE. CA dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) remained stable for at least 5h at room temperature. After a certain time, under all tested conditions, the concentration of CA lowered as a result of the formation of degradation products such as C, rosmanol, 12-O-methyl-CA, 6,7-de-hydro-CA, 7-keto-CA and other unidentified degradants. In comparison to the solid state, the degradation of CA dissolved in organic solvents (THF and ethanol) was significantly faster. In general, protic solvents lead to faster degradation of CA. Only extremely high temperatures (200–300°C) and long-term exposure to light and humidity (6 months) caused the degradation of CA in powdered samples.The GC–MS method described was also used for determination of CA and C in five different species of the Lamiaceae family (Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Satureja Montana L., Salvia sclarea L., and Salvia glutinosa L.).

Winter savory: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and mathematical modeling of extraction process

Main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of pressure and temperature on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Satureja montana in terms of extraction yield and chemical composition. The most dominant compound in all investigated extracts was oxygenated monoterpene-carvacrol. The kinetics of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of S. montana as well as the solubility data were investigated by modelling the extraction curves using different empirical models and all models used showed similar deviation from experimental data. Hierarchical cluster analysis was employed in order to reveal possible similarities and dissimilarities among the extracts obtained at different extraction conditions.

Effect of matrix pretreatment on the supercritical CO2 extraction of Satureja montana essential oil

The effect of different matrix pretreatment of winter savory(Satureja montana L.) on the supercritical CO2(SC-CO2) extraction - yield, composition and antimicrobial activity of extracts and essential oil (EO) was investigated. Herb matrix was submitted to conventional mechanical grinding, physical disruption by fast decompression of supercritical and subcritical CO2 and physical disruption by mechanical compression. The analyses of the essential oil obtained by SC-CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation were done by GC/FID method. Major compounds in winter savory EO obtained by SC-CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation were: thymol (30.4-35.4% and 35.3%), carvacrol (11.5-14.1% and 14.1%), ?-terpinene (10.2-11.4% and 9.1%) and p-cymene (8.3-10.1% and 8.6%), respectively. The gained results revealed that physical disruption of essential oils glands by fast CO2 decompression in supercritical region (FDS) achieved the highest essential oil yield as well as highest content of thymol, carvacrol and thymoquinone. Antimicrobial activity of obtained winter savory SC-CO2 extracts was the same (FDS) or weaker compared to essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation.

Nematotoxic and phytotoxic activity of Satureja montana and Ruta graveolens essential oils on Pinus pinaster shoot cultures and P. pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vitro co-cultures

Satureja montana (winter savory) and Ruta graveolens (rue) nematotoxic essential oils (EOs) (0.5μl EO/ml culture medium) were assessed for the first time in Pinus pinaster in vitro shoot cultures (Ppi) and P. pinaster shoots with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus co-cultures (PpiBx). The EOs nematotoxic effect was evaluated on B. xylophilus population density in PpiBx co-cultures and the phytotoxic activity to the host was assessed by evaluating relative water content and volatile profiles both on Ppi cultures and on PpiBx co-cultures. Carvacrol-rich S. montana EO showed phytotoxicity, by inducing shoot chlorosis and drooping, whereas no major morphological changes were detected on R. graveolens EO-added Ppi and PpiBx in vitro cultures. Both EOs maintained the nematotoxicity during all experimental phases. R. graveolens EO proved to be an effective PWN antagonist to be further evaluated for pine wilt disease control, given its less phytotoxicity while maintaining nematoxicity.

Antimicrobial effects of essential oils, nisin, and irradiation treatments against Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat carrots.

The study aimed at using essential oil (EO) alone or combined EO with nisin and low dose γ-irradiation to evaluate their antibacterial effect against Listeria monocytogenes during storage of carrots at 4 °C. Minicarrots were inoculated with L. monocytogenes at a final concentration of approximately 7 log CFU/g. Inoculated samples were coated by nisin at final concentration of 10(3) International Unit (IU)/mL or individual mountain savory EO or carvacrol at final concentration of 0.35%, w/w) or nisin plus EO. The samples were then irradiated at 0, 0.5, and 1.0 kGy. The treated samples were kept at 4 °C and microbial analysis of samples were conducted at days 1, 3, 6, and 9. The results showed that coating carrots by carvacrol plus nisin or mountain savory plus nisin and then irradiating coated carrots at 1 kGy could reduce L. monocytogenes by more than 3 log at day 1 and reduced it to undetectable level from day 6. Thus, the combined treatments using nisin plus carvacrol or nisin plus mountain savory and irradiation at 1.0 kGy could be used as an effective method for controlling L. monocytogenes in minicarrots.

Influence of Harvest Term on the Content of Carvacrol, p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene and β-Caryophyllene in the Essential Oil of <i>Satureja montana</i>

The aim of the studies was to determine the optimal term of harvest for Satureja montana L. (winter savory) in order to obtain the essential oil rich in antioxidative compounds such as carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyllene. Essential oils of S. montanaaerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation in Deryng-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In total, 30 compounds were identified in the savory volatile oil under different harvesting terms (before flowering, during flowering and after the flowering), that represented 94.61 to 97.55% of the oils. The major components were carvacrol (65.43 to 69.99%), its precursors: p-cymene (3.69 to 9.69%) and γ-terpinene (1.51 to 5.92%) as well as β-caryophyllene (2.74 to 4.71%). Moreover, the term of harvest had a significant effect on the content of main essential oil constituents. The highest concentrations of carvacrol, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyllene were observed in the herb collected before flowering, while the highest amounts of p-cymene were noted after the flowering.

Influence of Harvest Term on the Content of Carvacrol, p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene and β-Caryophyllene in the Essential Oil of <i>Satureja montana</i>

The aim of the studies was to determine the optimal term of harvest for Satureja montana L. (winter savory) in order to obtain the essential oil rich in antioxidative compounds such as carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyllene. Essential oils of S. montanaaerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation in Deryng-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In total, 30 compounds were identified in the savory volatile oil under different harvesting terms (before flowering, during flowering and after the flowering), that represented 94.61 to 97.55% of the oils. The major components were carvacrol (65.43 to 69.99%), its precursors: p-cymene (3.69 to 9.69%) and γ-terpinene (1.51 to 5.92%) as well as β-caryophyllene (2.74 to 4.71%). Moreover, the term of harvest had a significant effect on the content of main essential oil constituents. The highest concentrations of carvacrol, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyllene were observed in the herb collected before flowering, while the highest amounts of p-cymene were noted after the flowering.

Chemometric approach to texture profile analysis of kombucha fermented milk products.

In the present work, relationships between the textural characteristics of fermented milk products obtained by kombucha inoculums with various teas were investigated by using chemometric analysis. The presented data which describe numerically the textural characteristics (firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and index of viscosity) were analysed. The quadratic correlation was determined between the textural characteristics of fermented milk products obtained at fermentation temperatures of 40 and 43 °C, using milk with 0.8, 1.6 and 2.8% milk fat and kombucha inoculums cultivated on the extracts of peppermint, stinging nettle, wild thyme and winter savory. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed to identify the similarities among the fermented products. The best mathematical models predicting the textural characteristics of investigated samples were developed. The results of this study indicate that textural characteristics of sample based on winter savory have a significant effect on textural characteristics of samples based on peppermint, stinging nettle and wild thyme, which can be very useful in the determination of products texture profile.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidative and anticholinesterase activity of Satureja Montana L. ssp montana essential oil

Abstract The present study investigates the chemical compositions of three Satureja montana L. ssp montana essential oils and correlates chemical variability with biological activities. GC/MS analysis showed that with an increase in altitude (100–500–800 m), a higher content of linalool, terpinen-4-ol and cis-sabinene hydrate was found, while the percentage of phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol decreased. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was tested against 7 fungal and 23 bacterial strains. The essential oil characterized by the highest content of phenols and alcohols exhibited the highest antimicrobial potential. The correlation analysis showed that the major carriers of the obtained antioxidant activity are oxygenated monoterpenes. All essential oils inhibited human serum cholinesterase activity. High antimicrobial potential, together with moderate antioxidant capacity and strong inhibition of human serum cholinesterase, classifies S. montana essential oil as a natural source of compounds that can be used in the treatment of foodborne and neurological diseases, wound and other infections, as well as for general health improvement.