Yield Of Winter Rye Research Articles

Adaptability of winter rye cultivars by yield in the conditions of the Kirov region

The breeding of winter rye for adaptability is an important factor in increasing yield and stabilizing gross grain yields. The research was conducted in 2018–2023 in the central agroclimatic zone of the Kirov region. Thirteen cultivars of winter rye (Secale cereale L. var. vulgare Koern.) of the mid-late maturity group of different breeding periods (‘Falenskaya 4’ as standard) were studied in the nursery of competitive variety testing. Based on the “yield” trait, the parameters of the general adaptive ability of the cultivar (GAAi), stability (σ2SAAi), breeding value of the genotype, and responsiveness of the genotype to changes in environmental conditions (bi) were determined using the method of A. V. Kilchevsky and L. V. Khotyleva. The "year" factor had the greatest influence on the “yield” trait (the influence of factor hx2 = 60 %). With high winter hardiness (4.7 points) and plant regeneration (89 %), the yield of winter rye is associated with the amount of precipitation during the resumption of vegetation in April (r = -0.92), as well as during the period “seedlings-autumn tillering” and the “earing” phase (r = 0.55). According to the yield, the ‘Grafinya’ (5.09 t/ha) and ‘Lika’ (5.07 t/ha) cultivars were distinguished with a significant increase to the standard of 0.40 t/ha and 0.38 t/ha, respectively (LSD05 = 0.24 t/ha). The ‘Grafinya’, ‘Lika’, ‘Batist’, and ‘Perepel’ cultivars had a high general adaptive ability (GAAi = 0.23–0.51). Cultivars of late breeding periods were characterized by a higher general adaptive ability (GAAi = 0.09–0.51) compared to previously created cultivars (GAAi = -0.61…0.01). The cultivars ‘Vyatka 2’,’Kiprez’, ‘Kirovskaya 89’, ‘Sadko’, ‘Grafinya’, ‘Batist’, ‘Rushnik’, ‘Perepel’ were distinguished by high stability of the "yield" trait (σ2SAA = 0.50–0.73). The lowest stability indicators were found in the cultivars ‘Flora’, ‘Lika’, ‘Talitsa’ (σ2SAA = 1.13–1.35). The cultivars ‘Flora’, ‘Lika’, ‘Talitsa’, ‘Falenskaya 4’, ‘Perepel’, ‘Rushnik’ were highly responsive to improving growing conditions (bi = 1.1–1.4). The cultivar ‘Grafinya’ combined high yield and stability (selection value of the genotype 2.9).

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И АДАПТИВНОСТЬ ГИБРИДОВ ОЗИМОЙ РЖИ КОМПАНИИ КВС В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДКАМЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

Increasing the grain yield of winter rye, which occupies the fourth place of grain produced in the Republic of Tatarstan, remains relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify the most productive hybrid of winter rye of the KVS company in the conditions of gray forest soils of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Field experiments and laboratory studies were conducted in 2022-2023 at Agrobiotechnopark LLC at the Kazan State Agrarian University. Agrochemical indicators of gray forest soils were as follows: the content of humus in the arable layer was more than 3.0 %, mobile phosphorus was very high 250-275 mg/kg (according to Kirsanov), exchangeable potassium was increased 121-170 mg/kg. The reaction of the soil medium was close to neutral (pH 6.6). The dry mass of roots and stems in the phases of tube entry and earing over the years of research in the hybrid of winter rye Tayo exceeded the indicators of the Aviator and Ravo hybrids. On average, over two years, the dry weight of the ear of the Aviator hybrid in the phase of milk ripeness was 0.77 g, in Equal to 0.74 g, in Tayo 0.81 g. Compared with other hybrids, field germination and safety of seedlings for harvesting were higher in the Tayo hybrid by 80.9 % and 86.9 %. Increased indicators for the number of productive stems per unit area of 584 pcs./m2, the number of spikelets and grains in 1 ear for the Tayo hybrid subsequently contributed to obtaining the highest biological yield. In a favorable 2022, winter rye hybrids generated high yields, in particular Aviator 8.05 t/ha, Pravo 8.06 t/ha, Tayo 8.74 t/ha. In 2023, the lowest yield according to experiments was obtained for the Ravo hybrid – 5.44 t/ha, and for the Aviator hybrid - 6.62 t/ha. A consistently high yield was formed by the Tayo hybrid – 7.03 t/ha.

Immunological structure and yield of winter rye varieties bred by the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky

The study was carried out in the conditions of Kirov region in 2019–2023. Against provocative and infectious backgrounds of snow mold, root rot, ergot, powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust, the immunological state and yield of 15 varieties of winter rye created over a 73-year period were studied. Taking into account the breeding methods, the source material used and the year of creation, they were conditionally distributed over five successive periods of breeding and variety change: I – Vyatka 2, Kirovskaya 89; II – Falenskaya 4, Snezhana, Rushnik; III – Flora, Grafinya, Batist; IV – Lika, Talitsa; V – Symphoniya, Garmoniya, Graphit, Graphit FP, Perepel. When recording diseases, well-known methods were used. Research has shown that as a result of breeding, on artificial infectious backgrounds newly created varieties showed a decrease in the development of root rot (Flora, Perepel, Garmoniya – degree of damage 14.6, 15.5 and 15.0 %) and ergot (Flora, Grafinya, Batist, Lika, Symphoniya, Graphit FP, Garmoniya – damage 11.4...15.9 %), grain contamination with sclerotia – 0.38...1.84 %. In varieties of the I period of breeding the degree of root rot infection was 18.8 %, ergot infection – 31.7 %. There is no progress in breeding for resistance to powdery mildew and rust types. The most productive varieties are Lika and Batist (769.3 and 738.7 g/m2), which significantly exceed the Falenskaya 4 standard (578.8 g/m2). A close and significant dependence (p ≥ 095) was revealed between the yield of winter rye varieties and regrowth of plants after snow mold infection (r = 0.693...0.830) as well as grain contamination with sclerotia (r = -0.531...-0.712). The relationship between the yield of winter rye and the development of other studied diseases is insignificant and weak. Considering the high harmfulness of snow mold and ergot in the research region, it is necessary to continue to carry out breeding improvement of varieties for these characteristics, as well as to increase resistance to powdery mildew and types of rust.

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilisation Level and Weather Conditions on Yield and Quantitative Profile of Anti-Nutritional Compounds in Grain of Selected Rye Cultivars

Cultivar, habitat conditions and agrotechnology have an influence on the yield and chemical composition of rye grain. The main anti-nutritional substances present in rye grain include alkylresorcinols, water-soluble pentosans and trypsin inhibitors. The aim of this study was to determine the variability in yield and the concentration of anti-nutritional compounds in the grain of selected winter rye cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilisation levels and weather conditions. Field studies were conducted at the Experimental Station of IUNG-PIB in Osiny (Poland) in two growing seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020). The experiment was located on pseudo-polylic soil using the randomised sub-block method in three replications. The first factor of the experiment was the level of nitrogen fertilisation (0, 70 and 140 kg N∙ha−1) and the second was the population (Dańkowskie Skand, Piastowskie) and hybrid (KWS Vinetto, SU Performer) winter rye cultivars. The study showed that the yield of winter rye depended on the genotype and the level of nitrogen fertilisation. The hybrid cultivars yield ed 17.9% higher in relation to the population cultivars. The content of anti-nutritional compounds in rye grain depended significantly on genotype, level of nitrogen fertilisation and weather conditions. The reason for the higher synthesis of anti-nutrients in rye grain was the stressful weather conditions occurring in the 2019/2020 season. Nitrogen fertilisation influenced the content of alkylresorcinols, water-soluble pentosans and trypsin inhibitor activity in grain. The interaction of cultivar and fertilisation was also found to shape the content of the aforementioned anti-nutrients.

Influence of manure injection versus surface application on corn for silage and winter rye yield, quality, phosphorus balance and soil test phosphorus

Dairy farmers often surface apply phosphorus (P)-based liquid manure to corn (Zea mays L.) for silage, supplementing with N fertilizers to reach optimum corn nitrogen (N). This optimizes crop production while decreasing P loss to the environment. However, injecting manure may further conserve losses and reduce the need for synthetic N fertilizer. An experiment was conducted on a dairy farm located in Breese, IL from May 2019 to April 2022 with two main treatments including (i) surface application of manure at P-based rate supplemented with 123 kg ha−1 synthetic N and (ii) manure injection at P-based rate supplemented with 17 kg ha−1 of synthetic N fertilizer. Both treatments delivered a total of 201 kg N ha−1 to meet corn N need based on current extension guidelines. Our results indicated that yield and quality of silage corn and cereal rye were similar in both treatments. This suggests that injection can limit losses of the ammonium-N fraction of the manure and decrease the need for supplemental N fertilizer by 106 kg ha−1, which translates into up to $150 ha−1, while not affecting the quality and quantity of yields. Moreover, the effect of manure injection on soil test P (STP) was similar to that of surface application and did not increase STP over a three-year period. Elevated STP in high P-supplying soils can be an environmental concern for using manure, but our results show that neither treatment increased STP. Future research should focus on quantifying N loss through denitrification and leaching when manure is injected versus surface applied to provide a more holistic overview of the soil and environmental impact of each system.

Ecological variability of winter rye yield in the Middle Volga region

Rye grain yield in the Russian Federation has had a positive trend over the last 12 years, with an increase of 0.45 kg/ha per year. The Volga Federal District is the centre of rye growing in Russia. We evaluated the adaptability of Tatarstan winter rye varieties of own selection - first (Tatarskaya 1, Radon) and last generation (Tantana and Zilant) in terms of grain yield. From 2019 to 2023, these varieties will be tested in a competitive variety trial at the Tatar Agricultural Research Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS. The breeding strategy was not focused on increasing the "upper limit" of yield, but on reducing the varieties' sensitivity to the environmental conditions of the production area. Cultivar plasticity ranged from 0,743 (Tatarskaya 1) to 1,246 (Radon). The research results showed that the latest generation varieties (Zilant, Tantana) are characterised by higher yields, plasticity and good stability compared to earlier developed varieties. The cultivar Zilant achieved the optimum balance of ecological variability parameters.

Relationship between various Soil Qualities and Winter Rye Yield and its Components caused by the Application of Organic Manure

Relationship between various Soil Qualities and Winter Rye Yield and its Components caused by the Application of Organic Manure

Оценка перезимовки и урожайность озимой ржи в зависимости от применения жидких комплексных удобрений в условиях Нечерноземной зоны

The analysis of winter rye overwintering in 2022/2023 and crop productivity depending on micro-fertilizers in the conditions of the Moscow region is proposed. According to the research results, all winter rye hybrids were characterized by enhanced autumn tillering, the crop was more resistant to adverse weather conditions. Rye overwintered better than the varieties of winter wheat that were grown on adjacent plots. It is noted that the indicators of overwintering and preservation in this growing year were significantly lower than the average data of the years in the region. The maximum yield of winter rye was obtained on the variant with the ZU Forzetti hybrid and triple treatment with Folirus Active micro-fertilization (41.4 c/ha, +8.8 c/ha to the variant without treatment). The variants ZU Forzetti + Arksoil KKR (37.6 c/ha, +5.0 c/ha), ZU Forzetti + Folirus Maxi (34.8 c/ha, + 2.2 c/ha) showed good results in yield. For other hybrids, higher yields were found on the variant with Folirus Active fertilizer treatments. Keywords: WINTER RYE, NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE, AGROCHEMICALS, LIQUID COMPLEX FERTILIZERS, YIELD

Analysis of winter rye production trends and yield dependence on forecrops and sowing rates

The purpose and objectives of the study. The study purpose was to investigate trends in the winter rye production volumes and factors on farms in the Kharkiv Region and to analyze effects of some technological factors (namely, forecrops and sowing rates) on winter rye yield. Materials and research methods. We used data of the statistical collection “Silske Hospodarstvo Kharkivskoi Oblasti (Agriculture of the Kharkivska Oblast)" and the statistical bulletin "Osnovni Ekonomichni Pokaznyky Vyrobnytstva Produktsii Silskoho Hospodarstva v Silskohospodarskykh Pidpryiemstvakh (Major Economic Indicators of Agricultural Production at Agricultural Enterprises)" as a starting basis. The main methods of analysis were summarizing statistical data, absolute and relative values, mean values, variations, dynamics series, tabular and graphic methods. The following methods were used to analyze the influence of forecrops and sowing rates on the yield: field surveys, determination the winter rye yield structure, measurements of plant growth and development, determination of yield, phenological observations; mathematical and statistical methods to test significance of results (variance analysis, correlation analysis). The discussion of the results. From 1990 to 2021, the largest areas on the farms in the Kharkiv Region were sown with winter rye in 1990 (17,218 hectares), and the smallest (1,900 hectares) – in 2018. The economic theory says that area is an extensive factor in grain production development. Its mean value over the studied period was 7,102 hectares. The fluctuation degree of the winter rye-sown area in absolute units was very high, as evidenced by the coefficient of variation of 65.6%. The winter rye yield experienced the smallest fluctuation (coefficient of variation 24.5%), ranging 15.4 cwt/ha in 2010 to 38.3 cwt/ha in 2020. We believe that this is not a very good sign, because within 32 years reserves for increasing yields of this crop (indicator of intensive development, i.e. production growth solely at the expense of increasing the productivity of a unit of land area) could have been invented. In 1990, 17,218 hectares were sown with winter rye in the Kharkiv Region, which was by 8.3 times larger that the winter rye-sown area in 2021. During the investigated 32-year period, the winter-rye sown area decreased annually by approximately 610 hectares or 9%. The linear regression model of the post-sunflower sown winter rye yield dependence demonstrates that with an increase in the sowing rate from 4 to 5 million seeds /ha, we get a gain in the yield of 2.7333 cwt/ha. It turned out that with an increase in the sowing rate to 6 million seeds/ha, the yield decreases by 4.1 cwt/ha. Conclusions. The winter rye grain production intensification should be associated with outpacing rates of yield growth compared to the growth of costs for ensuring this yield growth. Analytic quantization of the dynamic series of winter rye yields by 4th degree polynomial showed that with a probability of 0.95 we could note periods of decline in theoretically expected yields from 1990 to 2005 (from 32.2 cwt/ha to 18.3 cwt/ha) and from 2016 to 2019 (from 31 cwt/ha to 27.44 cwt/ha). We also have periods of rising yields in 2010-2015 (from 21.6 cwt/ha to 31 cwt/ha) and in the last two years (2020-2021) (from 30.4 cwt/ha to 38.5 cwt/ha). We do not recommend safflower as a forecrop in winter rye production, since it decreases yields because of lower moisture content in the soil is caused by a higher density of safflower plants and later harvest times compared to sunflower. Safflower is the most appropriate forecrop in spring cereal cultivation.

The influence of different doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the yield of winter rye in the Urals

Winter rye is an important crop of the Non-Chernozem belt of Russia, the productivity of which depends on the use of fertilizers. The paper presents data on the agronomic and economic efficiency of cultivating Falenskaya 4 winter rye under conditions of long-term use of mineral fertilizers. The studies were carried out in 2019-2021 in Perm Region on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil in a long-term stationary experiment based on a reduced factorial design (6x6x6) with a wide range of doses and NPK ratios. The highest yield in 2019 was obtained in N30P120K120 variant (3.07 t/ha), the highest payback of mineral fertilizers by grain was noted in N90 and N30P30K30 variants (6.00 and 5.69 kg of grain). The highest yield and payback of grain in the conditions of 2021 and for two years of research in average was obtained in the variant N90: in 2021, 3.01 t/ha and 13.96 kg of grain, for 2 years average – 2.95 t/ha and 9.82 kg of grain. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers has been proved by a regression equation for two years average, phosphoric and potash fertilizers did not have a significant effect. The rise in the yield increase occurred up to a nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha and amounted to 0.42 t/ha at N90. The highest payback by grain was noted among nitrogen treatments – by N30 (7.3 kg of grain), with each increase in doses by 30 kg/ha, this indicator decreased linearly by 1.3 kg. The highest profitability over the years of research was obtained in the variant without fertilizers– 60 %, over two years in average. The profitability of using N90 was higher compared with the control only in 2021 – 50 % versus 43 %. All the studied doses of nitrogen used separately provided positive profitability, but the most cost-effective was the use of N30 and N60 – profitability was 52 and 45 %, respectively.

Efficiency of organic technologies of winter rye cultivation in Ukraine's Polissya in the context of climate change adaptation

In the conditions of the Polissya region of Ukraine, the cultivation of winter rye in organic farming is promising, but it is constrained by low crop yields. Therefore, the urgent task is to find ways to improve the efficiency of the fertilisation system of this traditional Polissya crop. The purpose of the study was to analyse the feasibility of using liquid complex fertilisers against the background of three fertilisation systems for organic and convection cultivation of winter rye in the conditions of Ukrainian Polissya. Field, laboratory and analytical, mathematical and statistical research methods were used. The results of a stationary experiment on light grey forest soil were analysed. It was found that the highest yield of winter rye was when grown using convection technology with a mineral fertilisation system – 4.2 t/ha, which provided an increase in grain yield of 1.07 t/ha or 34.4% compared to the control option. The use of organic technology based on organic and organo-mineral fertilisation systems provided a significantly smaller increase – 0.6 and 0.75 t/ha or 19.3 and 24.0%, respectively. However, the level of profitability for the mineral system decreased by 0.54 thousand UAH/tonne or 39.1%, net operating profit – by 1.6 thousand UAH/tonne or 26.0% compared to the organic fertilisation system. The latter was also better from the standpoint of energy efficiency. It is proved that double foliar top dressing with liquid organo-mineral fertilisers significantly increases the efficiency of the fertilisation system. In the conditions of the experiment, this was expressed in an additional increase in productivity by 0.47-1.16 t/ha, a reduction in the cost of production by 0.14-0.36 thousand UAH/ha, an increase in profitability by 19.3-48.3%, energy efficiency – by 0.14-0.71, and the plasticity of the crop to dry conditions during the growing season. The findings can become the basis for improving the fertilisation system for organic cultivation of winter rye, which would ensure the formation of sustainable yields by minimising the impact of stress factors (dry periods during the growing season) and increase the economic efficiency of grain production in agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership

Effectiveness of predecessors at growing winter rye (Secale Cerealе L.) in the conditions of Northern Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. Nowadays, the relevant issue is the influence of predecessors on the grain productivity for the modern varieties of winter rye depending on the sowing dates and mineral nutrition, the study of which allows to reveal the biological potential of plants to a fuller extent and to significantly increase the yield of this crop in the Northern Steppe zone of Ukraine. Purpose. To study features for formation of grain productivity of modern winter rye varieties depending on the predecessors against the background of different sowing dates and the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe. Materials and Methods. In the 2018–2021, the studies were conducted on the basis of Experimental Farm “Dnipro” of State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops NAAS in four-factor field trial. Winter rye of Pamiat Khudoierka and Stoir varieties were sown after spring barley and sunflower against the background of different levels of mineral nutrition of plants in three terms: early (September 5–10), optimal (September 20–25) and late (October 5–10). Results. According to the research results, a significant influence of predecessors on the winter rye yield was established. The highest level of yield was obtained for the Stoir variety, which was sown in the period from 20 to 25 September. At the same time, on average over the years of research, the highest yield was observed in variants with nitrogen feeding plants on freeze-thawed soil: after spring barley – 6.47 t/ha, after sunflower – 5.03 t/ha. The Pamiat Khudoierka variety also provided the highest yield in these variants of the experiment – 6.17 and 4.72 t/ha, respectively. However, the difference in yield between varieties, taking into account the maximum indicator, depending on the predecessors was respectively 0.30 and 0.31 t/ha. Conclusions. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, it was found that sowing of winter rye after spring barley and sunflower in the most optimal terms, namely September 20–25, and the applying 45 kg a.i./ha nitrogen in early spring, ensured the formation of the highest yield in the Stoir variety, which was 6.47 and 5.03 t/ha, respectively. Keywords: winter rye, predecessor, varieties, sowing dates, feeding crops, yield

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ФАКТОРАМИ ПОЧВЕННОГО ПЛОДОРОДИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of long-term research in the field of management of soil fertility factors in the northern part of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The preservation of productive moisture reserves and the rational use of soil fertility, as well as its reproduction, remains a necessary condition for optimizing agricultural landscapes and increasing the productivity of agrocenoses. Improving the technology of cultivation of agricultural crops plays an important role in increasing the sustainability and yield of cultural cenosis. Precursors and crop rotation remain one of the most important elements in crop cultivation technologies. Despite the importance of these elements, there is a weakening of attention to the introduction and development of crop rotations, both in our republic and in the whole country. The studies conducted over 23 years have shown the influence of precursors in crop rotation on the phosphate regime of gray forest soil in the conditions of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Thus, when placing rye after peas on grain, there was an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus during the growing season against the average background of fertilizers applied (the planned yield level is 2.5 grains/ha). The influence of various precursors on the incidence and development of the most common diseases of winter rye has been established; Pucciniarecondite Robergeex Desmas. f.sp. secales, Bipolarissorokiniana Shoemaker. Conducted long-term studies have also established the influence of precursors on the yield of winter rye and spring wheat in the conditions of gray forest soils of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan.

СОСТАВ И СВОЙСТВА АГРОДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТЫХ ПОЧВ ПРЕДУРАЛЬСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ ЛЕСОСТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ

The paper presents the results of the analysis of materials of a large-scale soil and agrochemical survey, morphological structure and properties of agrodern-podzolic soils of the Mamadysh municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan located in the northern part of the Pre-Ural province of the forest-steppe zone. Statistical parameters of sod-medium podzolic soils accurately record the patterns of profile distribution of properties identified during the analysis of individual analytical information. Indicators of dynamic and stable properties of agrodernov-weakly podzolic heavy loamy soils are below their optimal parameters necessary for modern agriculture. Accordingly, they will be limiting factors in achieving the potential determined by the moisture availability of the territory. Agrodernovo-podzolic soils of the district in a layer of 0-20 cm on average contain 55.4 t/ha of humus reserves, in a half–meter thick – 81.1 t/ha, in a meter layer - 111.0 t/ha and 51.6; 79.3; 103.2 t/ha, respectively, in a slightly washed taxon. The degree of availability of mobile phosphorus varies according to the rounds of agrochemical examination within the limits of medium and high content. In the dynamics of potassium in the soils of the district, there is an increased content in all rounds of the agrochemical survey with a positive trend in recent years. The preservation of areas with an acidic reaction of the environment, despite the increase in liming volumes, was facilitated by erosion processes, deepening of the arable horizon, as well as the use of physiologically acidic mineral fertilizers. The actual yield of winter rye, depending on the year, has a range of fluctuations from 0.5 to 3.2 t/ha, with an average value of 2.49 t/ha and a coefficient of variation of 44.6%. Time series with the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in soils and the yield of winter rye positively correlate with a correlation coefficient of 0.44 (mobile potassium) and 0.63 (mobile phosphorus). A reliable correlation was obtained between them. The obtained regression equations can be used to predict the yield of winter rye in the district. Soils of this type require the introduction of high doses of fertilizers and bringing the humus content of the arable horizon to its optimal values.

ВПЛИВ МЕТАБОЛІЧНО АКТИВНИХ РЕЧОВИН НА СТРУКТУРУ ВРОЖАЮ ТА ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ОЗИМОГО ЖИТА СОРТІВ СИНТЕТИК 38 І ЗАБАВА

The aim of the work is to study the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment with compositions of metabolically active substances on the structure of yield and yield of winter rye plants Varieties Synthetic 38 and Zabava in the South-Eastern Polissya of Ukraine. The material of the study was the seeds of winter rye varieties Synthetic 38 and Zabava and compositions of metabolically active substances: vitamin E (10-8 М), paraoxybenzoic acid (PABX) (0.001 %), methionine (0.001 %), ubiquinone-10 (10-8 М) and MgSO4 (0.001 %) in the following combinations - vitamin E (10-8 М) + paraoxybenzoic acid (0.001 %) + methionine (0.001 %) (EPM), vitamin E (10-8 М) + paraoxybenzoic acid (0.001 %) ) + methionine (0.001 %) + MgSO4 (0.001 %) (EPMMg), vitamin E (10-8 М) + ubiquinone-10 (10-8 М) (EQ). The positive effect of pre-sowing treatment of winter rye seeds with compositions of metabolically active compounds, namely EPM, EPMMg and EQ on plant development during the growing season affected the formation of productive stems in winter rye plants of Synthetic 38 and Zabava varieties. The largest number of productive stems in plants of both varieties was formed using the composition EPMMg. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the studied compositions of metabolically active compounds also affected the main indicators of crop structure, namely there was an increase in ear length, number of grains in the ear, grain weight in the ear, the weight of 1000 grains, but to varying degrees. The largest number of grains in the ear and their mass were formed by plants of both varieties by pre-sowing seed treatment with EPMMg composition. The largest mass of 1000 grains was also formed by plants of both studied varieties by pre-sowing treatment with EPMMg composition. Accordingly, the biological yield of winter rye in the experimental group with pre-sowing treatment with EPMMg composition was the highest for plants of both varieties. Analysis of the yield structure of winter rye showed higher yields when using a composition of metabolically active compounds EPMMg due to such elements as productive tillering, the number of grains in the ear, and the weight of 1000 grains. It is obvious that the demonstrated increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) and the area of the leaf blade also contributes to the formation of plants with higher biological yields. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment with metabolically active compounds can be considered an effective method of agricultural technology, which has a positive effect on the size of the crop structure and the yield of winter rye varieties Synthetic 38 and Zabava. Substances that have shown their effectiveness can be used as components of stimulants.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗЕРНОВОЇ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ЖИТА ОЗИМОГО (SECALE CEREAL L) ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД АЗОТНИХ ПІДЖИВЛЕНЬ

Topicality. Determination the complex influence of predecessors, sowing dates and mineral nutrition on the grain productivity of modern winter rye varieties is relevant, since it allows to more fully reveal the biological potential of plants and significantly increase the winter rye yield in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Issues. Winter rye is an important and valuable crop. However, in recent years, due to significant climatic changes in the Steppe zone, research on the optimization of technological methods of its cultivation was practically not conducted. Thus, the current problem in crop production is to determine the complex influence of predecessors, sowing dates and fertilizers on the productivity formation of modern winter rye varieties in order to more fully use the biological potential of plants. This task has both practical and theoretical significance. Purpose. To study the peculiarities of the grain productivity formation of different winter rye varieties depending on the predecessors, sowing dates and the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe. Materials and methods. During 2019–2021, we conducted the research on the basis of the Research Farm "Dnipro" of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine. The research was conducted in a four-factor field trial. Stoir and Pamiat Khudoierka varieties of winter rye were sown at different sowing dates: early (September 5–10), optimal (September 20–25) and late (October 5–10). The predecessors were spring barley and sunflower, level of mineral nutrition was different. Results. In the years of our studies, weather conditions were characterized by high variability compared to long-term average data. The distribution of precipitation by months and periods of the year was rather uneven. Winter rye yield formation occurs as a result of complex interaction of productivity elements. The research clearly traced the variability in the formation of the number of productive stems per unit area and grain weight per head in plants of different winter rye varieties under the influence of weather conditions, predecessors, sowing dates and level of mineral nutrition. Thus, the maximum number of productive stems of winter rye (520 pcs/m2) was obtained in the variant after spring barley with nitrogen fertilization when Stoir variety was sown on September 20–25. When this variety was sown on September 5–10, the number of productive stems decreased by 2.7 %, and by 11.9 % for sowing on October 5–10. A similar trend was also observed in areas where winter rye was grown after sunflower. According to the research results, it was established that plant dressing with nitrogen (N45) in early spring on freeze-thawed soil increased the winter rye grain yield after spring barley by 0.11–1.05 t/ha, after sunflower – by 1.15–1.43 t/ha compared to plots where fertilizers were not applied. Conclusions. It was found that the maximum number of productive stems per area unit (520 pcs/m2) was formed by winter rye plants of the Stoir variety at sowing on September 20–25 after spring barley with application of nitrogen fertilizers. Plants of the Stoir and Pamiat Khudoierka varieties formed the largest grain weight per head 1.25 and 1.23 g, respectively. Among the winter rye varieties, Stoir variety had the maximum grain productivity when sowing was carried out on September 20–25. On average over the years of research, the highest yield was obtained in the variants with nitrogen fertilization on freeze-thawed soil after spring barley – 6.47 t/ha, after sunflower – 5.03 t/ha. In these vari-ants of the field trial, Pamiat Khudoierka variety also provided the highest level of productivity – 6.17 and 4.72 t/ha, respectively. Keywords: winter rye, varieties, fertilizers, crop dressing, yield.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕАКЦІЇ ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ГІБРИБІВ ЖИТА ОЗИМОГО (SECALE CEREALE L.) НА АГРОКЛІМАТИЧНІ УМОВИ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ЛІСОСТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ

Topicality. Adaptive properties and the plant resistance to adverse environmental factors greatly influence obtaining a high and stable yield, especially in adverse and extreme weather conditions. Issues. The introduction of modern Ukrainian varieties of winter rye with high adaptive properties makes it possible to solve the problem of stabilization of grain yield and production. Aim. To determine the adaptive potential of the best cytoplasmic male sterile hybrids in the environmental variety testing system. Material and methods. The initial material for research was varieties, hybrids and lines of winter rye with recessive control of stem length, donors of self-fertility and cytoplasmic male sterility from the collection of the Verkhniachka Research and Breeding Station at the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets NAAS Ukraine. We have performed the research according to generally accepted methods. The response degree of genotypes to the variability of environmental conditions and the breeding value of hybrids were characterized by the coefficient of ecological plasticity b1. Results.The influence of climatic conditions on the winter rye yield was studied and the assessment of ecological plasticity and stability of hybrids was given. Based on the results of research, it is possible to recommend for cultivation of winter rye hybrids which give a stable yield regardless of weather conditions and with regression coefficient of not less than 1.0 and a minimum mean deviation from the regression line. Conclusions. During 2015–2019, approbation of hybrids was carried out in 8 regional State centers for plant variety examination of Ukraine. According to the results of the State Scientific and Technical Examination, Wals hybrid was included in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Spreading in Ukraine since 2020 and was recommended for cultivation in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. Key words: winter rye, hybrid, growing environment, ecological plasticity, yield.

Formation of the leaf surface and grain yield of winter rye (Secale L.) with the use of mineral fertilizers in irrigated soils of Uzbekistan

One of the most important, useful and promising grain crops is winter rye. The advantage of winter rust is: resistance to winter and cold, adaptation to a stress factor, high content of minerals and vitamins in grain. The rye grain contains 13% protein, as well as a large amount of minerals such as: manganese, boron, aluminum, iodine, bromine, fluorine, cobalt, molybdenum, strontium, cesium, copper and also vitamins A1, B1, B2, E3, threonine and tyrosine other substances. Therefore, rye bread is considered the main dietary bread. In recent years, the need for rye bread has been increasing. This research intends to analyze formation of the leaf surface and grain yield of winter rye while using different type of mineral fertilizers. The results showed that at earlier sowing dates, the use of foliar feeding and the Baikal biostimulant had a positive effect on the formation of winter rye fruit elements. Accordingly, the highest indicator in terms of grain weight per 1 ear of 1.37 grams was noted at early sowing dates using foliar feeding, an increase from the control was 0.47 grams.

Effects of shallow non-inversion tillage on sandy loam soil properties and winter rye yield in organic farming

Due to an expected improvement of soil quality and soil water storage, the substitution of mouldboard ploughing by reduced tillage was identified as a potential climate change adaptation measure for organic farming in a relatively dry region with a humid continental climate. In a field trial on a sandy loam soil in eastern Germany, reduced tillage was carried out to 6 cm soil depth by means of a ring cutter and compared to mouldboard ploughing with 25 cm tillage depth. In the present study, the influence of ring cutter tillage on soil properties was investigated for the first time. The effects of shallow ring cutter tillage on soil physical parameters, soil organic matter distribution, soil mineral nitrogen content, total nitrogen uptake by the crop, root content, and grain yield of organically grown winter rye (Secale cereale L.) were analysed in the uppermost 20 cm of a sandy loam soil and compared to those of mouldboard ploughing.Under ring cutter tillage, soil bulk density was in 8–20 cm soil depth by up to 15% higher than under mouldboard ploughing. In 9–15 cm soil depth, ring cutter tillage resulted in smaller contents of coarse macropores and mesopores, more micropores, and an 11% smaller available water capacity compared to mouldboard ploughing. The total nitrogen uptake by winter rye was in the ring cutter treatment by up to 44% smaller than in the mouldboard plough treatment. Root content was up to 209% higher in 1–6 cm soil depth and up to 71% smaller in 8–20 cm soil depth after ring cutter tillage than after mouldboard ploughing. Winter rye yield declined by 22–43% in the ring cutter treatment relative to the mouldboard plough treatment.Shallow ring cutter tillage resulted in a root growth-restricting soil compaction in the non-tilled soil layers below 6 cm depth and led to a limitation of nitrogen mineralisation until spring. Both effects likely caused the considerable reduction of crop yield. The results suggest that shallow ring cutter tillage in organic farming seems to be not suitable for sandy loam soils as long as the risk of a soil compaction-induced limitation of root growth and nitrogen supply cannot be minimised.

Продуктивность озимой ржи, выращиваемой на корм

Realization of the yield potential depends on the biological characteristics of the variety, cultivation technology and weather conditions. The article presents the results of studies carried out in 2018-2021. on the productivity of various varieties of winter rye in dryland conditions of the central zone of the Republic of Kalmykia. The fresh yield of winter rye harvested for fodder depended on the variety. Its highest index was obtained for the Saratovskaya 4 variety and amounted to 17.7 ... 26.9 t / ha. The analysis of the productivity of winter rye harvested for green fodder showed that the studied varieties provided the yield of dry matter at the level of 5.4 ... 7.1 t / ha on average for three years. All varieties have good winter hardiness. Keywords: WINTER RYE, VARIETY, NAKED FALLOW, PLANT HEIGHT, GREEN MASS, FRESH YIELD, CROP PRODUCTIVITY, DRY MATTER