Human Nose Research Articles

Correlating Jaw Bone Growth and Nasal Morphology Among Adult Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate: A Retrospective Cephalometric Study.

This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed adult patients with operated cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and normal control, and performed comprehensive craniofacial and nasal morphological analyses based on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient assessed intraclass correlation. Seven hundred fifty-seven operated patients with CL/P, and 165 noncleft normal controls were enrolled. Among the normal and CL/P groups, S-N-A angle registered positive correlations with nasal base prominence (S-N'-Sn, degrees). Upper facial height (N-ANS, mm) had positive correlations with nasal dorsum length (N'-Prn, mm) and nasal bone length (N-Na, mm). Although in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, there were moderate negative correlations ( r =-0.541, P <0.05) with soft tissue facial profile angle (FH-N'Pog', degree) and nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-ULA, degree). Correlation exists between the morphology of jaw bones and external nose among patients with CL/P. Maxillary sagittal insufficiency is associated with concave nasal profile, and maxilla height is associated with nasal length.

An Analysis of Relation Among Three Levels of Ala-Tragus Line and Natural Occlusal Plane in Young Dentulous Subjects - A Cross-sectional Photographic Study.

Occlusal plane determination plays an evident role in successful rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients. The most commonly used method is by using Camper's plane. But the posterior reference point of Camper's plane is debatable according to available literature. The aim of this study was to determine the most reliable posterior reference point for Camper's plane. A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which 60 dentulous subjects with age ranging from 18 to 25 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The Fox plane was inserted and lateral photographs were taken. A screen protractor was used to measure the angle between the occlusal plane and three ala-tragus lines. All three ala-tragus lines had the inferior border of ala of the nose as the anterior point of reference and for posterior reference, they used superior, middle, or inferior point of the tragus. The ala-tragus line using the inferior point of the tragus had the least mean angle with the occlusal plane. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test obtained a P-value of < 0.0001, and therefore, a statistically significant difference was present among all three lines. Also, post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference test for intergroup comparison of difference in angle among three different lines with the occlusal plane showed a significant P-value on comparing all three groups between each other. The ala-tragus line formed using the inferior point of the tragus was most parallel to the occlusal plane in dentate patients. Therefore, the inferior point of the tragus should be used for Camper's plane.

Classification and Identification of Perfume Scents by an Enantioselective Colorimetric Sensor Array of Chiral Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Fabry-Pérot Films.

Many odors, like perfumes, are complex mixtures of chiral and achiral molecules where the cost-efficient (enantio-)selective sensing represents a major technical challenge. Here, we present a colorimetric sensor array of surface-mounted metal-organic-framework (SURMOF) films in Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities. The optical properties of the FP-SURMOF films with different chiral and achiral structures are affected by the (enantio-)selective adsorption of the analytes in the SURMOF pores, resulting in different responses to the analyte molecules. The read-out of the sensor array is performed by the digital camera of a common smartphone, where the RGB values are determined. By analyzing the sensor array data with simple machine learning algorithms, the analytes are discriminated. After demonstrating the enantioselective response for a pair of pure chiral odor molecules, we apply the sensor array to detect and discriminate a large number (16) of common commercial perfumes and eau de toilettes. While our untrained human nose is not able to discriminate all perfumes, the presented colorimetric sensor array can classify all perfumes with great classification accuracy. Moreover, the sensor array was used to identify unlabeled samples correctly. We foresee such an FP-chiral-SURMOF-based sensor array as a powerful approach toward inexpensive selective odors sensing applications.

Application of electronic nose and machine learning used to detect soybean gases under water stress and variability throughout the daytime.

The development of non-invasive methods and accessible tools for application to plant phenotyping is considered a breakthrough. This work presents the preliminary results using an electronic nose (E-Nose) and machine learning (ML) as affordable tools. An E-Nose is an electronic system used for smell global analysis, which emulates the human nose structure. The soybean (Glycine Max) was used to conduct this experiment under water stress. Commercial E-Nose was used, and a chamber was designed and built to conduct the measurement of the gas sample from the soybean. This experiment was conducted for 22 days, observing the stages of plant growth during this period. This chamber is embedded with relative humidity [RH (%)], temperature (°C), and CO2 concentration (ppm) sensors, as well as the natural light intensity, which was monitored. These systems allowed intermittent monitoring of each parameter to create a database. The soil used was the red-yellow dystrophic type and was covered to avoid evapotranspiration effects. The measurement with the electronic nose was done daily, during the morning and afternoon, and in two phenological situations of the plant (with the healthful soy irrigated with deionized water and underwater stress) until the growth V5 stage to obtain the plant gases emissions. Data mining techniques were used, through the software "Weka™" and the decision tree strategy. From the evaluation of the sensors database, a dynamic variation of plant respiration pattern was observed, with the two distinct behaviors observed in the morning (~9:30 am) and afternoon (3:30 pm). With the initial results obtained with the E-Nose signals and ML, it was possible to distinguish the two situations, i.e., the irrigated plant standard and underwater stress, the influence of the two periods of daylight, and influence of temporal variability of the weather. As a result of this investigation, a classifier was developed that, through a non-invasive analysis of gas samples, can accurately determine the absence of water in soybean plants with a rate of 94.4% accuracy. Future investigations should be carried out under controlled conditions that enable early detection of the stress level.

Apex Nasi: What’s Happening near the Tip of the Nose?

The apex nasi (colloquially, the tip of the nose) is an anatomically complex region that can be divided into 2 parts: the soft tissue/cartilaginous framework of the most anterior-inferior aspect of the nose and the anterior nasal cavity. Detailed knowledge of local anatomy is helpful to characterize pathology and understand patterns of disease spread. Although many lesions of the apex nasi are readily assessed on physical examination, CT and MR imaging can provide important, often complementary, information about this region. CT well demonstrates osseous anatomy, while MR imaging offers increased specificity for certain conditions, given its superior soft-tissue contrast. Regarding specific pathologies of the region, because cutaneous cancers are common and often involve the apex nasi, they will be discussed in detail, along with potential imaging pitfalls such as perineural tumor spread or coexistence with rhinophyma. Certain rare non-neoplastic or developmental lesions, notably nasolabial cysts and pyriform aperture stenosis, are unique to this region. Vascular lesions such as angiosarcoma and venous malformation may involve the apex nasi, as may nasal septal hematoma and abscess, the latter necessitating immediate treatment. Given the high prevalence of rhinoplasty, the imaging appearance of cosmetic nasal implants and selected rare procedural complications is shown.Learning Objective: To describe the anatomic landmarks of the external nose and anterior nasal cavity and to illustrate common and uncommon pathologies in these locations.

Anthropometric measurements of the external nose among Malay and Chinese: A Cross-sectional study from Sarawak, Malaysia

Nasal anthropometry is among the best clues to racial origin and sexual determination. The nose's shape and structure differ between genders, races, and ethnicities. The understanding of nasal anthropometry is applied in forensic medicine, nasal reconstruction surgery, and naso-facial dysmorphology identification. This research aimed to investigate the anthropometry of the external noses among Malay and Chinese university students in Sarawak. A total of 80 university students (40 males and 40 females) aged between 18 and 25 participated. The nasal height, length, width, and philtrum length were measured anthropometrically using a slide calliper. Malay males had significantly more nasal width than females (p&lt;0.05). Nasal width, philtrum length, and nasal index were significantly higher in males than female Chinese students (p&lt;0.05). The philtrum length was significantly longer in Chinese students than in Malays (p&lt;0.05). Further study can be done by using a larger sample size to obtain a better representation of the particular ethnicities. In conclusion, sexual dimorphism and ethnic differences can be observed in the anthropometry of the external noses among Malay and Chinese in Sarawak.

Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation.

Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology. We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold-dry; hot-dry; and hot-humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes. Subjects from hot-humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions. Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution.

Sonographic Assessment of Retrograde Blood Flow for External Nose Reconstruction Using Interpolation Flaps

Sonographic Assessment of Retrograde Blood Flow for External Nose Reconstruction Using Interpolation Flaps

Age Based Content Controlling System Using AI for Children

Age detection has gotten a lot of attention in recent years because it is being used in more and more sectors. Regulations and norms imposed by the government, security measures, interactions between humans and computers, etc. Facial features and fingerprints are two of the most common human characteristics that may shift or alter throughout time. The nose, on the other hand, maintains a consistent structure that does not alter with the passage of time and possesses the singular capacity to fulfil the prerequisites of biometric attributes. This study gives a comprehensive review of how deep learning algorithms may be used to easily extract aspects of the human nose. In specifically, convolutional neural networks, also known as CNNs, are utilised for the purpose of feature extraction and classification when applied to big datasets that have numerous layers. The proposed methodology collects more private children's datasets, which contributes to a rise in the total number of datasets, which ultimately results in a rise in the 98.83 percent accuracy achieved. The results of this survey may be used to limit the material that is shared on social media by determining the age range of the participants, from under 18 to 18 and older.

Rosai Dorfman Disease of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: An Incidental Discovery.

Rosai Dorfman disease is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder. Isolated extranodal involvement is rarely encountered. The causation has not been attributed to any particular factor and the clinical progress of the disease is varied. Treatment options range from observation to medical therapy to surgical excision. Long term follow up is advocated. We report an elderly female with complaints of nasal obstruction who underwent ESS and was diagnosed with this disease on account of histopathology. Follow up period has been uneventful. The case report illustrated here is aimed at highlighting high index of suspicion as well as creating awareness regarding diagnosis and management of a rarely seen pathology.

Tomo-PIV in a patient-specific model of human nasal cavities: a methodological approach

The human nose serves as the primary gateway for air entering the respiratory system and plays a vital role in breathing. Nasal breathing difficulties are a significant health concern, leading to substantial healthcare costs for patients. Understanding nasal airflow dynamics is crucial for comprehending respiratory mechanisms. This article presents a detailed study using tomo-Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to investigate nasal airflow dynamics while addressing its accuracy. Embedded in the OpenNose project, the work described aims to provide a validation basis for different numerical approaches to upper airway flow. The study includes the manufacturing of a transparent silicone model based on a clinical CT scan, refractive index matching to minimize optical distortions, and precise flow rate adjustments based on physiological breathing cycles. This method allows for spatial high-resolution investigations in different regions of interest within the nasopharynx during various phases of the breathing cycle. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the investigations, enabling detailed analysis of flow structures and gradients. This spatial high-resolution tomo-PIV approach provides valuable insights into the complex flow phenomena occurring during the physiological breathing cycle in the nasopharynx. The study’s findings contribute to advancements in non-free-of-sight experimental flow investigation of complex cavities under nearly realistic conditions. Furthermore, reliable and accurate experimental data is crucial for properly validating numerical approaches that compute this patient-specific flow for clinical purposes.

Design of Liquid Formulation Based on F127-Loaded Natural Dimeric Flavonoids as a New Perspective Treatment for Leishmaniasis.

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (IPD) remain a challenge for medicine due to several interconnected reasons, such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an overlooked IPD causing persistent skin ulcers that are challenging to heal, resulting in disfiguring scars. Moreover, it has the potential to extend from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat in both humans and various animals. Given the limited effectiveness and AMR of current drugs, the exploration of new substances has emerged as a promising alternative for ATL treatment. Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC). Bureau is a native Brazilian plant rich in dimeric flavonoids, including Brachydin (BRA), which displays antimicrobial activity, but still little has been explored regarding the development of therapeutic formulations. In this work, we present the design of a low-cost liquid formulation based on the use of Pluronic F127 for encapsulation of high BRA concentration (LF-B500). The characterization techniques revealed that BRA-loaded F127 micelles are well-stabilized in an unusual worm-like form. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that LF-B500 was non-toxic to macrophages but efficient in the inactivation of forms of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes with IC50 of 16.06 µg/mL. The results demonstrated that LF-B500 opened a new perspective on the use of liquid formulation-based natural products for ATL treatment.

Emerging trends in metal oxide-based electronic noses for healthcare applications: a review.

An electronic nose (E-nose) is a technology fundamentally inspired by the human nose, designed to detect, recognize, and differentiate specific odors or volatile components in complex and chaotic environments. Comprising an array of sensors with meticulously designed nanostructured architectures, E-noses translate the chemical information captured by these sensors into useful metrics using complex pattern recognition algorithms. E-noses can significantly enhance the quality of life by offering preventive point-of-care devices for medical diagnostics through breath analysis, and by monitoring and tracking hazardous and toxic gases in the environment. They are increasingly being used in defense and surveillance, medical diagnostics, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and product validation and authentication. The major challenge in developing a reliable E-nose involves miniaturization and low power consumption. Various sensing materials are employed to address these issues. This review presents the key advancements over the last decade in E-nose technology, specifically focusing on chemiresistive metal oxide sensing materials. It discusses their sensing mechanisms, integration into portable E-noses, and various data analysis techniques. Additionally, we review the primary metal oxide-based E-noses for disease detection through breath analysis. Finally, we address the major challenges and issues in developing and implementing a portable metal oxide-based E-nose.

Long-term results of nasolacrimal duct and inferior turbinate swing technique for inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus.

We developed a technique to preserve the entire nasolacrimal duct and inferior turbinate, by swinging the nasolacrimal duct upward and the inferior turbinate backward; that is, a nasolacrimal duct and inferior turbinate swing technique for sinonasal inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus. In this study, we evaluated the long-term results of this technique. A retrospective analysis was performed on the data for 53 consecutive pathologically confirmed inverted papilloma patients who were treated using nasolacrimal duct and inferior turbinate swing technique. The frequency of recurrence, the degree of nasolacrimal duct and inferior turbinate preservation, and the frequency of adverse events were assessed. The median follow-up period was 51 months (mean 62.5 months; range 10-187 months). No cases of recurrence within the maxillary sinus were observed among the cases treated using this technique, whereas three (5.7%) of the 53 cases experienced recurrence in areas other than the maxillary sinus. We could preserve the nasolacrimal duct in all cases. On the other hand, the inferior turbinate was resected during surgery in one case. No epiphora, dacryocystiits, numbness of the cheek, or collapse of the ala of the nose was observed. This nasolacrimal duct and inferior turbinate swing technique method is a safe and effective method for the excision of primary or recurrent inverted papilloma and demonstrates low rates of recurrence and complications.

Reconstruction of external nose to patients with mine-explosive injuries and gunshot wounds

Reconstruction of external nose to patients with mine-explosive injuries and gunshot wounds

Comparing flow-based and anatomy-based features in the data-driven study of nasal pathologies

In several problems involving fluid flows, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides detailed quantitative information and allows the designer to successfully optimize the system by minimizing a cost function. Sometimes, however, one cannot improve the system with CFD alone, because a suitable cost function is not readily available; one notable example is diagnosis in medicine. The application considered here belongs to the field of rhinology; a correct air flow is key for the functioning of the human nose, yet the notion of a functionally normal nose is not available and a cost function cannot be written. An alternative and attractive pathway to diagnosis and surgery planning is offered by data-driven methods. In this work, we consider the machine learning study of nasal impairment caused by anatomic malformations, with the aim of understanding whether fluid dynamic features, available after a CFD analysis, are more effective than purely geometric features at the training of a neural network for regression. Our experiments are carried out on an extremely simplified anatomic model and a correspondingly simple CFD approach; nevertheless, they show that flow-based features perform better than geometry-based ones and allow the training of a neural network with fewer inputs, a crucial advantage in fields like medicine.

Avaliação dos métodos de fixação de sonda nasogástrica: adesão, deslocamento e integridade da pele

Objective: to evaluate three methods of nasogastric tube fixation in terms of adhesion, displacement and skin integrity. Method: ex vivo study, with a sample of 30 experimental noses (10 for each type of fixation), developed with porcine skin, based on the average measurements of the human nose, in which 14-gauge polyvinyl chloride probes were inserted and 2 methods of fixation with adhesive tape (Fixation A and B) and one with an industrial device (Fixation C) were used. Each group was exposed to traction of 50, 100 and 500g sequentially over 12 and 24 hours, testing: adhesion capacity, probe displacement and skin integrity. The Chi-square test of independence was calculated for nominal variables and Student’s t-tests and analysis of variance (p&lt; 0.05) for rational variables. Results: fixation B showed lower adhesion capacity (p &lt;0.001) when compared to the other two fixations. A mean displacement of 52.17 mm was observed in the probes fixed by methods A and B and a greater occurrence of lesions associated with fixations A and C (p = 0.001). Conclusion: the results show complications related to the fixations: lack of adhesion, displacement of the probe and skin lesions, drawing attention to the complexity of the procedure.

Relación entre el plano oclusal y tres niveles diferentes de la línea ala-trago en una muestra de adultos sudaneses

Aim: Correct orientation of the occlusal plane plays a vital role in achieving the perfect occlusal balance and function of complete dentures. This study aimed to evaluate the most reliable posterior reference point of the ala-tragus line (ATL) concerning occlusal plane (OP) in a sample of the dentate Sudanese population. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 subjects with healthy and well-aligned permanent teeth were randomly selected. Right lateral profile photographs were taken with subjects having a fox plane placed intra-orally, contacting the occlusal plane. Reference points corresponding to inferior, middle, and superior borders of the tragus and inferior border of the ala of the nose were marked on photographs. The angles between the lines were measured using the Auto-CAD software program, and the most parallel relationship was determined. Descriptive statistics in terms of means and standard deviations were presented. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA tests were used to compare as appropriate. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean angle formed by the OP and ATL was 8.5±3.69º for the superior level, 4.68±3.13º for the middle line, and 2.89±2.57º for the inferior line. A significant difference was found between the means of the three angles (p&lt; 0.001), while no significant difference (p&gt; 0.05) was found between both genders regarding the measured angles. Conclusions: The line joining the inferior border of the ala of the nose with the inferior border of the tragus of the ear was the most reliable line in terms of parallelism to determine the occlusal plane orientation. Keywords: Occlusal plane; Denture, complete; Prosthodontics; Anatomic landmarks; Cephalometry; Sudan.

A RARE CASE OF SOLITARY NEUROFIBROMA OF NASAL TIP ANDCOLUMELLA OF NOSE

Neurofibroma is a most common benign nerve sheath tumor arising in peripheral nervous system. Neurofibroma are lesions arising from proliferation of axons, schwann cells, fibroblasts, perineural cells and endoneurium. Localized neurofibroma occur as solitary, superficial cutaneous tumour in individuals who do not have N e u r o fi b r o m a t o s i s 1 ( N F 1 ) . L o c a l i s e d Neurofibroma of external nose is rare lesion. Treatment of which is challenging in view of their position, cosmesis, reoccurrence rate. We report a case of neurofibroma involving unusual site of face, which are subcutaneous tissue of apex and columella of nose, and present a brief review of literature. KEYWORDS: Neurofibroma, Benign, Solitary, Peripheral Nerve Tumors, Nose, Neurofibromatosis, Columella

Design of an E-Nose Detector for Contaminated Gas in Cow Farming Waste

Cattle farm waste is organic waste produced by the livestock industry in the form of feces and can emit gases that cause air pollution. Cow dung contamination can cause environmental problems, disturbing humans and livestock. Hazardous gases produced from the decomposition of livestock manure, namely methane (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), can cause respiratory diseases, deplete ozone and contribute to the greenhouse effect. Based on these problems, measuring gas levels using an Electronic Nose (E-Nose) tool capable of detecting harmful gases in livestock pens is necessary. The E-nose is a device that mimics the human nose and consists of several gas sensors that can detect environmental odors. The design of the detection and measurement of toxic gases using an electronic nose in this study adopts the Internet of Things (IoT) concept using the Arduino Uno and ESP8266 microcontrollers and MQ-4, MQ-136, and MQ-137 gas sensors to read levels of pollutant gas in units of ppm with an average of 46.25 ppm for the MQ-4 sensor, 1.86 ppm for the MQ-136 sensor, and 4.97 ppm for the MQ-137. The sensors were subjected to functional tests consisting of validity testing, resulting in a calculated r value of 1, meaning that each gas sensor performs its measurement function correctly or validly. The reliability test of the MQ-4 sensor is 0.00, the MQ-136 sensor is 2.442× 10-15, and the MQ-137 sensor is 1.554× 10-15, which means that the data reading from each gas sensor is unstable, less accurate, or unreliable compared to secondary data. However, the designed E-Nose tool can work well and improve farmers' performance in their daily work.