Portion Of Wing Research Articles

Morphological investigations on the wing scales of four species of common Indian butterflies

Wing scales of butterflies exhibit extreme diversity in shape, size, colour, and number of spines. They are sub microscopic with a length of 300 to 600µm and a breadth of 150 to 400µm. A typical scale possessed a flat body with basal pedicel and apical crown which is provided with a varying number of pointed edges called spines. Investigations were carried outon the morphology of wing scales in four species of common butterflies viz., Pachilopta hector (Linnaeus 1758), Troides minos (Cramer 1779), Jamides celeno (Cramer1775) and Eurema andersonii (Linnaeus 1758). Wings of P. hector possessed nine types of scales, the crown of all are with pointed spines of varying numbers, ranging from one to five. The southern birdwing T. minos, possessed nine types of scales. A major portion of wings with black colour is due to black coloured scales but white bands of the forewings are due to transparent and colourless scales. The prominent yellow colour on the hind wings of this butterfly is due to the presence of a single type of scale with a round crown that is devoid of spines and is fully packed with yellow pigment. Jamides celeno possessed twenty different types of scales, most of them are devoid of spines and the ridges within the scales are not clear. Scales on the upper surface of the wing with ashy blue colour and scales of white bands on the lower surface of the wings are identical and are transparent and colourless. The common grass yellow E. andersonii possessed twentyfive different types of scales, of which thirteen are on the black margins of wings and twelve are in the yellow portions of wings. Almost half of the total number of scales in the yellow portions of the wing is transparent and colourless and in coloured scales distribution of pigment is not uniform.This is the first report on the different types of wings scales in the selected butterflies.

More than Scales: Evidence for the Production and Exudation of Mucilage by the Peltate Trichomes of Tillandsia cyanea (Bromeliaceae: Tillandsioideae).

Bromeliad scales have been investigated extensively due to their recognition as a key ecological and evolutionary feature of Bromeliaceae. However, much remains unknown about such trichomes and only recently mucilage exudation was described for them in a species of the subfamily Bromelioideae. The present study aimed to investigate the secretion present in inflorescences of Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch (Tillandsioideae) to determine whether the scales of this species also produce and release secretions. Samples of young and mature portions of inflorescences were collected and prepared according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Anatomical and ultrastructural results indicate that the secretion is produced by the wing portion of typical peltate trichomes on the adaxial surface of bracts. The secretory activity begins in the early stages of trichome expansion and characteristically occurs in cells exhibiting a porous cuticle and dense cytoplasm with numerous mitochondria and dictyosomes. Histochemical tests confirmed mucilage secretion and revealed proteins in the exudate. These data comprise the first record of mucilage exudation by trichomes within Tillandsioideae and indicate that this capacity may be more relevant to bromeliad biology than previously considered. Functional aspects and colleter-like activity are also discussed.

Mucilage secretion in the inflorescences of Aechmea blanchetiana: Evidence of new functions of scales in Bromeliaceae

The peltate trichomes of Bromeliaceae comprise an important feature of this plant group. Although recognized for their capacity for water and nutrient absorption, little is known concerning their secretory functions. This study aimed to identify and describe the structures observed to secrete mucilage in the inflorescences of Aechmea blanchetiana, a species of Bromeliaceae endemic to Brazil. Samples of different portions and developmental stages of inflorescences were collected and processed for study under light and electron microscopy. Mucilage is secreted by peltate trichomes covering the inflorescence axis, which have a structure typical of bromeliad scales, although often having an irregular shield commonly exhibiting a stellate outline. Secretion is performed by cells comprising the so-called wing portion of the trichome and begins even in initial stages of inflorescence expansion. In expanded portions, secretory activity ceases and the remaining secretion appears as a thin dehydrated film covering the inflorescence surface. Ultrastructural data show the presence of well-developed Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, confirming a secretory function related to non-cellulosic polysaccharide production. We believe that the mucilage is related to protection against desiccation, especially at early stages of expansion. Such a functional role, in association with the nature and dynamics of the secretion, suggests that these structures act as colleters. As far as we know, this is the first record for exogenous secretory activity by the typical peltate trichomes of Bromeliaceae, and the first time when colleter-like functions have been considered and discussed in this family.

Effect of Amino Acids on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Carnosine Concentration in Broiler Chickens.

The aim of this research was to investigate the deposition of carnosine in broiler muscles by feeding treatments comprising β-alanine, L-histidine, and magnesium oxide in various concentrations. The research was carried out on 120 Cobb 500 broilers divided into four groups. From weeks four to six, broilers were fed finisher mixtures as follows: P1, control group; P2, 0.5% β-alanine + 0.24% MgO; P3, 0.25% L-histidine + 0.24% MgO; and P4, 0.20% β-alanine + 0.10% L-histidine + 0.24% MgO. This paper presents the weights of broilers and their carcasses, portions of main parts of carcasses, technological quality of breast muscles, and concentrations of carnosine in breast and thigh muscles. The following traits of muscle tissue quality were measured: initial and final pH value (45 min after slaughtering pH1, and 24 h after cooling pH2), drip loss, color (Minolta colorimeter, expressed as CIE L*, CIE a*, and CIE b* values), meat softness, and cooking loss. Data on relative concentration of protein carbonyl (nmol/mg protein) in the muscles of breasts and thighs and levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in fresh and frozen breasts muscles (nmol/mg of tissue) are presented. Statistical analysis proved that feeding treatments had an effect on the live weight of broilers in the 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks of fattening (P<0.05), as well as on the carcass quality at slaughter (P<0.05; except the portion of wings), pH1 value (P=0.035), CIE a* indicator (P=0.007), drip loss (P=0.002), and meat texture (P=0.008). Compared to the control group, synthesis and deposition of carnosine were increased in breast muscles in groups P2, P3, and P4 by 7.51%, 10.62%, and 62.93%, respectively, and in thigh muscles by 61.05%, 78.95%, and 89.52%, respectively. It was also confirmed that feeding treatments influenced the level of TBARS in frozen broiler breast muscles (P=0.014).

CFD analysis of aircraft fuel tanks thermal behaviour

This work is carried out within the FP7 European research project TOICA (Thermal Overall Integrated Conception of Aircraft, http://www.toica-fp7.eu/). One of the tasks foreseen for the TOICA project is the analysis of fuel tanks as possible heat sinks for future aircrafts. In particular, in the present paper, commercial regional aircraft is considered as case study and CFD analysis with the commercial code STAR-CCM+ is performed in order to identify the potential capability to use fuel stored in the tanks as a heat sink for waste heat dissipated by other systems. The complex physical phenomena that characterize the heat transfer inside liquid fuel, at the fuel-ullage interface and inside the ullage are outlined. Boundary conditions, including the effect of different ground and flight conditions, are implemented in the numerical simulation approach. The analysis is implemented for a portion of aluminium wing fuel tank, including the leading edge effects. Effect of liquid fuel transfer among different tank compartments and the air flow in the ullage is included. According to Fuel Tank Flammability Assessment Method (FTFAM) proposed by the Federal Aviation Administration, the results are exploited in terms of exponential time constants and fuel temperature difference to the ambient for the different cases investigated.

Intraspecific variation in wing shape of Poecilobothrus regalis (Meigen, 1824) (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)

A study of 186 specimens of Poecilobothrus regalis was conducted in order to examine intraspecific variability of wing shape. The wing shape variation was analyzed using geometric morphometrics analyses. Significant differences in the structure of wing were found both between sexes and between populations. Differences between sexes were observed in the structure of the medium portion of wing. The first extracted canonical variate of geographic variation showed a moderately linear association with latitude and average temperature of February and March. The second canonical variate was correlated with longitude and values of average wind flow velocity. Allometric relationships were weak both between populations and sexes.

A Nonlinear Model to Study Selectively Deformable Wing of an Aircraft

&lt;p&gt;Aeroelasticity of an aircraft includes the study of dynamics of prime movers, structural dynamics, and aerodynamics. Research efforts are on in every area to improve the overall performance of an aircraft. In this paper preliminary studies conducted on the dynamics of selectively deformable wing using an under actuated nonlinear model is reported. First, the literature related to the design and analysis of selectively deformable structure (SDS) wing is reviewed. Second, a single degree of freedom (DOF) model to represent a fixed wing and a two DOF under-actuated model to represent SDS are discussed and their mathematical models are derived. Third, the effect of deformable wing portion on the wing dynamics is studied by varying the excitation frequency and stiffness of the model. Fourth, an experimental setup consisting of two rigid links connected by spring and subjected to sinusoidal displacement is investigated. Final section summarizes the research and provides directions for future work.&lt;/p&gt;

Abnormal elytra, wings and other structures in a female Trirhabda virgata (Chrysomelidae) with a summary of similar teratological observations in the Coleoptera

An abnormal female of Trirhabda virgataLECONTE is described from the Province of Quebec with the following anomalies: short, apically narrowed, suturally widely apart elytra; reduced, swollen (incapable of flight) hind wings; stout met-endosternite; apically truncate scutellum; peculiar membrane (with characteristic setae) enclosing portion of hind wings, stretched across them over the thorax dorsally; strongly sclerotized abdomen, especially the pygidium; and inside the abdomen, gut slender and reproductive organs compact. Similar observations are summarized for certain species of the Coleoptera belonging to the families Buprestidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Cleridae, Curculionidae, Dytiscidae, Melyridae, Scaphidiidae and Scarabaeidae.

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CULICOIDES (JILINOCOIDES) (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) FROM THE GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTON. REG., CHINA

Abstract A new species of Cidicoides (Jilinocoides), C.(J.) guangxiensis sp. nov. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China is described. The new species is closely allied to Culicoides qianweiensis Yu 1982, but is distinctly different in the presentation of the sensilla coeloconica, sensory pit of the palpus third segment, number of mandible teeth, pale spot on basal portion of wing and r‐m pale spot on wing of female. The type specimen is deposited in the Institute of Military Medical Sciences, Shenyang Military District, Shenyang 110034, China.

Temperature measurements in steady axisymmetric partially premixed flames by use of rainbow schlieren deflectometry.

We focus on the utility of rainbow schlieren as a tool for measuring the temperature of axisymmetric partially premixed flames (PPFs). Methane-air PPFs are established on a coannular burner. The flames involve two spatially distinct reaction zones, one in an inner premixed region that has a curved tip and a spatially planar wing portion and another that involves an outer nonpremixed zone in which intermediate species burn in air. Schlieren images are found to visualize clearly these PPF characteristics through light deflection by steep refractive-index gradients in the two reaction zone fronts. The temperature distributions of two flames established at fuel-rich mixture equivalence ratios of phi(r) = 1.5 and 2.0, with bulk-averaged velocities, Vreac = 60 cm s(-1) and Vair = 50 cm s(-1), are inferred from color schlieren images, and a measurement error analysis is performed. Errors arise from two sources. One lies in the process of inferring the temperature from the refractive-index measurement by making assumptions regarding the local composition of the flame. We have shown through simulations that the average temperature deviations due to these assumptions are 1.7% for the phi(r) = 1.5 flame and 2.3% for the phi(r) = 2.0 flame. Another source involves the local uncertainty in the measurement of the transverse ray displacement at the filter plane that is used to determine the refractive index and thereafter the flame temperature. We have ascertained that a maximum error of 4.3% in the temperature determination can be attributed to this local measurement uncertainty. This investigation demonstrates the capability of the schlieren technique for providing not only qualitative displays of the PPFs but also full-field-of-view temperature measurements that are accurate, spatially resolved, and nonintrusive.

S1.1 Etiopatogenia del liquen plano oral

The peltate trichomes of Bromeliaceae comprise an important feature of this plant group. Although recognized for their capacity for water and nutrient absorption, little is known concerning their secretory functions. This study aimed to identify and describe the structures observed to secrete mucilage in the inflorescences of Aechmea blanchetiana, a species of Bromeliaceae endemic to Brazil. Samples of different portions and developmental stages of inflorescences were collected and processed for study under light and electron microscopy. Mucilage is secreted by peltate trichomes covering the inflorescence axis, which have a structure typical of bromeliad scales, although often having an irregular shield commonly exhibiting a stellate outline. Secretion is performed by cells comprising the so-called wing portion of the trichome and begins even in initial stages of inflorescence expansion. In expanded portions, secretory activity ceases and the remaining secretion appears as a thin dehydrated film covering the inflorescence surface. Ultrastructural data show the presence of well-developed Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, confirming a secretory function related to non-cellulosic polysaccharide production. We believe that the mucilage is related to protection against desiccation, especially at early stages of expansion. Such a functional role, in association with the nature and dynamics of the secretion, suggests that these structures act as colleters. As far as we know, this is the first record for exogenous secretory activity by the typical peltate trichomes of Bromeliaceae, and the first time when colleter-like functions have been considered and discussed in this family.

Ac magnetic hysteresis loops of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O 110-K-phase superconductors and the effect of microstructural alteration.

The field variations of ac M-H loops are recorded at 77 K and 33 Hz using a lock-in flat-band detection method in sintered and press sintered 110-K-phase samples of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. From the slope of the M vs ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{m}}$ curve the flux profiles and the effective relative permeability (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{cer}}$) of the samples are determined. Using this value of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{cer}}$ the intergrain and intragrain contributions to the magnetization are separated out. The intergranular loops of the sintered sample could be simulated very well using Kim's model, while for the press-sintered sample the exponential model gives a better fit. Our results show that the loop closure exhibited by the intergranular loop can be simulated to the critical state models without subtracting the wing portion in contrast to the Dersch-Blatter approach. The intragranular loops of sintered samples show quite a good fit to the exponential model after introducing the surface barrier modification. The intergranular critical current density (${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{ci}}$) and the apparent lower critical field (${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1\mathit{g}}$) of the grains are found to be enhanced due to press sintering. The field variations of the various physical quantities obtained from the loops are analyzed to see the effect of microstructural alterations introduced by the press-sintering method. By doing a fast Fourier transform on the M vs t curve the harmonic components are separated out and their variation with the ac field amplitude is studied. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Aerodynamic characteristics of crescent and elliptic wings at high angles of attack

Static longitudinal- and lateral-directional forces and moments were measured for an elliptic- and crescent-wing model in the NASA Langley Research Center 14 x 22 ft subsonic tunnel for an angle-of-attack range that included stall and poststall conditions and at a Reynolds number of about 1.8 X 106, based on the average wing chord. The force and moment data and the flow-visualization results indicated that the crescent-wing model, with its highly swept tips, produced better high angle-of-attack aerodynamic characteristics than the unswept elliptic model. Leading-edge separation-induced vortex flow over the highly swept tips is thought to produce this improved behavior. The design concept of combining vortex flow over the outboard wing portion at high angles of attack and attached flow over the entire wing at cruise/climb conditions should result in safer and more efficient airplanes.

骨内インプラントの形状および支持部位との接合状態が応力分布に及ぼす影響

For the purpose of examining the influence of an implant body on stress distribution in alveolar bone, we carried out a two-dimensional photoelastic experiment using different shapes of the wing portion of the implant body and different conditions of its union with the supporting alveolar bone (e. g., presence of connective tissue between the implant body and alveolar bone, etc.), as well as different implant directions (i. e., vertical vs. 10°-nclined implantation).The results obtained were as follows:1. The use of implants with a curved lower margin and a silicone-coated surface led to a shift was not observed in the absence of silicone at the interface.2. Shaping of the lower margin of the implant body curve resulted in a more even distribution of the stress, and this effect depended upon the presence of the silicone at the interface, direction of the implantation, and the degree of curvature of the lower margin.3. Vertically placed implants showed an even stress distribution on both sides of the wing portion, as compared with the uneven stress found for the inclined ones. Furthermore, the presence of silicone at the interface caused the stress to be concentrated mainly at the lower margin of the wing portion, while implants without the silicone showed stress concentrated at not only the lower margin, but also at the neck portion.

SPERMATOPHORE FORMATION IN THE WHITE SHRIMPS PENAEUS SETIFERUS AND P. VANNAMEI

The medial and distal vasa deferentia and terminal ampullae of Penaeus setiferus and P. vannamei were studied by light and electron microscopy to assess their roles in spermatophore formation. The ascending medial vas deferens of each species consisted of 2 parallel epitheliumlined ducts, referred to as the spermatophoric and accessory ducts, with the accessory duct fitting into a groove along the spermatophoric duct. In the spermatophoric duct, the sperm mass was surrounded by a thick primary spermatophore layer secreted by the epithelial lining. Two secretions forming accessory layers 1 and 2 were deposited by the epithelial cells of the accessory duct. The lumina of the two ducts partially merged at the flexure between the ascending and descending portions of the medial vas deferens. Upon confluence, accessory layer 1 flowed into the spermatophoric duct and formed an additional layer around the primary spermatophore layer. Additional spermatophore components were deposited in the terminal ampulla, which consisted of 5 interconnecting chambers or lumina in P. setiferus and 4 in P. vannamei, respectively. The spermatophoric and accessory ducts terminated in chambers I and II, respectively. New secretions from chamber I were a thick dorsal plate and a thin adhesive layer. In chamber II, structural alteration of accessory layer 2 into corky reticulate and collapsed or fibrous reticulate portions occurred. Chamber III was a branching duct and contained glutinous material. Chamber IV seemed to be an extension of chamber II, but formed a distinct large lumen located in the proximal to medial regions of the terminal ampulla. This chamber contained a large amount offibrous reticulate substance similar to that observed in chamber II. Chamber V of P. setiferus contained the wing portion of the spermatophore. The terminal ampulla of P. vannamei possessed neither this chamber nor wing material. Upon ejaculation, each spermatophore joined mesially along the adhesive layer and formed a compound spermatophore. Accessory layer 1 and the corky reticulate layer were hard and functioned as a sheath for the sperm mass. These layers also supported the structure of the compound spermatophore. The dorsal plate, glutinous material, fibrous reticulate layer, and wing served to attach the compound spermatophore to the open thelycum.

4641097 Elliptical cross-section slotted-tube radio-frequency resonantor for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

A radio-frequency coil, for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging at Larmor frequencies associated with a magnetic field of greater than about 0.5 Tesla, comprises a slotted-tube radio-frequency resonator having an elliptical cross-section. First and second complementary outer resonator portions have central bands connecting juxtaposed wing structures; the end of each of the four wings is spaced from a complementary wing portion of the other outer portion and capacitively coupled thereto. An inner structure has a pair of elliptical guard rings placed substantially in registration with the elliptical portions of the outer structure wing portions. The eccentricity ratio of the elliptical cross-section of the resonator and the resonator dimensions are arranged to provide an interior volume into which a human head or body extremity can be placed for imaging purposes.

Effect of Five Cycle Rapid Freeze-Thaw Treatment in Conjunction with Various Chemicals for the Reduction of Salmonella typhimurium

A five cycle rapid freeze-rapid thaw process was used in conjunction with chemicals to reduce numbers of Salmonella typhimurium cells on poultry meat. The second portion of chicken wings consisting of ulna and radius with attached skin and muscle was inoculated with 400 to 900 colony forming units (CFU/g) of a nalidixic acid resistant strain of S. typhimurium. Chemicals used were 20 ppm chlorine, 5% potassium sorbate, 5% lactic acid, and 5% calcium propionate. The wings were either sprayed with or dipped into all chemicals before the freeze-thaw process. Wings were also chemically treated and not subjected to the freeze-thaw process. Numbers of S. typhimurium were determined by the most probable number procedure.The relative effectiveness of combinations of chemicals and the freeze-thaw process was compared to a control with the following percentage reductions of numbers of S. typhimurium cells: lactic acid, 98%; calcium propionate, 96%; potassium sorbate, 96%; chlorine, 95%; and freeze-thaw process without chemicals, 95%. There were no statistically significant differences among the treatments. In a pilot plant study simulating commercial conditions, a carbon dioxide freezer was used for the rapid freeze and a microwave oven was used for the rapid thaw. Treatment of wings with 5% lactic acid plus freeze-thaw process resulted in statistically significant fewer numbers of S. typhimurium cells when compared to the freeze-thaw process without chemical treatment or to wings chemically treated without the freeze-thaw process.

British Patent Abridgments

In the jet propulsion plant installation in an aircraft wing each chordwise extending square tube 119 is attached to a splitter plate 114 by vertical dowel pins 115 and by bolts 116 passing through the tube and through a strip 117 attached to the splitter plate 114. A further strip 118 connects each tube 119 to the adjacent ram‐jet compartment cover 233. Spanwise extending stiffeners 227 on the adjacent turbojet compartment cover 230 are attached by fastenings 229 to brackets 231 secured to the tube by bolts 116, fasten ings 229 allowing spanwise thermal expansion. A strip 228 attached to the cover 230 lies on a joggled part of cover 233, also to allow thermal expansion. The tube 119 has a reinforcing web 119a. The joints 273 between the covers 230, 233 and the forward wing portion allow spanwise thermal expansion of the covers. The cover 233 is a sandwich comprising spanwise corrugations, and the splitter plate 114 has vertical corrugations. The cooling air which flows rearwardly through tube 119 is tapped off to flow through these corrugations through ports 119b, 119c respectively in the tube.

Aspect Ratio Influence at High Subsonic Speeds

The velocity induced by the thickness of a thin infinite wing in a parallel flow can be calculated, at some distance from the wing, by linearized subsonic compressible flow theory. If now, a portion of the infinite wing is removed from the flow, the velocity at any point on the wing will be less by the velocity induced by the portion of the wing which was removed. Furthermore, if the part removed is relatively far away from the point on the wing for which the induced velocity is being calculated, linearized subsonic compressible flow theory is valid. Utilizing such a scheme, the velocity at the location of a finite wing can be considered as being the same as for the infinite wing, reduced by the amount which would have been contributed by the portions of the infinite wing which were removed from the flow. The difference in the induced velocity can be averaged over the area of the finite wing and the average applied as a correction to the free-stream velocit}^. At this increased freestream velocity, the finite wing should have approximately the same pressure distribution as the infinite wing at the uncorrected free-stream velocity.

U.S. Patent Specifications

An aeroplane wing including a fixed forward portion, a flap, a slot controller between the forward portion and the flap, a spoiler on the slot controller, control means on the fixed wing portion and connected with the spoiler for operating the spoiler independently of the slot controller.