Winery Waste Research Articles

Winery distillery waste compost effect on the performance of melon crop under field conditions

ABSTRACT: The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha−1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.

Survival ofBrettanomyces bruxellensisin grape pomace and reduction of populations by application of heat and sulfites

Background and Aims Spreading grape pomace in vineyards could promote dispersal of the spoilage yeast, Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Thus, we evaluated the ability of this yeast to survive in inoculated pomace stored at variable temperature as well as in regional vineyards. Methods and Results Three strains of B. bruxellensis were inoculated into Syrah or Merlot pomace which was stored at 21, 10, 0, or –18°C. All strains maintained ≥104 colony‐forming units (CFU)/mL at 21 or 10°C for 10 weeks but declined to ≤103 CFU/mL when incubated at 0 or –18°C. Additional Syrah pomace, half sterilised by gamma irradiation, was inoculated with B. bruxellensis, placed into sterilised bottles capped with 0.22 μm filters, and placed into three vineyards. Overall, the yeast population increased or decreased with varying seasonal temperature but remained viable (~103 CFU/mL) for up to 130 weeks regardless of vineyard location. Non‐sterilised pomace generally had a population lower than that of sterilised samples and yielded wide variations in population corresponding to seasons. The recovery of Brettanomyces from infected pomace was reduced, if not prevented, by heating to ≥50°C and adding 45 mg/L total SO2. Conclusions As B. bruxellensis can survive at least 130 weeks in pomace, infected winery waste dispersed in vineyards may serve as a reservoir for the continued contamination of grape harvests. Such contamination can be minimised by heating potentially infected pomace to ≥50°C for at least 10 min and adding sulfites is recommended. Significance of the Study Long‐term survival of B. bruxellensis in pomace was established and microbial control strategies using heat and sulfites demonstrated.

Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality

Citrus and grapes are the most widely grown fruits globally, with one-third of total production used for juice and wine making. The juice and winemaking processes generate large quantities of solid organic wastes including citrus pulp and grape pomace. These fruit wastes pose serious economic, environmental, and social challenges, especially in low-to-middle-income countries due to financial, technological, and infrastructural limitations. They are, however, rich in valuable compounds which can be utilized in the ruminant livestock industry as novel, economical, and natural sources of cellulose, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals, which have nutritional, anthelmintic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Despite citrus and grape fruit wastes having such potential, they remain underexploited by the livestock industry in low-to-middle-income countries owing to lack of finance, skills, technology, and infrastructure. Inclusion of these fruit wastes in ruminant diets could combine the desirable effects of enhancing animal nutrition, health, welfare, production, and meat quality attributes with the prevention of challenges associated with their disposal into the environment. The current review explores the valorization potential of citrus and winery wastes as dietary supplements to sustainably enhance ruminant animal nutrition, health, welfare, production, and meat quality.

Ambient-temperature co-digestion of low-solids municipal and industrial waste mixtures: Insights from molecular analyses

ABSTRACTThe performance of ambient temperature anaerobic co-digestion was investigated for mixtures of six substrates: canned tomato and salsa waste, portable toilet waste, septic tank waste, winery waste, beer and cider waste, and fats, oils, and grease (FOG). Laboratory semi-continuous reactor studies and molecular biological analyses revealed that beer/winery, and tomato/FOG/winery/beer mixtures resulted in the best performance in terms of biogas production (515 and 371 mL CH4/g VS, respectively) and methanogenic populations. A portable toilet/septage mixture resulted in the overall poorest performance and inhibition of microbial activity was evident. Average methane content was ~70% for all mixtures tested. The findings of this study reveal that healthy methanogen populations were present, further supporting the feasibility of biogas production via the novel feedstock mixtures in ambient temperature lagoons.Implications: Disposal of septic tank waste and other high chemical oxygen demand (COD) 10 industrial food processing waste at a small wastewater treatment plant is uncommon, because it can upset the treatment process and requires additional power for treatment. Ambient-temperature covered lagoon digesters can be an alternative low-cost technology for co-digestion of these recalcitrant waste streams while generating bioenergy. The results of this study demonstrated that there is potential for implementation of unheated covered lagoon digester systems 15 for conversion of liquid wastes for production of renewable biomethane while eliminating the need to treat these wastes at a wastewater treatment plant.

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of organic and conventional vine cane extracts

Phenolic antioxidants, such as resveratrol and polydatin, occur in grapevine as secondary metabolites responsible for the plants protection against biotic and abiotic stress. The antioxidant profile and content depends on agro-climatic conditions, which may act as stress factors. In order to determine the significance of the use of spraying pesticides on the antioxidant content in pruned canes, we examined samples of white and blue Vitis vinifera varieties from conventional and organic vineyards. Phenols from these samples were extracted by 40% ethanol. HPLC was used to determine differences in the stilbenoid composition and the DPPH assay was used to compare the antioxidant activities. While the farming approach did not alter the total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of the samples, the resveratrol content was higher in samples from conventional vineyards. These results could be significant for further reusing of winery waste.

Protective Effect of Cyclically Pressurized Solid⁻Liquid Extraction Polyphenols from Cagnulari Grape Pomace on Oxidative Endothelial Cell Death.

The aim of this work is the evaluation of a green extraction technology to exploit winery waste byproducts. Specifically, a solid–liquid extraction technology (Naviglio Extractor®) was used to obtain polyphenolic antioxidants from the Cagnulari grape marc. The extract was then chemically characterized by spectrophotometric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, revealing a total polyphenol content of 4.00 g/L ± 0.05, and the presence of anthocyanins, one of the most representative groups among the total polyphenols in grapes. To investigate potential biological activities of the extract, its ability to counteract hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and cell death was assessed in primary human endothelial cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, used to assess potential extract cytotoxicity, failed to show any deleterious effect on cultured cells. Fluorescence measurements, attained with the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA), revealed a strong antioxidant potential of the marc extract on the used cells, as indicated by the inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS generation and the counteraction of the oxidative-induced cell death. Our results indicate the Naviglio extraction, as a green technology process, can be used to exploit wine waste to obtain antioxidants which can be used to produce enriched foods and nutraceuticals high in antioxidants.

Prediction of the lignocellulosic winery wastes behavior during gasification process in fluidized bed: Experimental and theoretical study

This work presents studies about the gasification of the lignocellulosic winery wastes in fluidized bed to obtain energy. Based on the exergy analysis, the exergetic improvement potential (IP) and sustainability index (SI) variations with different operational variables were analyzed. IP increases and SI decreases when moisture content, ER and SBR augment. On the other hand, both indexes present contrary behavior with the temperature increasing.Additionally, the kinetic behavior was investigated using a macro thermo-balance. The thermal decomposition of the studied biomass wastes at three heating rate, 5, 10 and 15 °C/min under steam/air mixture atmosphere show that the gasification takes place in three visible stage: water vaporization, pyrolysis and the last step associated with the reaction of the char by CO2. The distributed activation energy model method (DAEM) was used. The decomposition is not a single reaction stage, it includes the contributions of parallel reaction steps on the global reaction rate.Last, the fluidization was analyzed using air at room temperature and local atmospheric pressure. Each experiment was carried out with 100% and 75% v lignocellulosic wastes. Segregation, slugging and channelization in all studied cases. However, the addition of sand particles improves the behavior of both winery wastes.

Synergistic effect of hydrogen induction with biofuel obtained from winery waste (grapeseed oil) for CI engine application

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the use of grapeseed oil as a fuel substitute obtained from biomass waste from winery industry and the synergic effect of hydrogen addition for compression ignition engine application. The experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine for various loads and energy share of hydrogen. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of grapeseed biodiesel, neat grapeseed oil and diesel have been analysed and compared with the results obtained with hydrogen induction in the intake manifold in dual fuel mode. At full load, maximum brake thermal efficiency of the engine with diesel, grapeseed biodiesel and neat grapeseed oil has increased from 32.34%, 30.28% and 25.94% to 36.04%, 33.97% and 30.95% for a maximum hydrogen energy share of 14.46%, 14.1% and 12.8% respectively. Although there is an increasing trend in Nitric Oxide emission with hydrogen induction, smoke, brake specific hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide emissions respectively, reduces. Nitric oxide emission of Grapeseed biodiesel with maximum hydrogen share at full load is higher by 43.61% and smoke emission lower by 19.73% compared to biodiesel operation without hydrogen induction.

Winery wastes as precursors of sustainable porous carbons for environmental applications

Abstract An efficient alternative for the management and valorization of the huge amount of seasonal wastes generated by winery industries is shown. Sustainable porous carbons were successfully prepared by one-pot activation of grape bagasse, stalks and oil free-seeds. Benefiting from the high moisture of these residues, a prior hydrothermal carbonization increases the activation yield and generates carbons with less oxygen content and inorganic impurities. The mild physical or chemical activation of winery wastes resulted in highly microporous carbons with specific surface SBET up to 2053 m2/g and great potential for environmental protection and electrical energy storage. They are excellent sorbents for CO2 capture under post- and pre-combustion conditions (16 and 69 wt%, respectively) and achieve superior electrochemical capacitance of nearly 300 F/g in aqueous electrolyte and 180 F/g in ionic liquid based-medium.

PLA composites formulated recycling residuals of the winery industry

Particulate composites with polylactide (PLA) as a matrix and wastes deriving from the wine production have been formulated at different compositions. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the composites, as well as the thermal stability and water uptake have been evaluated. The results showed that the wine waste residue does not compromise the thermal stability of the matrix while improves the impact strength and influences tensile properties. Specifically, tensile strength progressively decreases on addition of the winery waste, while the elastic modulus slightly increases. This behavior was attributed to the inhomogeneity of the filler particle size and morphology, which can partially induce a discontinuous interface at high filler loading and affect the water uptake. An increase in the value of the water contact angle is obtained below a 10% wt content and the mechanism of water uptake is not modified below the 20 wt% of filler. In any case, up to a content of 15 weight percent, winery wastes can be used in the plain matrix as an extender. Since simple and low cost operations are requested to obtain suitable fillers, an overall decrease in the material cost can be envisaged thus partially solving the drawbacks of PLA exploitation in the packaging industry, and leading to cost‐effective application. Moreover, the conversion of lignocellulosic wastes as filler in biocomposites would be in favor of waste reduction while adding value to the agro‐food chain. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1378–1383, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Eco-friendly dyeing of modified cotton fabrics with grape pomace colorant: Optimization using full factorial design approach

ABSTRACTGrape pomace, which is a winery waste is studied and experimented to serve as a source of natural dyes that could be utilized in textile dyeing. In previous studies, it was found that grape pomace released from wine industry contains valuable resource of abundant natural coloring substances.The present work involves the optimization of dyeing process of cotton by natural colors extracted from grape pomace. The optimized dyeing conditions were; dyeing bath temperature 100°C, dyeing time 55 min, and dye bath pH 8. In addition, it was demonstrated that the dye bath of dyed cotton reduced the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)5 of the dye bath.

Assessing the potential phytotoxicity of digestate from winery wastes

In this study, digestate from winery wastes was investigated focusing on phytotoxicity using macrophytes and evaluating the potential contribution of ammonium and copper. Spreading of digestate on soil could represent a suitable approach to recycle nutrients and organic matter, creating an on site circular economy. In this study, digestate quality was evaluated considering both chemical-physical characteristics and biological toxicity applying germination test. The effluent did not meet the entire amendment quality standard defined by Italian law (Decree 75/2010 germination index > 60% with solution of 30% v/v of digestate), but bio-stimulation was observed at low doses (3.15–6.25% v/v) for S. alba and S. saccharatum. The beneficial concentration agreed with Nitrate Directive dose and suggested that limited addition of digestate could have several positive effects on soil characteristics and on crop growth. Specific test using ammonium and copper solutions showed that these pollutants were not directly correlated to observed phytotoxicity.

Sustainable bioeconomy transitions: Targeting value capture by integrating pyrolysis in a winery waste biorefinery

In the transition to a sustainable Bioeconomy, pyrolysis-based bioenergy is finding a new impetus within integrated biorefinery concept, which is one of the vehicles of this transition. An integrated winery waste biorefinery is proposed in this study. A closed-loop approach was designed, by integrating pyrolysis process, to the primary pomace (winery waste) biorefinery. The results of the experimental study revealed that from 15 t of fresh grapes of the special variety ‘Xinomavro’ harvested per hectare in Northern Greek vineyards, along with the 10.5 t of red wine (main product), 0.27 t of hydrocolloids and 0.06 t of grape-seed oil can be produced, via pomace extraction. By pyrolyzing the remaining solid wastes derived from pomace extraction, in the secondary biorefinery, 0.52 t of biochar, 0.80 t of bio-oil and 0.630 MWh energy, can be produced. It was resulted that pyrolysis of the primary biorefinery wastes brings many benefits: it increases the number of the biorefinery products to 5 by shifting from a mono to multi-product pathway, creates an additional economic benefit of 4470€ ha−1 and avoids 355 kg CO2/t on dry pomace basis. The pyrolysis biochar can be used as a soil improver, because it contains N, P, K, Ca nutrients, significant amounts of K, Na, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Zn, and negligible amounts of heavy metals. With the present study at TRL 4, protocols for the winery waste-biorefinery processes were created and a pathway for sustainable waste management, in the wine industrial sector, with environmental and socio-economic benefits, was provided. Pyrolysis-based bioenergy production integrated in the biorefinery was studied, as a paradigm for the greater integration of bioenergy into the Bioeconomy. Within the wider Bioeconomy transition, it is important to move from sustainability debate into sustainable solutions, and bridge the gap between research and industrial implementation.

Nitrogen mineralization dynamics in acid vineyard soils amended with bentonite winery waste

ABSTRACTAn excess of available nitrogen (N) in vineyard soil is considered detrimental for vine growth, making a thorough assessment of N mineralization dynamics in vineyard soils before the addition of winery waste necessary. This study assesses the changes in N mineralization in acid vineyard soils amended with bentonite winery waste (BW). Non-amended soil (control), BW and soil-waste mixtures (SBWM) with a low (+L) or high (+H) dose of BW were incubated for six weeks. After 7, 14, 21 and 42 days of incubation, the control soils, BW and SBWM were analysed for net ammonified N, net nitrified N and net mineralized N. Parameters related to the kinetics of N mineralization were also determined. The addition of BW increased the potentially mineralizable N (N0) in the amended soils (58–144% for the highest BW dose), although the mineralization rate was governed by the soil characteristics. Mineralizable N was only a small fraction (<4%) of the total organic nitrogen added to the soil through the BW addition, mainly due to the dominance of the nitrification process in the BW amended soils. These experimental results suggest that the addition of BW may be a suitable amendment for nitrogen fertilization in acid vineyard soil.

Modification of chemical properties, Cu fractionation and enzymatic activities in an acid vineyard soil amended with winery wastes: A field study

The effects of adding two winery wastes, perlite waste (PW) and bentonite waste (BW), to an acid vineyard soil were assessed using some chemical and biological soil properties in a field study that lasted 18 months. The addition of PW (up to 81 Mg ha−1) had neither significant nor permanent effects on soil characteristics such as the pH, organic matter content or nutrient concentrations, the amounts of copper or zinc, or the electrical conductivity. Moreover, no persistent negative effects were found on the enzymatic activities after PW application. In contrast, soil that was amended with up to 71 Mg BW ha−1 showed increases in its soil pH values, exchangeable potassium and water soluble potassium and phosphorus contents. In addition, it caused significant increases in the electrical conductivity and water-soluble Cu. In addition, the phosphomonoesterase enzymatic activity decreased significantly (up to 28%) in response to the amendment with 71 Mg BW ha−1. These results showed that adding BW and PW to the soil may be a good agronomic practice for recycling these types of wastes. However, in the case of PW, its use as a soil amendment must be performed with caution to control its possible harmful effects.

Advantages and drawbacks of OFMSW and winery waste co-composting at pilot scale

The winemaking industry produces large volumes of waste which can be recycled and valorized. This study evaluates the advantages and drawbacks of valorizing skins, seeds and stalks from the processing of grapes for the production of Pedro Ximenez wine through co-composting with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The ratio of a mixture of both wastes was evaluated. According to the evaluation of the aerobic biodegradability of OFMSW and winery waste (WW) independently, a mixture ratio of 50:50% w/w was determined to be the best option. A slight decrease in the biodegradability of the OFMSW-WW mixture (40%) with respect to the biodegradability of OFMSW was found. Although the biodegradability of OFMSW-WW was lower than that of OFMSW, the co-composting of WW with OFMSW presented numerous advantages: the physico-chemical variables of WW were improved, the heavy metal content of the mixture was adequate during the composting process and corresponded to a compost type A with the exception of the Cd content. Furthermore, the odor emissions produced during the co-composting process were lower than those produced by OFMSW composting carried out under similar conditions. Consequently, co-composting might be a suitable alternative for recycling and valorizing winery waste, with the consequent environmental benefits.

Anaerobic digestion of solid agroindustrial waste in semi-continuous mode: Evaluation of mono-digestion and co-digestion systems

The present study aimed at investigating the anaerobic digestion of four agroindustrial waste, namely cotton gin waste, winery waste, olive pomace and juice industry waste, in semi-continuous mode, conducting mono-digestion and co-digestion assays, using an artificial organic fraction sample as co-substrate. These assays were divided into two groups, in which different conditions were applied. Group I investigated the variation in two operational parameters, i.e. the organic loading rate (OLR) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT), while in Group II, the assays were fed with different substrates in a sequential order. Results showed more elevated specific methane yields for co-digestion assays compared with mono-digestion assays. Maximum yields were achieved at an OLR of 1.0gVS/(L·d) and a HRT reduced to half of the initial. Further reduction of the HRT coupled to an increase of the OLR generally caused a significant decrease of specific methane yields, as well as one case of severe overloading, i.e. the mono-digestion of juice industry waste, which resulted in instability and ultimately system failure. Sequential feeding with different substrates led to a more equilibrated operation, especially for co-digestion systems, with higher specific methane yields being observed during the phases corresponding to winery waste and juice industry waste substrates. Overall more positive results were obtained in the cases in which the latter substrates were fed to the reactors at process startup.

Measurement of self‐heating potential of biomass pellets with isothermal calorimetry

SummaryTo assess the risk for spontaneous combustion of biomass pellets during storage, it is important to know how prone the fuel is to self‐heating, ie, to determine the reactivity.This article presents the results from isothermal calorimetry tests performed on 31 different biomass pellet batches. The purpose of the tests has been to characterize pellets by measuring the reactivity and investigate how the pellet composition influences the heat release rate (HRR) and thereby the self‐heating potential of pellets.The results from the tests clearly indicate that there is a significant difference in reactivity between different types of pellets. The tested high reactive pellet batches reached maximum specific HRRs (HRRmax) of 0.61 to 1.06 mW/g while pellet batches with low reactivity showed HRRmax of 0.05 to 0.18 mW/g. The tested batches were primarily ranked on the basis of HRRmax, but an alternative ranking based on specific total heat release rate (THR) during the test period was also used for comparison.The test results also indicate that pine/spruce mix pellets are significantly more reactive than all other types of pellets tested and that pellets consisting of 100% pine are more reactive than pellets consisting of 100% spruce. Pellets produced from wine pruning/grape pomace (winery wastes), straw, or eucalyptus are not very reactive compared to pellets consisting of pine/spruce.The results also show that the reactivity of the pellets can be reduced either by introducing certain kinds of antioxidants into the pellets or by extracting lipids from the raw material of pellets.

Tartaric acid and polyphenols recovery from winery waste lees using membrane separation processes

BACKGROUND Wine waste lees are currently partly exploited for tartaric acid (TA) production, through an environment offensive process, while concurrently occurring bio-active polyphenolic compounds are wasted. This paper, deals with the development of an integrated, environment friendly process, using mild conditions, for recovering TA with simultaneous exploitation of total polyphenols (TPP) from wine lees. RESULTS A first process step, described in a previous publication, yields a liquid stream containing approx. 44.2 g/L TA and 323.3 mg GAE/L TPP. In the present study, various ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes, are assessed, in bench-scale filtration tests, for their efficiency in separating the two main products (i.e. TA and TPP) from this stream. The most promising process configurations are also tested in a laboratory scale cross-flow membrane filtration pilot plant and assessed concerning the separation efficiency and the membrane filtration performance, to determine process feasibility at industrial scale. CONCLUSIONS The results show that a nanofiltration membrane with typical pore size approx. 1 kDa exhibits satisfactory separation and low-fouling filtration performance. The permeate, containing the bulk of TA (approx. 42.6 g/L), could be used for TA recovery, whereas the concentrate, with antioxidant activity (EC50 = 10.0 mg sample/mg DPPH˙), could be further purified to obtain polyphenolic-rich formulations.

Development and application of an automatic feeding control to manage anaerobic co-digestion of winery wastes

This paper deals with the optimization of anaerobic digestion of winery wastes considering the behavior of biogas production rate between two consecutive reactor feeds. Processes operating at different hydraulic retention times (23 and 40 d) were monitored and the specific biogas productions were comparable (0.386 and 0.378 m3/kgCODfed for retention time of 23 and 40 d, respectively). The biogas production rate reduced after 11–14 h in both the processes, this time corresponds to the necessary period to consume readily biodegradable and easily hydrolysable COD. In order to maximize biogas production, a system able to increase feeding frequency was set-up. The system activated the feeding pump when a reduction of biogas production rate (below 0.4 m3biogas/(m3reactord)) was detected. Consequently, hydraulic retention time decreased to 21 d and organic loading rate reached 6.2 kg COD/(m3reactord). Moreover, these conditions favored the growth of microorganism involved into degradation of soluble COD fraction and faster kinetics were observed in this conditions. Finally, two kinetic models (first order and step-diffusional) were applied to manually and automatically fed processes, in order to understand how the retention time and automatic control affected the degradation rate of the different types of compounds and to confirm the results obtained from the preliminary kinetic study. Step-diffusional model better predicted the trend of degradation rates (R2 0.97–1.00) because it considered three groups of compounds and the same number of parameters.