Windsor Castle Research Articles

Thomas Wakley, Astley Cooper and the death of George IV

King George IV of England died on 26 June 1830. His last illness and death were the subject of a series of astonishingly critical articles published in the Lancet, which castigated not only the quality of information contained in the bulletins from Windsor Castle about the Royal Illness, but also the quality of medical care that the King received. These articles were written by Thomas Wakley, the legendary founding editor of the Lancet, and were not only scathing about the King's medical attendants, but repeatedly demanded to know why Sir Astley Cooper, regarded by many as the leading clinician of his day, had not been called to the Court to minister to the King. Cooper had got to know the King socially after performing a minor operation on him several years before and had been widely applauded for his treatment of the Duke of York in 1827, who eventually succumbed to congestive cardiac failure. Wakley had smelt a medical rat at Court, and repeatedly referred to ‘the conjuror’ and ‘the magician’, a shadowy presence behind the throne who, for obscure reasons, was determined to keep Cooper away from the King's deathbed. Wakley was so exercised by Cooper's exclusion from the care of George IV that he demanded that the matter be debated in Parliament. The epicentre of this drama, involving three extraordinarily colourful characters, is Guy's Hospital, London. Sir Astley Cooper was the senior surgeon at Guy's, Wakley trained there, and so did another individual who, as we shall see later, may have had more than a little to do with the exclusion of Cooper from the Court at Windsor.

St. George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century (review)

Reviewed by: St. George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century Linda Monckton St. George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century. Edited by Nigel Saul. (Rochester, New York: The Boydell Press. 2005. Pp. xviii, 241. $90.00.) Edward III's foundations at Windsor (the chivalric Order of the Garter and associated college of secular canons) centered on St. George's Chapel, in the lower ward of Windsor castle. St. George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century seeks to demonstrate Edward's motivation for these extraordinary foundations, and their impact. This book is, in fact, one of several recently published on St. George's. In 2001 St. George's Chapel in the Late Middle Ages edited by Richmond and Scarff, was published, based on a conference of the same name. Following that the British Archaeological Association published the proceedings of its Windsor-based conference. In the same year a further conference took place, and from this the latest offering has emerged. Is there room, one might ask, for a further substantial volume? The series of eleven fascinating and highly informative papers in this book confirms that there is. The first three papers focus on Edward III; they are followed by five on the College and three on architecture and building. The first three papers focus on the Order of the Garter; topics include the relationship of Edward's Order to his political maneuverings, the construction of a public image of monarchy, and iconography. A brief but fascinating contribution by D. A. L. Morgan subtitled "How God became an Englishman revisited" covers the rise in status of St. George and the Blessed Virgin Mary under the Plantagenets and its association with a sense of nationalism. A more substantive contribution is made by Clive Burgess in his excellent and important account of collegiate foundations. Following this is A. K. B. Evans on litigation, a fascinating story of an obstinate vicar—highly revealing about legal cases in the late Middle Ages. It follows the editor's own contribution on the canons of the collegiate foundation, a clear and concise account of their careers. These papers tell us much about the personalities and people involved in the institution, additionally identifying what was exceptional or otherwise at St. George's. The musical tradition (albeit in the fifteenth century) is charted next through the career of John Plummer. At the time of Edward's foundation the college was served by a small chapel (constructed by Henry III), later wholly reconstructed by Edward IV and [End Page 305] Henry VII. For survivals of Edward's college, one must look to the ancillary buildings, in particular the original college entrance. John Goodall's article assesses this porch, tracing from it an incredible series of buildings, and telling us much about the character of late medieval English architecture, within which clearly the concepts of continuity and revival, interpretation and adaptation are firmly rooted. An account of the masons working at St. George's is provided next. The issue of the scale and complexity of Edward's works is well made. The impact of gathering together this enormous group of masons in the mid-fourteenth century is here associated with the subsequent development of a so-called national style. This concept, perhaps too heavily indebted to John Harvey, raises a crucial question about the character of late medieval English architecture and such generalizations have done much to undermine the varied and innovative character of architecture in England in the late Middle Ages. The exceptional nature of Edward's foundations, however, is confirmed by the final paper detailing the castle's carpentry. At times one might wonder whether the articles do not stray too far from the title of the volume. Conferences, however, do not produce monographs, and this volume is satisfyingly coherent. Several of the essays stand out as significant contributions to the history of Edward III, and the history of both colleges and architecture in late medieval England. Its broad contextualization, therefore, is perhaps not a failing but rather this book's great value. Linda Monckton English Heritage Copyright © 2006 The Catholic University of America Press

The Censorship of British Drama, 1900-1968 . Vol. 1, 1900-1932 , and: The Censorship of British Drama, 1900-1968 . Vol. 2, 1933-1952 (review)

244Comparative Drama any Shakespeare class, whether the teacher chooses to make the class entirely performance oriented or to include student performances in a more traditional course. Exploring Shakespeare's plays through their own performance ofthem offers students many benefits, ranging from the pleasure of creative collaboration to the improved understanding of the text (both dialogue and implied stage directions) that is necessitated by having to enact it. There are, ofcourse, other methods of encouraging students to appreciate Shakespeare's plays as theater. Videos may be a second best, though they, too, can be helpful in showing different interpretations ofthe same scene. Best ofall, ifone is sufficiently fortunate to find a good production on offer locally, is taking one's students to see a Shakespeare play in the theater. The different methods ofhelping students to negotiate the theoretical complexities of the relationship between text and performance need not be seen as mutually exclusive, though in practice one is always constrained bytime to make choices.Teachers ofShakespeare,even those teaching large classes, should seriously consider choosing to make time for at least some of Rocklin's performance activities to enrich their students' experience of Shakespeare's plays. In-class performance is not only pedagogically sound, it is also fun, as Rocklin's book amply demonstrates. Verna A. Foster Loyola University Chicago Steve Nicholson. The Censorship ofBritish Drama, 1900-1968. Vol. I1 1900-1932. Exeter: University ofExeter Press,2003. Pp. ? + 350. $69.95. Steve Nicholson. The Censorship ofBritish Drama, 1900-1968. Vol. 2, 1933-1952. Exeter: University ofExeter Press,2005. Pp. vii + 431. $75.00. In an effort to protect English audiences the Lord Chamberlain refused to license , and more than once, canonical plays like Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts, August Strindberg's Miss Julie, George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession, and Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour. The travails ofthese plays with the Lord Chamberlain's office are well documented. However, little is known about the Lord Chamberlain's censoring of plays like Laurence Hausman's Bethlehem (1902) because ofthe use ofbiblical Scriptures in the play's plot, Mary Stopes's Married Love (1923) because of an impotent male protagonist, Vere Sullivan's Reviews245 We, the Condemned (1938) because of its anti-Nazi stance, and Norman Ginsberg and Eric Maschwitz's BirthdayBouquet(1951) because QueenVictoria and Prince Albert sang and danced their way through a musical comedy. And, these latter plays make Steve Nicholson's three-volume history (two of which have so far been published) ofthe censorship ofBritish drama in the twentieth century a crucial, influential, and groundbreaking view of theater history. The machinations behind the lesser known plays of the British theater explicitly illuminate thepolicies (some ofthem highlyproblematic) followedbythe members of the Lord Chamberlain's office. Nicholson's extensive and detailed research provides an unfettered examination of their deliberations, sometimes highly delicate, concerning English theatrical censorship. Unlike previous critical examinations on the Lord Chamberlain,Nicholson draws from more than fifty thousand previously unexamined files, each file representing a play submitted for licensing by the Lord Chamberlain's office, in the British Library. Even more important, in researching the second volume Nicholson gained access to the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle. Included in these archives is a treasure trove ofmemos, minutes from meetings, correspondences , and notes that address the larger censorship issues that the Lord Chamberlains office combated. While the first volume is a valuable resource in its reliance on the British Library files, the inclusion ofthe Royal Archives material in the second volume makes it the more revealing and richer volume of the two as Nicholson pairs the file history of the various plays with the larger, overarching concerns ofthe Lord Chamberlain's office,providing a much deeper political and cultural context behind its decisions. The first volume covers 1900-32, slicing the era into two time periods: 1900-1918, ending with the culmination ofWorld War I, and 1919-32. When Nicholson began writingvolume 1,he anticipated his research would cover two volumes. He, therefore, ended the first volume at 1932 for a number of reasons, including that inl933 playwrights began addressing the political upheaval in Europe in their plays, and that in 1933 one of the major...

News

Professor Linda Partridge of University College London has won the 17th annual Research Into Ageing award for her work on understanding the mechanisms of ageing using the genetics of the fruit fly. She received her award from Her Majesty The Queen at Windsor Castle last month. Research Into Ageing is the biomedical research arm of Help the Aged and the award recognises outstanding individuals and organisations who have proved that age need not be a barrier to living life to the full.

Businesses for Middle East peace‐building: a framework for engagement

PurposeThis paper outlines a framework for engaging international business in the Palestinian‐Israeli peace process, based not on traditional profit models but on corporate social responsibility (CSR).Design/methodology/approachA crucial ingredient to Middle East peace is an economic development process providing jobs, stability, and growth in the West Bank and Gaza. This paper reports on a 26 member consultation at Windsor Castle, England, convened by the Institute for Global Ethics (IGE) in September 2002 to bring together Palestinians and Israelis from the region with business leaders and professionals from Europe, the US, and Canada. The consultation was preceded by an IGE research paper and followed by a published report.FindingsA discussion of the arguments for CSR engagement in the Middle East, along with two key documents agreed by the participants, are reported here. A “statement of principles” identifies six traits of successful CSR activities in the region. The second, listing 21 “practical steps for promoting economic development,” identifies potential business interventions listed in descending order of risk, complexity, cost, and long‐term commitment, including such items as “create micro‐enterprise opportunities for local entrepreneurs, and commit to purchasing their outputs,” and “help create management and/or skills training programs within the region.” The participants strongly agreed that the global business community, acting within a CSR framework, could significantly advance the prospects for Middle East peace.Originality/valueThis paper will interest business executives, CSR proponents, diplomats and economists, and leaders within the region seeking ways to jump‐start the currently stalled peace process.

Walpole's Tax On Catholics

General Cadogan, who had succeeded the Duke of Marlborough as commander-in-chief of the Army asked for an increase of 10,000 men in the armed forces, after the discovery of the Atterbury Plot in 1722. Robert Walpole knew that additional taxation for the standing army was unpopular in Parliament and in the country at large. He, therefore, decided to impose a tax of £100,000 on Catholics to pay for it. This was over and above the double land tax which Catholics and Protestant Nonjurors had paid since 1689. The land tax at the time stood at 4s in the pound. The Atterbury Plot was a Tory Anglican plot, not a Catholic plot, as Walpole well knew. Walpole suspected, probably rightly, that Catholics were generous in sending money to the Stuart Court in Rome. He could not prove it and neither can we for the receipts of money in the Stuart papers in Windsor Castle do not reveal the names of the donors.

St George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century

THE foundation in 1348 of the College of St George, whose canons would serve the royal chapel in Windsor Castle, provided a spiritual home for the simultaneously instituted Order of the Garter, and this fine collection opens with three essays focused on the Order. Juliet Vale examines Edward III's early chivalric enthusiasms, the hastiludes and court festivities of the 1330s and 40s and the pageantry of crests, devices and Arthurian heraldry displayed at them, which nursed ideas and associations that were later to be brought together in the institution of the Order. Mark Ormrod, while acknowledging the significance of these earlier developments, argues that the plans which gave the Order its distinctive constitution and linked it institutionally with the Chapel of St George only really took shape after Edward's homecoming from the siege of Calais. Their realisation established Windsor Castle, the King's birthplace, as the new centre of the cult of English royalty, and of its chivalrous tradition that looked back to Arthur. Exclusivity and knightly distinction were the hallmarks of the companionship of the new Order, the justice of the King's martial cause the message of its famous motto, honi soit qui mal y pense, which the courtly fancy later romanticised with the story of the King picking up the garter dropped by a lady. The significance of the re-dedication of the Windsor Castle chapel to St George, Edward's choice of patron saint for his Order, is penetratingly examined by David Morgan. Edward thereby made a competitive bid for a first call for England on the favour of the saint who in the age of crusading had come to be revered in the west as the supreme exemplar of Christian chivalry. Edward's invocation of this ‘athlete of Christ’ as the ‘special patron’ of the English illustrates at once the internationalism of his chivalrous aspirations and the spiritual dimension to the nationalism that his wars fostered.

Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire (review)

Reviewed by: Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire William C. Lowe Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. By Geoffrey Plank. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8122-3898-2. Map. Illustrations. Notes. Index. Pp. 259. $39.95. Happily this is not yet another account of Charles Edward Stuart's failed attempt to retrieve his family's dynastic fortunes. Instead of a rehash of the well-traveled road that led to and from Culloden, Geoffrey Plank provides a fresh take on the rising and its aftermath by integrating the part of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, and his army in the suppression of Jacobitism in the Scottish Highlands into the context of the mid-eighteenth century British empire, highlighting the army's role (at least in the eyes of its leaders) as a self-conscious civilizing and modernizing agent. In support, he instances the careers of five of Cumberland's officers: William Blakeney, Humphrey Bland, John Campbell, fourth Earl of Loudon, Edward Cornwallis, and James Wolfe. After describing their often harsh efforts to suppress, punish, and reform the "savage" Highlanders, Plank follows these officers through the next decade and beyond as they held a variety of important posts in Scotland, the Mediterranean, and North America and later served in the Seven Years' War. The valuable service given by Highland troops raised in the former Jacobite heartland is seen as the ultimate proof of the success of their efforts. The book is well-researched, making effective use of Cumberland's surviving papers at Windsor Castle and a variety of other collections in the British Isles and North America. Extensive citations to secondary sources show a solid grounding in contemporary scholarship on the rising, the army, and the empire. Overall the author is successful in bringing out a cultural dimension to the army's imperial role, manifested in its frequent contact with peoples of diverse backgrounds. The leaders depicted here displayed a clear sense of performing a civilizing mission, one that went hand-in-hand with enforcing loyalty to the Hanoverian line. The book is more suggestive than conclusive, however. Some aspects of it could be clearer. At times the author seems to equate Highlanders, Gaelic-speakers, and Jacobites, though at others he delineates divisions in Highland society and ultimately notes that the Highland troops that later fought in North America contained few former Jacobites. The group of five officers at the heart of the book seems a somewhat artificial and ex post facto construction. At least until 1757, Cumberland's position in the army and stature in the empire was such that many officers sought his patronage and identified with his leadership. Some of the duke's protégés are missing from the narrative. In particular, George Keppel, third earl of Albemarle (known as Viscount Bury until 1754) is a curious omission. After a conspicuous role at Culloden, he went on to win fame as the army commander of the expedition that captured Havana in 1762, following the victory with a brief and controversial governorship that might have been compared with those of some of the officers featured in the book. At Cumberland's death, George III appointed Albemarle his uncle's executor and entrusted him with vetting the [End Page 498] duke's papers. Overall, though, this is a useful and stimulating work that will repay the attention of those seeking a fuller appreciation of the British army as a cultural—and acculturating—force. William C. Lowe Ashford University Clinton, Iowa Copyright © 2006 Society for Military History

St. George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century ed. by Nigel Saul (review)

NIGEL SAUL, ed., St. George's Chapel Windsor in the Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 7005. Pp. xvii, 241. ISBN: 1-84383-117-1. $90. In 1348, King Edward III of England rededicated the chapel at Windsor Castle to St. George, founded a college of priests there, and made the chapel the headquarters of his prestigious confraternal Order of the Garter. Windsor thenceforth became the grandest of England's royal residences and a focal point of English court life. The twelve essays in the present volume grew out of a conference held at Windsor in 2002 and fall roughly into three groups: discussing the political and cultural place of St. George's in fourteenth-century England, the people involved with it, and the archaeology of its fabric. Readers of ARTHURIANA are likely to prefer the first of these groups on account of its Arthurian and chivalric themes, but all the papers are of a nigh quality and offer original insights into the early history of St. George's. Contributions by W.M. Ormrod and Juliet Vale discuss the genesis of the Garter, which did not come from nothing. In 1344, after a weeklong tournament at Windsor, Edward III swore a solemn oath that he would found a Round Table 'of the same manner and standing as that which the Lord Arthur, formerly King of England, had relinquished.' Edward ordered a great hall and a round table to be built to accommodate the 300 member-knights who were to meet at Pentecost every year thereafter. This project never came to fruition, but its relationship with the Garter has long interested historians, who have perceived the shade of the chivalric King Arthur hanging over a society devoted to the chivalric St. George. Although Ormrod proposes that the specific form of the Garter occurred to Edward quickly, in the first six months of 1348, he does see chivalry as the cornerstone of the Garter's purpose. The Order may later have become integral to the public presentation of the monarchy and an effective tool of royal patronage, but its small membership, French motto, and liturgical focus all point to something initially more private, a product of Edward's 'profound enthusiasm for chivalric culture and his strong desire to honour and dignify the castle of his birth.' The Order's motto, Honi soit qui mal y feme ('shame be to him who thinks ill of it'), asserts that the king not only had a just claim to the throne of France but also had the fundamental ability and right to distinguish between honor and shame, 'those two great and polarised concerns of chivalric culture.' (King Arthur, of course, does exactly the same thing in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, whose last line is, famously, the Garter motto.) Vale, for her part, proposes that Edward may have abandoned the Round Table project on account of the limitations of Arthurian mythology: the original Arthur had shared equal status with many other knights and was ultimately betrayed and defeated in battle, which was not the role Edward envisioned for himself with his wars in France. Nonetheless, earlier tournaments and 'hastiludes' had produced a bank of images or a symbolic vocabulary that could be drawn on as occasion demanded, and the establishment of the Garter was one of those occasions. The use of tournament teams, costumes, and crests were some of the phenomena that the Garter shared with earlier events; the crests, indeed, were memorialized forever in the heraldic plates affixed to the back of a deceased member's stall in St. George's chapel. Perhaps most important, Garter jousts, in common with earlier ones, produced 'a winner but no losers'-that is, their chief function was to define more sharply the participants' collective identity and sense of superiority to others. Why Edward III should have chosen St. George as the patron of the Garter rather than his own namesake St. Edward the Confessor or some other native English saint is investigated by D.A.L. Morgan. English monarchs had venerated St. …

The problem of incontinence

There are an estimated 3 000 000 people in the UK who are incontinent and no more than 10% of them receive any kind of specialist help at all. Some 87 surgical equipment companies produce equipment of one kind or another, but the choice to the individual is based on what the prescriber knows about them. The multidisciplinary participants at a residential workshop on incontinence resource facilities held at St George's House, Windsor Castle, 18–20 December 1981, noted that there appeared to be a singular lack of information among members of the health care professions about the incidence or state of knowledge relating to urinary incontinence among the British population. As a result they have very little idea of the extent of the problem or how to cope with it. Recent research findings were cited which indicated that in the British population aged 70 years and over, living at home, 7·3% of the males and 18·1% of females suffer from incontinence. About £36 000 000 per year is spent on incontinence equipment in the NHS, of which £24 000 000 is spent on pads and pants. In addition many individual patients are often paying for the equipment themselves. With the vast amount of money spent each year by the NHS there could well be some cost benefits which would accrue from identifying the problem more clearly and identifying more appropriate care and more appropriate equipment as aids to this care. Incontinence laundry facilities are available only to a minute proportion of incontinent people, probably about 0·1%. But there appears to be an indiscriminate distribution of incontinence pants and pads. Furthermore, nurses and doctors are often very ill-informed about the relative advantages of different types of body-worn and bed protection items which are available for incontinent patients. This leads to the suspicion that very little practical advice is given to patients, causing many of them to obtain inappropriate and expensive products. Because women do not like to use pants, they often use sanitary pads instead. It is interesting to note that about 80 000 000 sanitary pads per year are sold in the UK. At present there is little contribution to informed debate available from industry or commercial firms. Although there is a potential source of research money among the manufacturers of equipment, there is an understandable reluctance on their part to invest in capital or research if the NHS is unwilling finally to pay for quality products. Indeed, there is good reason to believe that most manufacturers aim to identify a need that they can fulfil, as well as identifying specific key areas in which they can facilitate research. The workshop participants made a number of recommendations. These have been documented in a full report of the deliberations at the workshop which have been used as the basis for further discussion at the regional study days organized throughout the UK by the Royal College of Nursing of the UK, who, with the generous sponsorship of Squibb Surgicare Limited, convened The Windsor Workshop. In due course, a comprehensive report embracing the findings of the workshop and subsequent study days will be prepared by the joint sponsoring organizations. This should prove to be a most illuminating document and very pertinent for health service policy makers. Those 3 000 000 British citizens who are incontinent deservemore attention. A little more interest from healthcare practitioners, coupled with improvements in the education and training of healthcare students, would do a great deal to alleviate the lot of persons suffering from incontinence. It would certainly do a great deal towards improving the quality of their lives. The report of the workshop contains many important statements not least that: ‘it is important to stress that in the management of the care of incontinent patients, recognition should be given to the different needs of individuals and also to the very different needs of the major groups of individuals with long-term incontinence problems, a group whose numbers are likely to increase in the future, among them being psychogeriatric patients and mentally handicapped patients’. ‘The projected increase in the numbers of individuals over 80 during the next decade needs careful consideration, especially as in this age group up to one in three of them could suffer with a degree of dementia. This increasing number of psycho-geriatric individuals, of whom a high percentage have incurable incontinence...highlights the need for effective management and care as well as for further research into incontinence and its management.’ The need for continency is surely a very human need.

THE VARIETY OF PANENTHEISMS

Abstract. In this article I review the efforts of eighteen scientists and theologians, recorded in this book, to describe the relation of God to the universe during a conference sponsored by the John Templeton Foundation at Windsor Castle in 2001. Theologians from several branches of Christian faith articulate their understanding of panentheism, revealing a considerable diversity. I deal with each author in relation to six issues: the way God acts, how God's intimate relation to the world is to be described, the relation of God to spacetime, whether God is dependent upon the world, what type of language is used, and the problem of dipolar panentheism. I identify significant differences between these authors, suggest where fruitful dialogue is possible, and distinguish between intelligibility and plausibility in comparing dipolar panentheism with other types.

Henry Wood, the ?Proms,? and National Identity in Music, 1895-1904

4 T ell me, Mr. Wood, are you quite English? Your appearance is rather un-English (qtd. in Jacobs, Wood 62). Queen Victoria directed this provocative question to young conductor Henry Wood on occasion of a command performance at Windsor Castle on 24 November 1898, perhaps motivated by cut of his beard, modeled on that of Arthur Nikisch, Austro-Hungarian conductor. The question was not necessarily an insular or xenophobic one, since a preference for German music had always prevailed among royal family, dating back to visits of Felix Mendelssohn half a century earlier. For this occasion, queen had chosen five selections from Richard Wagner, rounding off program with Engelbert Humperdinck's overture to Hansel and Gretel, and selections from two non-German composers, Camille Saint-Saens and Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky. A later concert at Windsor was devoted entirely to music from Parsifal. Having spent sixty years on throne in no way necessitated queen's attention, would seem, to sixty years of English music. One recentjudgment that the Victorians, seemed, could do anything with music-except compose it (Hoppen 394) follows a long line of obiter dicta that a lively scholarly dialogue in twenty-five years has increasingly challenged. The Victorians composed a great deal of music, much of better than merely pedestrian and some of of a quality that renders its neglect unjustifiable. Even in current climate of scholarly revisionism, study of such music, its reception, its performance history, and its role as cultural expression continues to lag well behind study of other nineteenth-century music among musicologists, just as has lagged behind literature, history, and visual arts as objects of study among Victorianists.1 In annals of this music, arguably only death of composer Arthur Sullivan in 1900 could be assigned a cultural resonance akin to that accorded deaths of Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning.2

Henry Wood: the "Proms," and National Identity in Music, 1895-1904

Henry Wood, the “Proms,” and National Identity in Music, 1895–1904 Lawrence Poston (bio) Tell me, Mr. Wood, are you quite English? Your appearance is rather un-English" (qtd. in Jacobs, Wood 62). Queen Victoria directed this provocative question to the young conductor Henry Wood on the occasion of a command performance at Windsor Castle on 24 November 1898, perhaps motivated by the cut of his beard, modeled on that of Arthur Nikisch, the Austro-Hungarian conductor. The question was not necessarily an insular or xenophobic one, since a preference for German music had always prevailed among the royal family, dating back to the visits of Felix Mendelssohn half a century earlier. For this occasion, the queen had chosen five selections from Richard Wagner, rounding off the program with Engelbert Humperdinck's overture to Hansel and Gretel, and selections from two non-German composers, Camille Saint-Saëns and Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky. A later concert at Windsor was devoted entirely to music from Parsifal. Having spent sixty years on the throne in no way necessitated the queen's attention, it would seem, to sixty years of English music. One recent judgment that "the Victorians, it seemed, could do anything with music—except compose it" (Hoppen 394) follows a long line of obiter dicta that a lively scholarly dialogue in the twenty-five years has increasingly challenged. The Victorians composed a great deal of music, much of it better than the merely pedestrian and some of it of a quality that renders its neglect unjustifiable. Even in the current climate of scholarly revisionism, the study of such music, its reception, its performance history, and its role as cultural expression continues to lag well behind the study of other nineteenth-century music among musicologists, just as it has lagged behind literature, history, and the visual arts as objects of study among Victorianists.1 In the annals of this music, arguably only the death of the composer Arthur Sullivan in 1900 could be assigned a cultural resonance akin to that accorded the deaths of Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning.2 [End Page 397] I argue in this essay that Victorian music was preempted by Continental music before it properly registered its weight in late Victorian England. Evidence for this claim is, I believe, offered by the popular success and cultural importance of the early Promenade concerts at Queen's Hall, for which Robert Newman was the indefatigable proprietor, Wood the conductor, and Edgar F. Jacques the program annotator. From their inception in 1895, the "Proms" (to use the sobriquet which gradually attached to them as the twentieth century wore on) were consciously intended as a bridge between "serious" and "popular" taste, designed to promote greater musical appreciation. The Proms, even when they did not feature Victorian or even British music, constituted a distinctive and lasting ritual of British Victorian musical culture. I. Promenade concerts were well established on the London and Paris musical stages long before Wood made his first appearance (Weber, Music 108–13). Percy Scholes traces "the idea of standing or walking whilst listening to music, instead of sitting in solemn rows," to the great eighteenth-century and Regency gardens such as Vauxhall, Marylebone, and Ranelagh. The term itself probably came from France, where the musician Philippe Musard had developed concerts on the Ranelagh model in Paris in the 1830s (Scholes 1: 192). On 6 December 1838, the Musical World sardonically commented that "the chief interest lies in the elegant perambulators themselves, who wander in pairs, finished by the Stultz and the St. James Street milliners, and arranged to orchestral accompaniments by Strauss and Musard" (qtd. in Mackerness 180). By 1846 the popular French conductor Louis Jullien conducted nightly an orchestra of three hundred at the Surrey Gardens where polkas, operatic selections, and waltzes alternated with isolated movements from symphonies by Franz Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven; Jullien later directed concerts featuring similar programs and inviting similarly stylish strollers at Covent Garden in the 1850s. As the century wore on, promenade concerts became less a venue for social display than an attempt to bring concert music within the range of the pocketbooks of the middle classes. In Manchester, the...

Ambivalence All Around

Review Article| December 01 2005 Ambivalence All Around T. S. Eliot and the Cultural Divide, by Chinitz, David, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 264 pages. Jayme Stayer Jayme Stayer Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Twentieth-Century Literature (2005) 51 (4): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2005-1001 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Jayme Stayer; Ambivalence All Around. Twentieth-Century Literature 1 December 2005; 51 (4): 504–511. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2005-1001 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsTwentieth-Century Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © Hofstra University2005 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Reviews You do not currently have access to this content.

SCOTLAND’S PLACE IN BRITAIN’S CORONATION TRADITION

INTHE MONTHS THAT FOLLOWED his arrival in London in 1603, James VI of Scotland and soon-to-be I of England busied himself with the establishment of his court, forging its character through the selection of its personnel and the organisation of its ritual calendar. In this enterprise he was to make many concessions to English courtly precedent, breaking with the austere Scottish courtly ritual practice in which he had been reared.1 In keeping with this spirit, James took the decision to postpone the Garter Festival of St George from April until July in order to celebrate the saint's day in person at the traditional site of Windsor Castle. His Protestant predecessors on the English throne had expressed concern about the Catholic connotations of this quintessentially English gothic rite.2 So how would the saviour of England's Protestant line find the festival after his initial enthusiasm? Dudley Carleton recorded that during his first major monarchical celebration in England James attended service, went in procession, made an offering at the altar and dined publicly all rites incidentally which the Garter Festival shared with the impending coronation. 'At which sight every man was well pleased: Carleton observed, 'save some Scottish kirkemen who sayde it sented too much of the Pape.'3 I begin with this vignette because it is an early example of a phenomenon that would rent apart the British state during the civil wars of the 1640s: the inability of the Scots and English, cohabiting for the first time in a British relationship, to agree on an acceptable model of monarchical ritual. And I begin with this vignette because it has a direct bearing on the coronation ceremony: the supreme expression of monarchy and the master template for monarchical ritual. The specific question about the future of British coronations that I would like to reflect on might surprise many people: how many coronations should a British sovereign hold in our day and age? The answer seems perfectly obvious: one coronation, of course, for one United Kingdom. Certainly for the last three hun...; dred and fifty years this has been the case. But it was not always so. In fact there

For the King's Pleasure: The Furnishing and Decoration of George IV's Apartments at Windsor Castle. Hugh Roberts

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsFor the King's Pleasure: The Furnishing and Decoration of George IV's Apartments at Windsor Castle. Hugh Roberts Frances CollardFrances Collard Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 11, Number 2SPRING-SUMMER 2004 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/studdecoarts.11.2.40663083 Views: 1Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in Studies in the Decorative Arts (1993-2009), which is continued by West 86th (2011-present). Copyright 2004 The Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and CulturePDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History

Some years ago, David Freedberg opened a dusty cupboard at Windsor Castle and discovered hundreds of vividly coloured, masterfully precise drawings of all sorts of plants and animals from the Old and New Worlds. Coming upon thousands more drawings like them across Europe, Freedberg finally traced them all back to a little-known scientific organization from 17th-century Italy called the Academy of Linceans (or Lynxes). Founded by Prince Federico Cesi in 1603, the Linceans took as their task nothing less than the documentation and classification of all of nature in pictorial form. In this first book-length study of the Linceans to appear in English, Freedberg focuses especially on their unprecedented use of drawings based on microscopic observation and other new techniques of visualization. Where previous thinkers had classified objects based mainly on similarities of external appearance, the Linceans instead turned increasingly to sectioning, dissection and observation of internal structures. They applied their new research techniques to an incredible variety of subjects, from the objects in the heavens studied by their most famous (and infamous) member, Galileo Galilei - whom they supported at the most critical moments of his career - to the flora and fauna of Mexico, bees, fossils and the reproduction of plants and fungi. But by demonstrating the inadequacy of surface structures for ordering the world, the Linceans unwittingly planted the seeds for the demise of their own favourite method - visual description - as a mode of scientific classification. Profusely illustrated and engagingly written, The Eye of the Lynx uncovers a crucial episode n the development of visual representation and natural history. And perhaps as important, it offers readers a dazzling array of early modern drawings, from magnificently depicted birds and flowers to frogs in amber, monstrously misshapen citrus fruits and more.

The life and works of the Lancashire novelist William Harrison Ainsworth, 1805-1882

Part 1 Introduction: contemporary reception - the pre and early Victorian critical heritage the Victorian reaction late Victorian views modern judgements an age in transition. Part 2 Blood and thunder - Gothic apprenticeship: essential juvenilia, 1821-1823 the best of the rest - December Tales, 1823 the first -Sir John Chiverton, 1826. Part 3 Fame and infamy - Rookwood, romance, 1834: life in London - business, family and Fraser's, 1826-1834 the design of romance - Rookwood, Scott and the gothic the phantom steed - the outlaw narrative of Rookwood. Part 4 Writing the underworld - Jack Sheppard, romance, 1839: a sort of Hogartharian novel vagabondiana - Jack Sheppard and social exploration the storm - the Newgate controversy. Part 5 historical novelist - prophecy, passivity and tragedy: twin-born romances - Guy Fawkes and The Tower of London, 1840 hell on earth - Old St. Paul's - A Tale of the Plague and the Fire, 1841 the devil and his works - Windsor Castle, 1843 and Auriol, 1844. Part 6 Lancashire novelist: dream of flying - The Lancashire Witches - Romance of Pendle Forest, 1848 the Lancashire novels. Part 7 greatest axe-and-neck romancer of our time: growing old gracefully - 1850-1881 man of La Manchester. Part 8 Something like conclusion: appendices.

Politics and Procedure in the Trial of Charles I

In the autumn and winter of 1648, England descended into a domestic political crisis unparalleled at any time in the country's history before or since. At Newport on the Isle of Wight, representatives from both Houses of Parliament straggled to conclude a treaty with their king that would end years of civil war and restore some semblance of political order. But many Englishmen trembled to contemplate the consequences of negotiated settlement with a man who had caused so much chaos and bloodshed, who had contrived the violent incursion of a Scottish army onto English soil in the summer of 1648, and even now continued to pin his hopes on an invasion of Catholic forces from Ireland. The officers and men of the New Model Army and their radical supporters in the country at large called for an end to negotiations. They also demanded retributive justice on all those, “from the highest to the lowest,” who had almost drowned the nation in innocent blood, lest they seize the opportunity to finish the job. When the army placed the king himself under physical restraint, MPs proceeded regardless to declare themselves satisfied that the search for peaceful settlement ought to continue. The army now purged the House of Commons of the supporters of the Newport treaty. Many of its officers were eager enough to reach some kind of an understanding with the king themselves, but rather than negotiate, they preferred to dictate terms. When the king refused those that the earl of Denbigh purportedly took to him at Windsor Castle late in December 1648, the officers and their allies in the Rump House of Commons prepared to put Charles on trial instead. Justice would at last be done, and it would be seen to be done.

Colin Richmond and Eileen Scarff, eds., St George's Chapel, Windsor, in the Late Middle Ages. (Historical Monographs relating to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 17.) Windsor: Dean and Canons of Windsor, 2001. Pp. viii, 214 plus 8 color plates; 25 black-and-white figures and tables.

Colin Richmond and Eileen Scarff, eds., St George's Chapel, Windsor, in the Late Middle Ages. (Historical Monographs relating to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 17.) Windsor: Dean and Canons of Windsor, 2001. Pp. viii, 214 plus 8 color plates; 25 black-and-white figures and tables.