Window Profiles Research Articles

The environmental costs of clean cycles: Quantitative analysis for the case of PVC window profile recycling in Germany

AbstractRecycling schemes for long‐lived products are challenged by the presence of “legacy substances,” which have been used in production in the past, but are nowadays classified as substances of concern. This study quantitatively evaluates the trade‐offs between phasing out legacy substances, increasing circularity levels, and reducing life cycle impacts of polyvinylchloride (PVC) window profiles recycling in Germany based on a comprehensive dynamic material and substance flow analysis coupled with a prospective life cycle assessment. Scenario results indicate that although lead had been phased out in virgin PVC by 2015, lead concentrations in end‐of‐life PVC window profiles will remain above 0.3% until the end of the century without a restriction of lead in recycled PVC and will be by factor 3–5 higher compared to a restriction as stipulated by EU 2023/923. However, the latter is associated with lower recycling rates and higher life cycle environmental impacts of PVC window frame waste management, which cannot be fully compensated by the introduction of new waste treatment pathways using currently available technologies. The study serves to introduce a new comprehensive modeling framework, which allows for the consideration of trade‐offs between substance, material, and environmental impact dimensions as a basis for discussing and developing sustainable waste management strategies.

Identification and Benchmarking of Myokinasib-II as a Selective and Potent Chemical Probe for Exploring MLCK1 Inhibition.

Deciphering the functional relevance of every protein is crucial to developing a better (patho)physiological understanding of human biology. The discovery and use of quality chemical probes propel exciting developments for developing drugs in therapeutic areas with unmet clinical needs. Myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) serves as a possible therapeutic target in a plethora of diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cancer, etc. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in interest in exploring MLCK biology. However, there is only one widely used MLCK modulator, namely, ML-7, that too with a narrow working concentration window and high toxicity profile leading to limited insights. Herein, we report the identification of a potent and highly selective chemical probe, Myokinasib-II, from the synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of a focused indotropane-based compound collection. Notably, it is structurally distinct from ML-7 and hence meets the need for an alternative inhibitor to study MLCK biology as per the recommended best practices. Moreover, our extensive benchmarking studies demonstrate that Myokinasib-II displays better potency, better selectivity profile, and no nonspecific interference in relevant assays as compared to other known MLCK inhibitors.

Sürdürülebilir cephe tasarımının bir bileşeni olarak lamine pencerelerin teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi

Wood is an environment-friendly, durable and sustainable material which gives spaces a warm and natural look. The construction industry, which uses many types of materials together in terms of its components, focuses on efficiency in building materials in order to offer aesthetic, economical and ergonomic solutions as a result of today's architectural approaches. In the construction sector, the use of wood has become widespread in facade design and window production especially with the increasing importance of environmental awareness and sustainability in the 21st century. In this study, black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) has been used as the wood material. The test samples consist of three layers. Urea-formaldehyde glue was used for bonding the test samples. Following the physical and mechanical experiments conducted during the research process, it was determined that the technological characteristics of the window profile produced from three-layer laminated black pine wood are superior to the technological characteristics of the solid window profile representing its own species. In order to achieve sustainability goals, it can be recommended to use laminated wooden window profiles in buildings.

A combined experimental and numerical analysis framework for the design of aluminum windows

Windows form an essential part of modern architecture owing to their crucial role in the energy efficiency of the building, functionality, durability, and aesthetic appeal. Despite their relevance, window designs are mainly carried out in an ad-hoc fashion. At the same time, more sophisticated approaches rely on trial-and-error experiments involving expensive custom die-casting and wind load experiments. This study proposes a robust numerical framework for economically designing new Aluminum window profiles. Specifically, we use a finite element model to determine the maximum threshold wind load and regions of failure for an Aluminum sliding window. The model is validated against experimental results. Further, a comparative study between windows made of regular 6063-Al alloy and Duranium™ (patented new aluminum alloy) is also performed to evaluate the role of material properties in the structural response of window sections. Interestingly, despite having comparable elastic modulus, we noted that the windows made of Duranium™ survive higher loads and exhibit significantly lower plasticity. Altogether, the present work demonstrates that the numerical model can accurately predict the failure patterns, loads, and deflections for the window frames and, hence, can easily be developed into an automated analysis framework for the optimal design of window frames. This could potentially improve the overall safety, comfort, energy efficiency, and sustainability of buildings at both the construction and usage stages.

Preliminary Safety, Pharmacological and Efficacy Data from Patients with Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Malignancies Treated with the ICP-248, a Next Generation BCL2 Inhibitor

Background: BCL2, a key protein regulator of the apoptotic pathway, is constitutively expressed in various malignancies, which is a hallmark of cancer cell. BCL2 inhibitors have been shown to be safe and effective and are approved for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma (CLL/SLL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Venetoclax, the first and only approved BCL2 inhibitor, is associated with gastrointestinal toxicities and tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Therefore, ICP-248 was developed as a potent and highly selective inhibitor of BCL2 and has shown antitumor activity superior to venetoclax in preclinical studies. Preclinical studies of ICP-248 have demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics profile, broad safety window and excellent safety profile, as well as synergistic effect in anti-tumor activity in combination with Orelabrutinib, a novel and highly selective BTK inhibitor. Methods: ICP-CL-1201 is a phase I study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of ICP-248 in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies ( ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05728658). The study will be conducted in 2 parts. Part 1 will evaluate ICP-248 as monotherapy at the target dose of 100mg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 500mg and 600mg (once daily and 28 days per cycle) and will explore different ramp-up dosing strategies. Part 2 will evaluate ICP-248 in selected and proposed indications. The dose escalation in Part 1 will follow the 3+3 design with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) observation window with 49 days. Eligible patients include those with CLL/SLL and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) who failed on available therapy. Key exclusion criteria include CNS involvement, prior exposure to BCL2 inhibitors and clinically significant cardiovascular disease. Adverse events (AEs) are reported per common terminology criteria for AEs (CTCAE) v5.0. Efficacy was evaluated according to the Lugano 2014 or International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (iwCLL) 2018 criteria. Minimal residual disease was evaluated with flow or next generation sequencing. Results: As of 30 th July, 2023 (data cutoff date) 3 patents (mantle cell lymphoma [MCL], SLL and CLL) had been enrolled at the dose level of 100 mg QD; age ranging from 53 to 68; follow-up ranging from 1.9 to 4.7 months); median of prior regimen numbers was 3 (range, 1-3; 2 out 3 patients failed on zanubrutinib or pirtobrutinib). ICP-248 demonstrated a favorable PK profile, approximate dose proportionality was observed across the ramp-up stage. No DLTs and SAEs were observed. All the AEs were grade 1 to 2 (mainly neutropenia) without dose interruption and modifications. No TLS including laboratory TLS was observed. Two patients with MCL and SLL were assessed as complete response (CR) at the end of cycle 2, and the CLL patient was assessed as stable disease without sign and symptom of disease and recovering hematology. Undetectable MRD was confirmed in the patient with SLL and MCL. Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest that ICP-248 is safe and well tolerated in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. The favorable clinical pharmacological and safety profiles support current dose ramp up strategy. Preliminary efficacy data demonstrated good response with deep remission. Further assessment of safety and efficacy with additional dose levels and dosing strategies will be pursued in expanded patient population and in the combination with orelabrutinib.

Revisiting Aurora Kinase B: A promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy.

Cancer continues to be a major health concern globally, although the advent of targeted therapy has revolutionized treatment options. Aurora Kinase B is a serine-threonine kinase that has been explored as an oncology therapeutic target for more than two decades. Aurora Kinase B inhibitors show promising biological results in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. However, there are no inhibitors approved yet for clinical use, primarily because of the side effects associated with Aurora B inhibitors. Several studies demonstrate that Aurora B inhibitors show excellent synergy with various chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. This makes it an excellent choice as an adjuvant therapy to first-line therapies, which greatly improves the therapeutic window and side effect profile. Recent studies indicate the role of Aurora B in some deadly cancers with limited therapeutic options, like triple-negative breast cancer and glioblastoma. Herein, we review the latest developments in Aurora Kinase B targeted research, with emphasis on its potential as an adjuvant therapy and its role in some of the most difficult-to-treat cancers.

Разработка и верификация имитационной модели процесса теплопередачи через оконный блок с теплоотражающими экранами

Window units account for the largest specific heat losses. The use of movable heat-reflecting screens and photovoltaic solar panels is of particular interest among the existing technologies to improve the thermal protection of windows. Despite the large number of scientific papers on this issue, which consider experimental laboratory studies and numerical simulation of heat transfer processes through window units, there is no data on the influence of the edge zones of a double-glazed window, as well as the areas of interface of the window profile and the light opening on the thermal processes that occur in these energy-saving units with screens. Vertical replacing of specific heat fluxes and temperature on the inner surface of the window unit strongly influences the correctness of determining the value of the minimum allowable temperature of the indoor air. Thus, the development and verification of models of the heat transfer process through a window unit with screens is an urgent task in the context of an indoor microclimate creation. Simulation numerical modeling is performed using the finite element method based on the fundamental laws of heat transfer. The authors have used the results of experimental studies of windows with heat-reflecting screens carried out in a certified climatic chamber. The authors have developed a two-dimensional simulation model of heat transfer through a window unit with heat-reflecting screens located in the partition wall of the climate chamber. The distribution of temperatures, air flow velocities, and reduced total thermal resistance along the height of a translucent structures has been studied. The adequacy of the proposed simulation model is confirmed by comparison with the results of the experiment in a certified laboratory, as well as data obtained by other authors and regulatory documentation. The use of heat-reflecting screens in the window unit increases the resistance to heat transfer by 1,6–3,7 times depending on their number. A significant decrease in temperature in the edge zones of the double-glazed window is revealed. The use of the developed simulation model makes it possible to determine the application of heat-reflecting screens in windows for intermittent heating systems including the case of using pre-drying air technology for humid, wet, or normal operation modes of industrial premises.

U.S. Adolescent Rest-Activity patterns: insights from functional principal component analysis (NHANES 2011–2014)

BackgroundSuboptimal rest-activity patterns in adolescence are associated with worse health outcomes in adulthood. Understanding sociodemographic factors associated with rest-activity rhythms may help identify subgroups who may benefit from interventions. This study aimed to investigate the association of rest-activity rhythm with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in adolescents.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 adolescents (N = 1814), this study derived rest-activity profiles from 7-day 24-hour accelerometer data using functional principal component analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the association between participant characteristics and rest-activity profiles. Weekday and weekend specific analyses were performed in addition to the overall analysis.ResultsFour rest-activity rhythm profiles were identified, which explained a total of 82.7% of variance in the study sample, including (1) High amplitude profile; (2) Early activity window profile; (3) Early activity peak profile; and (4) Prolonged activity/reduced rest window profile. The rest-activity profiles were associated with subgroups of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and household income. On average, older age was associated with a lower value for the high amplitude and early activity window profiles, but a higher value for the early activity peak and prolonged activity/reduced rest window profiles. Compared to boys, girls had a higher value for the prolonged activity/reduced rest window profiles. When compared to Non-Hispanic White adolescents, Asian showed a lower value for the high amplitude profile, Mexican American group showed a higher value for the early activity window profile, and the Non-Hispanic Black group showed a higher value for the prolonged activity/reduced rest window profiles. Adolescents reported the lowest household income had the lowest average value for the early activity window profile.ConclusionsThis study characterized main rest-activity profiles among the US adolescents, and demonstrated that demographic and socioeconomic status factors may shape rest-activity behaviors in this population.

Engineering Method for Calculating Temperature Deformations of PVC Window Profiles with a Reinforcing Steel Core

In current engineering practice, static calculation of windows for temperature loads is not performed. However, the existing experience in operating PVC windows in environmental conditions of Eastern and Northern Europe shows that the temperature deformation of such structures can reach values comparable to those of wind loads, which leads to a significant reduction in their technical and operational characteristics. Temperature deformations of windows can be assessed during laboratory tests. However, such tests are not representative. In this regard, it is necessary to develop an engineering method for calculating temperature deformations of windows. In this study, the authors present the results of the analysis of temperature deformations of PVC window profiles. The investigations were divided into several stages. First, the authors numerically analysed the character of temperature distribution over the cross section of PVC window profiles. Then, they theoretically substantiated the bending deformations of PVC window profiles disregarding the reinforcing steel core. Next, the authors considered the patterns of bending deformations of PVC window profiles, taking into account the presence of a reinforcing steel core in various schemes of their connection to each other. The authors also analysed the effect of the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of PVC on the deformation of window profiles. The character of torsional temperature deformations of PVC window profiles was also studied. As a result of this investigation, the authors proposed a simplified analytical and numerical method for calculating the temperature deformations of PVC window profiles with a reinforcing steel core. The authors have used the proposed methods to calculate the temperature deformations of PVC window mullions (vertical bars that divide the window into parts). These theoretical calculations were compared with the experimental investigations data on PVC windows and showed a fine precision of results (the discrepancy was 10.6%).

Mechanical model of the casing sidetracking tool system considering weight on bit and axial displacement

It is of practical interesting to investigate the mechanical behaviors of sidetracking tool system and describe the sidetracking window profile with its influencing factors, because it can provide an important basis for optimizing the sidetracking tool system and controlling the shape of sidetracking window effectively. A load-displacement equation of sidetracking tool system, which describes the force-displacement relation of grinding shoes, is established using the piecewise rigidization method. Stress equations of sidetracking tool system are derived to describe the stress distribution characteristics and their influencing factors more effectively, in which the weight on bit (WOB) is considered. An axial displacement function of flexible joint is obtained through numerical simulation and data fitting, and then a profile equation of sidetracking window is established to express the influences of axial displacement. It should be emphasized that the established profile equation can predict the casing sidetracking window shape more accurately because the influence of the axial displacement of the flexible joint is considered. The load-displacement equation, stress equations, axial displacement function and window profile equation, which have been mentioned above, compose a mechanical model of sidetracking tool system. Using the mechanical model, the influence laws of flexible joint length and thickness and construction WOB on window shape are calculated and analyzed, and then the operation parameters of sidetracking window are optimized. Some useful findings are as follows. The sidetracking window profile resembles an inverted tear drop shape. The window width is mainly affected by the size of casing and grinding shoe, while the window length is mainly affected by the angle of whipstock and the combined deformation of sidetracking tool. The adjustable range of window width is less than that of the window length. The length of the window increases with the reduced length of the flexible joint, or the increased thickness of the flexible joint, or the increased WOB. This work can become a theoretical basis and calculation tool for designing a sidetracking tool system which produces the sidetracking window shape more effectively and accurately.

Prospects and challenges for the domestic market of PVC profiles in the era of sanctions

Import substitution has become our reality today. The Russian industry has a chance to “start all over again” by becoming independent, launching completely Russian production. Vladimir Petyushin, the founder and owner of Melke, a manufacturer of PVC window profiles, tells how the vacant niches are occupied by companies with fully Russian production.

A Nonlinear Dynamic Model for Characterizing the Downhole Motions of the Sidetracking Tool in a Multilateral Well

It is of practical interest to investigate the mechanical behaviors of a sidetracking tool system and to describe the sidetracking tool’s vibration mechanical response, as this can provide an important basis for evaluating and optimizing the tool structure and effectively controlling the profile of the sidetracking window. In this article, three nonlinear dynamic models with ten, six, and two degrees of freedom, respectively, are established using the Lagrange method to characterize the behavior of the sidetracking tool. It should be noted that in these models, the axial, lateral, and torsional vibration of the tool system are fully coupled. The process of the sidetracking tool mills in the casing-pipe wall is divide into three typical stages, i.e., the window mill, pilot mill, and watermelon mill grinding the casing, respectively. The dynamic response of the three stages is studied to more effectively analyze the influence of the sidetracking tool vibration deformation on the window width. The Runge–Kutta method, which is easy to implement, is applied to solve the supposed nonlinear dynamic model, and some useful findings are as follows. The effects of sidetracking tool vibrations at different stages on window widening size are illustrated quantitatively. The vibration trajectory pattern of the sidetracking tool is different from that of the conventional drilling tool due to the influence of the whipstock, which changes from the general whirling motion pattern to the X reciprocating pattern, and the vibration amplitude decreases. Due to the influence of the tool’s lateral amplitude, the window profile is widened. The widened window size of the window mill and the pilot mill are 3.30 mm and 2.74 mm, respectively, and the extended window size of the watermelon mill is 0.07 mm, while the maximum window width formed by the sidetracking tool is 374.34 mm. This work proposes, for the first time, the coupled vibration model of the sidetracking tool system, which is helpful to better understand the nonlinear dynamic effects of the sidetracking tool, laying the foundation for the optimization of the sidetracking parameters.

TEMPERATURE DEFORMATIONS OF PVC WINDOW PROFILES WITH REINFORCEMENT

Modern window structures made of PVC profiles can experience significant temperature deformation during both winter and summer operation. This effect is not considered in the current engineering methods of PVC windows calculation, which causes a number of problems in their operation (freezing and blowing through the windows, the failure of fittings, etc.). The use of laboratory methods of testing windows for temperature loads is limited due to their labor intensity and the high cost of testing equipment. We propose to develop an engineering method for calculating the mechanical operation of PVC windows under the action of temperature loads, which can be used at an early stage of design. One of the stages of its creation is a theoretical description of the temperature deformation of a PVC window profile when it works together mechanically with a reinforcing core. The article describes the nature of the forces transmitted by the PVC profile on the core during thermal bending (the case of temperature deformation at negative outside temperatures is considered). It was proposed to decompose these forces into two components: longitudinal, caused by different values of temperature shrinkage of PVC profile and reinforcing core, and transverse, caused by thermal bending of PVC profile. Mathematical models have been developed to calculate both force components and temperature deformation of the profile at different numbers and spacing of attachment points. A physical model has been proposed for implementation in the numerical calculation program, which allows a more accurate description of the temperature deformation of a long profile. Calculation of the test problem according to the proposed methodology and by means of full-fledged three-dimensional finite-element modeling in the COMSOL Multiphysics program was performed. A comparison of the results showed a discrepancy of less than 10%. It was found that the key influence on the deformations of PVC window profiles with a reinforcing core will have characteristics of the outermost joints "PVC profile – reinforcing core", because the greatest forces arise in them under the action of temperature loads.

Дослідження галузі металопластикових вікон України та напрями активізації їх виробниками інтернет-технологій

The industry of metal-plastic window structures is quite developed: this product is popular in many countries of the world. In Ukraine, the window market is growing relatively slowly compared to previous years, by 2019 and the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, there was a market growth of 5-7%. The growth rate and development of the market depend significantly on the dynamics of construction, which is negatively affected by the bureaucratization of the process of obtaining permits (for construction or reconstruction). The development of the industry is also hampered by the unstable economic and political situation in the country, which is one of the reasons for the lack of investment. The industry relies heavily on suppliers and legal entities of consumers, the level of competition in the industry is intense. The market is import-oriented, but in recent years, Ukrainian enterprises have been investing in the development of production and strengthening their positions in the market. A competitive advantage in the industry can be the manufacture of goods taking into account the individual requirements of consumers. Important factors are also the width of the range, prices for goods, speed of manufacture, prompt delivery of goods to any region of Ukraine, provision of installation services, professionalism of employees, effective quality control. Due to the constant intensification of competition in the market, companies for the production and sale of metal-plastic window profiles need to constantly increase their presence on the Internet, in particular through websites and social networks. The article analyzes the websites of four manufacturers and sellers of window metal-plastic structures, including two subsidiaries of foreign companies (VEKA Ukraine LLC and Rehau LLC) and two Ukrainian companies (Miroplast LLC and Viknar’off LLC). The analysis was carried out by the following parameters: clarity of the interface, ease of navigation, the assortment of the site, availability, and exhaustiveness of the submitted information about the product, availability of third-party advertising, availability, and type of feedback from the company’s employee, the presence of a formed UTP (unique trading offer), the complexity of the process of forming an order basket, conditions, and payment methods, delivery conditions, multifunctionality of the site purpose. Each parameter is given weight and a weighted assessment. According to the results of the assessment, the best websites of the companies TD «Viknar`off» LLC and «VEKA Ukraine» LLC are determined and it is on them that manufacturers and sellers of metal-plastic window structures should be guided when creating their own websites. Recommendations were also provided on generalized measures to improve the company’s activities in the production and sale of metal-plastic windows on the Internet, namely, improving the web page, improving SEO strategy, improving SMM strategy, in particular, content plans, and other areas of improving Internet communications. For effective operation of the company on the network, it is necessary not only to create and fill the website, but also to maintain at a high level the efficiency of its functioning, namely, to create and adhere to an SEO strategy, as well as constantly update and improve it following the response of the audience and, most importantly, updates to the ranking rules in search engines. Together with the SEO strategy of page promotion, it is also important to develop the SMM strategy of the company, namely, to communicate thoughtfully and effectively with the audience in social networks.

Capturing the interactions between ice sheets, sea level and the solid Earth on a range of timescales: a new “time window” algorithm

Abstract. Retreat and advance of ice sheets perturb the gravitational field, solid surface and rotation of the Earth, leading to spatially variable sea-level changes over a range of timescales O(100−6 years), which in turn feed back onto ice-sheet dynamics. Coupled ice-sheet–sea-level models have been developed to capture the interactive processes between ice sheets, sea level and the solid Earth, but it is computationally challenging to capture short-term interactions O(100−2 years) precisely within longer O(103−6 years) simulations. The standard forward sea-level modelling algorithm assigns a uniform temporal resolution in the sea-level model, causing a quadratic increase in total CPU time with the total number of input ice history steps, which increases with either the length or temporal resolution of the simulation. In this study, we introduce a new “time window” algorithm for 1D pseudo-spectral sea-level models based on the normal mode method that enables users to define the temporal resolution at which the ice loading history is captured during different time intervals before the current simulation time. Utilizing the time window, we assign a fine temporal resolution O(100−2 years) for the period of ongoing and recent history of surface ice and ocean loading changes and a coarser temporal resolution O(103−6 years) for earlier periods in the simulation. This reduces the total CPU time and memory required per model time step while maintaining the precision of the model results. We explore the sensitivity of sea-level model results to the model temporal resolution and show how this sensitivity feeds back onto ice-sheet dynamics in coupled modelling. We apply the new algorithm to simulate sea-level changes in response to global ice-sheet evolution over two glacial cycles and the rapid collapse of marine sectors of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the coming centuries and provide appropriate time window profiles for each application. The time window algorithm reduces the total CPU time by ∼ 50 % in each of these examples and changes the trend of the total CPU time increase from quadratic to linear. This improvement would increase with longer simulations than those considered here. Our algorithm also allows for coupling time intervals of annual temporal scale for coupled ice-sheet–sea-level modelling of regions such as West Antarctica that are characterized by rapid solid Earth response to ice changes due to the thin lithosphere and low mantle viscosities.

The impact of temperature and mechanical load on corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum EN AW-6063 (T6 temper) alloy for potential architectonic application

Construction and finishing elements of buildings are willingly made of architectural aluminum, mainly as window and door profiles, facades or elevations. Corrosion resistance of such building elements can be affected by the external environment and mechanical loads - both static and dynamic. However, to the date, commonly accepted tests of corrosion resistance of aluminum construction elements do not provide mechanical exposures related to the working environment of the final product (eg. vibrations, wind loads) and physical loads (e.g. temperature changes). Having this in mind, the aim of this manuscript was to determine the impact of selected mechanical and physical loads on the corrosion resistance of architectural aluminum. The experimental results revealed that the temperature above 60 °C can greatly affect the properties of EN AW-6063 aluminum alloy. At the same time, we concluded that the mechanical deformation of tested material did not affect anti-corrosion performance of anodized aluminum alloy.

ЧИСЛЕННО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ МЕТОД РАСЧЕТА ТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫХ ДЕФОРМАЦИЙ ОКОННЫХ ПВХ ПРОФИЛЕЙ

The experience of operating PVC windows in areas with low winter outdoor temperatures has shown that they are subject to significant bending temperature deformations, which lead to a decrease in their performance. Nevertheless, these deformations are not taken into account in any way when designing PVC windows, which is due to the lack of an engineering methodology for calculating them for temperature loads. This article presents an engineering approach to the calculation of PVC window profiles temperature deformations. It is demonstrated on the example of a PVC window mullion with a reinforced steel core subjected to temperature bending in winter operating conditions. The calculation is performed in two ways: numerically analytical and simplified analytical. To verify the calculation method, a double-casement window was tested for temperature load in a climate chamber. Comparison of the calculation result with the test results showed a discrepancy of 10.6% (for numerical and analytical calculation) and 16.2% (for analytical calculation). The results of laboratory tests confirmed the assumption adopted in the calculation methodology: the calculation of the mullion temperature deformations when it is hinged to the frame can be carried out without taking into account the rigidity of the casements adjacent to the mullion, since the casements and the mullion are deformed under the influence of temperature together and do not transfer mechanical forces to each other.

An analytical method for calculating the stress-strain state of PVC window profiles under thermal loading

Introduction. The practical operation of modern PVC windows in the climate of the Russian Federation has proven that due to thermally induced deformations of window elements cold air enters premises and window frames freeze. Presently, there is no engineering method for calculating the temperature deformations of windows, that takes account of the key features of their structure: the composite structure of window sections, the rigidity of insulating glass units, fittings, etc. An important task is to develop a method for calculating temperature deformations of PVC window elements, that takes account of nonlinear temperature distribution over their cross-sections.
 Materials and methods. A three-dimensional finite element model of a standard PVC window was developed using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, and its temperature field was calculated. The analysis of the calculation results allowed to identify the nature of the temperature distribution over the cross sections of PVC window profiles and propose a method for their analytical calculation. Using the basic equations of solid mechanics and methods of mathematical analysis, the bending of PVC window elements was described on the basis of their actual temperature fields.
 Results. The obtained equations were tested by comparing the results of the manual calculation with the results of the finite element modeling.
 Conclusions. The obtained equations, describing temperature deformations of individual window elements, serve as the starting point for an integrated method of calculating the structural behavior of PVC windows under thermal loading. The further development of the presented method will encompass the analysis of the influence of the reinforcing core on the structural behavior of PVC elements and the exploration of the structural behavior of the entire window structure.

Исследование влияния материала оконного профиля на однослойную стеклянную панель в условиях стандартного огневого воздействия

Purpose. To develop a method for calculating the fire resistance of a single-layer flat glass panel enclosed in a frame under the conditions of standard impact during various fire loads, taking into account the design features of the frame and the thermophysical properties of air, fume gases and the frame. Methods. Calculations of the temperature and stress distribution of a bounded glass panel are performed numerically using the FlexPDE software package. Findings. The distribution of temperature and stresses in a single-layer flat glass panel enclosed in a window profile is calculated, taking into account the temperature dependence of the thermophysical characteristics of glass, air and flue gases, the design features of the translucent structure and the nonlinear nature of the change in the ambient temperature during a fire. The effect of the material of the window profile on the destruction of a single-layer flat glass panel enclosed in a frame under conditions of standard fire exposure under various fire loads has been investigated. Application field of research. The results of the study can be used in the design of buildings and structures to ensure safe operation and evacuation in the event of a fire.

Analisis Penyebab Cacat Cekung Profil Aluminium Bangladesh Window Dengan Metode FMEA

Quality control is a necessary requirement to keep the business running. By maintaining product quality there will be continuous business. PT.XYZ is a company engaged in manufacturing aluminum products. One of the products produced is the Bangladesh aluminum window profile. Currently, the production of Bangladesh window aluminum profiles is still often defective. This study aims to determine the root cause of the failure that occurred in the Bangladesh window aluminum profile product. The number of defects that occur is on the concave surface type with the results of the analysis using fish bone and the number of values of Severity 10, Occurance 10 and detection value 10. The results of FMEA calculations are 7 failures that occur, namely at the highest rank with a value of 120 by the state of the die draw surface. less evenly on the inside resulting in a concave-shaped aluminum profile.