Wind Pump Research Articles

Influence of vegetative cover on snowpack mercury speciation and stocks in the greening Canadian Subarctic region.

A notable greening and warming of the Arctic and Subarctic due to climate change has uncertain implications for the global cycling of mercury (Hg). Snowpacks are dynamic reservoirs for Hg susceptible to solar radiation and wind pumping, with vegetative cover potentially altering Hg photochemistry. However, the impact of northern greening on the transformation of major Hg species and on Hg stocks remain poorly understood. Temporal surface snow and snowpit sampling was conducted under tree canopies and open tundra sites at the boreal-tundra ecotone in Nunavik, Canada. Maximum (mean) concentrations of 69.1 ng/L (8.8 ng/L) total mercury (HgT) and 46.9 ng/L (5.5 ng/L) reactive mercury (HgR) were measured in forest surface snow, with maximums attributed to rapid atmospheric oxidation events. Significant post-depositional reductions were recorded in the bay, tundra, and forest (67-99% HgR) and suggested greater Hg sequestration may occur under tree canopies. Increasing methylmercury (MeHg), HgT, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were detected across a vegetation gradient shifting towards humic-like organic matter. Notably, springtime depth profiles presented an approximate 12-fold greater accumulation of HgT under tree canopies compared to open tundra (p<0.01), with up to 16-times higher stocks (HgT, MeHg, DOC) at elevated vegetation density (p<0.05). In the North, increasing vegetation cover and surface warming may favor Hg accumulation and methylation in snowpacks, facilitated by interactions with organic matter, and further enriched by the reduced wind and solar exposure experienced under forest canopies.

Underestimation of global soil CO2 flux measurements caused by near-surface winds

Soil respiration (Rs) is the largest source of atmospheric CO2, and an accurate understanding of the relationship between near-surface winds, CO2 release from the soil surface, and measurement methods is critical for predicting future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In this study, the relationship between wind speed and soil CO2 fluxes is elucidated on a global scale through meta-analysis, and the flux measurement methodology is further explored in conjunction with the results of a controlled trial to clarify the uncertainty of the measurement results. The results indicate that near-surface wind speed is positively correlated with soil CO2 release and that near-surface winds result in increased soil CO2 gas release. Wind disturbance affects both the concentration gradient and gas chamber measurements, and the lower calculated soil CO2 release conflicts with the notion that the wind pump effect and Bernoulli effect of negative pressure cause a greater surface gas exchange. The results of the log-response ratios indicate that near-surface winds lead to an underestimation of 12.19–19.75% in widely-used gas chamber method measurements. The results of this study imply that some of the current Rs measurements are biased and that the influence of near-surface winds on Rs measurements needs to be urgently addressed to assess the terrestrial carbon cycle more accurately and develop climate change response strategies.

Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Small Wind Pump

The demand for energy used to pump water for irrigation has been increasing, resulting in the need for alternative renewable energy sources to reduce costs. A study was conducted to develop a small wind pump that could be used to irrigate crops. The wind pump's efficiency, discharge, and actual power generated were evaluated, and regression analysis and the coefficient of determination were used to determine the goodness of fit. Results showed that the wind pump required a minimum wind speed of 0.3 m/s produced a discharge of 0.95 L/min, while a 4.13m/s wind speed produced a water discharge of 5.45 L/min. The efficiency of the wind pump was measured using the regression equation E= - 04075(ws)² - 0.6375(ws) + 14.36, where R² = 0.6201, resulting in a maximum efficiency of 20.56% and a minimum of 5.57%. This indicates that the wind pump was efficient at low wind speeds due to the dynamic stress of the pump lift rod and a mismatch between the rotor and pump characteristics. Lastly, the net benefit of Php 25,083.61 per year was derived, with a return on investment of 33.86%, which will be paid back in 1.26 months.

Wind pumping with possibility to eliminate the power electronicsbay

In this article, we propose an application which resides in wind pumping, in particular the possibility to eliminate the power electronics interface. This fact is based on the exploitation of the torque-speed characteristic of the centrifugal type pump. The pumping system proposed in this article is made up of a three-blade turbine, two permanent magnets synchronous machines, one of which plays the role of the generator and the other motor driving the centrifugal pump. The good choice of machines and the centrifugal pump made possible the operation of the system of pumping with elimination of the static converter.The mathematical model to eliminate the static converter is developed and presented, implemented and simulated in the Matlab/Simulink environment.The simulation results obtained are validated by comparison with other simulation results of a wind pumping system with the presence of the power electronics interface.

Hybrid Wind-Solar System with UPQC

The hybrid wind-solar system is a combination of renewable energy sources, specifically wind and solar, that is utilized for power generation. While wind power has historically been used for various purposes such as sails, windmills, and wind pumps, it is now predominantly used for electricity generation. This system incorporates solar panels and small wind turbine generators to produce electricity. The advantage of hybrid systems is that they can generate electricity as needed, taking into account the varying peak working hours of solar and wind systems throughout the year. To ensure a stable power system, UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) is employed. This multipurpose power conditioner serves multiple functions, including preventing harmonic load current from entering the power system, rectifying voltage fluctuations, and compensating for voltage disturbances from different power sources. It is specifically designed to minimize interference with sensitive or critical loads. With its series and shunt compensation capabilities, UPQC effectively manages power flow, reactive power, harmonics, and voltage disturbances. In this paper, the work addresses the issue of electricity quality that arises from the installation of wind turbines in the grid. To get over this issue, the suggested course of action demonstrates how to install a BESS and a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) at the connection point. Even though wind power fluctuates, the use of battery energy storage technology helps to provide a constant power supply. With the power system block established in MATLAB/SIMULINK, one can simulate the UPQC control method of a grid-connected wind energy generating plant. As a result, the power's quality will increase. When the recommended approach lowers the load's and the induction generator's reactive power requirements, it is successful. Furthermore, the plan for raising the grid's power quality criteria and developing the grid coordination rule are also provided.

Modeling Ocean Cooling Induced by Tropical Cyclone Wind Pump Using Explainable Machine Learning Framework

Modeling Ocean Cooling Induced by Tropical Cyclone Wind Pump Using Explainable Machine Learning Framework

Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

The Luzon Strait (LS) is a key region for estimating carbon sources and sinks in the South China Sea (SCS) and is highly influenced by the Kuroshio Current (KC) and typhoons. Understanding the variations in the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2-sw) under the combined effects of typhoons and KC in this region is crucial for estimating local and regional changes in ocean carbon flux. Based on valuable in situ pCO2-sw and remote sensing data, this study aimed to reveal the temporal variations and the physical mechanisms of pCO2-sw variations under the comprehensive effects of both typhoons and Kuroshio Intrusion (KI) in the LS. One week after the passage of the tropical cyclone (TC) Nanmadol, the concentration in the pCO2-sw and the influencing mechanisms varied in three different regions (W1–W3) on Transect A (120°E). In the region dominated by SCS waters (W1), the average pCO2-sw increased by 5.1 μatm after TC, which was mainly due to the TC “Wind Pump” inducing strong vertical mixing, which brought dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)-rich deeper water up to the surface. In the region affected by KC (W2 and W3), pCO2-sw decreased after the TC (−8.2 μatm and −1.8 μatm, respectively) with TC-enhanced KI because the invasion of lower pCO2-sw of Kuroshio waters inhibited the TC-induced upwelling. More significant TC-induced upwelling (W3) would alleviate the decrease in pCO2-sw caused by the TC-enhanced KI. This study is a rare case providing a better understanding of the variations in pCO2-sw under TC-enhanced KI, which provides support for regional climate change prediction and carbon flux estimation in the western boundary current regions.

Predicting Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Temperature Responses Using Machine Learning

AbstractThis study proposes to construct a model using random forest method, an efficient machine learning‐based method, to predict the spatial structure and temporal evolution of the sea surface temperature (SST) cooling induced by northwest Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs), a process of the so‐called wind pump. The predictors in use include 12 predictors related to TC characteristics and pre‐storm ocean conditions. The model is shown to skillfully predict the spatiotemporal evolutions of the cold wake generated by TCs of different intensity groups, and capture the cross‐case variance in the observed SST response. Another model is further built based on the same method to assess the relative importance of the 12 predictors in determining the magnitude of the maximum cooling. Computations of feature scores of those predictors show that TC intensity, translation speed and size, and pre‐storm mixed layer depth and SST dominate, depending on the area where the cooling is considered.

Effect of near-surface winds on the measurement of forest soil CO2 fluxes using closed air chambers

Forest soil CO2 flux measurements are important for studying global climate change. Current monitoring methods are based on closed gas chambers, which block the wind pumping effect of near-surface winds in the measurements, resulting in biased values. Therefore, in this study, the effects of near-surface winds on chamber-monitored fluxes were investigated. The CO2 flux was quantified using a designed flux reference system with different CO2 concentrations, and the monitoring performance of the closed chamber was studied. Wavelet coherence was used to analyze the response relationship between near-surface winds and soil gas, and was combined with a flux calculation model to explore the relevant factors influencing gas chamber measurement-produced bias. The data indicate that at near-surface wind speeds greater than 0.8 m·s−1, gas transport enhancement was significant and further increased the deviation of the gas chamber-monitored CO2 fluxes. The monitoring error of the flow chamber (NSF) increased from 7% to 30% in soils with low carbon content, but did not vary significantly (3–7%) in soils with high CO2 concentrations. The flux measurement bias of the non-flow chamber (NSNF) was positively correlated with the soil carbon content, with the measurement error expanding by 16–24% with increasing soil CO2 concentrations. The measurement errors of the exponential and linear models in a windless environment were 9.8% (Exp) and 18.7% (Lin), respectively. The estimation errors of both models were positively correlated with both the time of a single monitoring event and the wind-induced coefficient Dw. Therefore, flux calculation models should be improved by considering environments with wind disturbances to reduce the effect of wind on measured values, which will help improve the accuracy of ecosystem carbon budgets.

Remote Control in Sprinkle Robot

As we see there is enough wind and solar energy globally to satisfy as much as humanity’s energy requirements. vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) may as efficient as current horizontal axis system, might be practical and significantly cheaper to build and maintain than horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). They have other original advantages, like they are always facing the wind, which might make them a significant player in our daily routine for low cost, cleaner renewable sources of lifting water. The growing popularity of solar wind pumps in many rural areas, these areas typically have no access to electricity or shortage of electricity, which creates a problem when it comes to irrigation and watering livestock. VAWT’s might even critical in mitigating grid interconnect stability and reliability issue currently facing electricity producers and pump the water from suppliers. Additionally cheap VAWT’s may provide an alternative to the rain forest destruction for the growing of bio-fuel crops. In this project we attempt to design and fabricate a Savonius water pumping Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. And also we make our model hybrid- solar and wind mill operated water pump. The solar energy gained by the solar panel and convert that electrical energy into mechanical energy which causes to rotate the shaft which is connected to crank plate. The circular motion of crank plate uses to lift the water as it converted in up and down motion using crank mechanism. Keywords: Agriculture; Irrigation; Water Pump; Sprinkler; Pressure Drop; Steel; Lath; Arduino; Microcontroller.

Hybrid-Solar and Wind Power Water Pumping System

As we see there is enough wind and solar energy globally to satisfy as much as humanity’s energy requirements. vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) may as efficient as current horizontal axis system, might be practical and significantly cheaper to build and maintain than horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). They have other original advantages, like they are always facing the wind, which might make them a significant player in our daily routine for low cost, cleaner renewable sources of lifting water. The growing popularity of solar wind pumps in many rural areas, these areas typically have no access to electricity or shortage of electricity, which creates a problem when it comes to irrigation and watering livestock. VAWT’s might even critical in mitigating grid interconnect stability and reliability issue currently facing electricity producers and pump the water from suppliers. Additionally cheap VAWT’s may provide an alternative to the rain forest destruction for the growing of bio-fuel crops. In this project we attempt to design and fabricate a Savonius water pumping Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. And also we make our model hybrid- solar and wind mill operated water pump. The solar energy gained by the solar panel and convert that electrical energy into mechanical energy which causes to rotate the shaft which is connected to crank plate. The circular motion of crank plate uses to lift the water as it converted in up and down motion using crank mechanism. Keywords: Solar panel, Wind Mill, Agriculture, Water Pumping.

Irrigation pumps in late colonial Taiwan: Farmers’ utilization of technology and the transition to rice cultivation

AbstractThis article describes how Taiwanese farmers adopted irrigation pumps to enhance their livelihoods under the shifting relationship of sugar and rice production in late colonial Taiwan. I argue that farmers utilized commercial technologies to make a living and prosper within the established order of Japanese colonial rule. With allocated procurement districts granting exclusive purchasing rights over sugarcane, sugar companies maintained substantial influence over sugarcane cultivation. However, with the proliferation of Penglai rice and new agricultural implements, the situation of the farmers changed substantially. Serious problems in the sugar industry due to economic depression and the rising price of rice in the 1930s led farmers to shift from sugarcane to rice cultivation by introducing a variety of pumps. Those with the means installed new motor pumps, while others independently constructed wind pumps by combining newly introduced parts with older techniques. Despite a prohibition by the colonial government, farmers continued installing pumps until the government established a planned economy in preparation for war. Moreover, distribution of pump capacity through both sales and sharing shows that Taiwanese farmers sought to maintain an informal yet significant cohesion throughout the process of agricultural commercialization. By focusing on the social dynamics surrounding agricultural technologies, this article challenges simplistic portrayals of technology transfer from Japan to the colonies.

Tropical cyclone Wind Pump induced chlorophyll-a enhancement in the South China Sea: A comparison of the open sea and continental shelf

The continental shelf and open sea region have different ocean physical and environmental responses to tropical cyclones (TC). The present study firstly compared the grid-based maximum response (GMR) of sea surface chlorophyll a (Chl-a) to TCs Wind Pump between the continental shelf (depths 50-200m) and open sea (depths&amp;gt;200 m) region in the South China Sea (SCS) during 1998-2020, using multiple-satellite data. For all TC events, the average Chl-a increases by 0.13 mg/m3. The comparisons between the pre- and post-TC periods show that Chl-a increases by 0.18 mg/m3 (115%) in the continental shelf and 0.07 mg/m3 (57%) in the open sea region, respectively. In both areas, TC-induced Chl-a enhancement (Chl_en) strongly depends on TC maximum wind speed and translation speed. The strong and fast-moving TCs and weak and slow-moving TCs both induce the maximum Chl_en in the continental shelf region. While in the open sea, the maximum Chl_en was induced by the strong and slow-moving TCs. Overall, our results reveal that the TC wind pump’s effects on Chl-a enhancement are stronger in the continental shelf region than in the open sea.

Negative corona discharge and flow characteristics of a two-stage needle-to-ring configuration ionic wind pump for temperature and relative humidity

Ionic wind pumps have the advantages of a compact structure, no moving parts, and low power consumption. The effects of temperature and humidity on the current–voltage and flow characteristics of ionic wind pumps are still unclear. This study experimentally investigates the effects of temperature and humidity on the breakdown voltage, discharge current, and velocity of a two-stage needle-to-ring type ionic wind pump with a negative corona discharge. It is found that the coupling effects of temperature, humidity, and water vapor condensation determine the current–voltage and flow characteristics of ionic wind pumps. The temperature and vapor condensation effects can enhance the discharge current and outlet velocity and weaken the breakdown voltage. However, the humidity effect can weaken the discharge current and outlet velocity, and improve the breakdown voltage. Moreover, there exists a competition between humidity and vapor condensation effects on breakdown voltage, current, and velocity. The increase in temperature intensifies the humidity effect and weakens the condensation effect; thus, the temperature changes the contribution of humidity and condensation effects in the competition. A working spectrum of ionic wind is provided in the temperature and humidity coupling environment, including a vapor condensation-controlled zone, a sensitive humidity zone for breakdown voltage and velocity, and an insensitive humidity zone for breakdown voltage and velocity. The spectrum can provide theoretical guidance for designing ionic wind pumps at different temperatures and humidity.

Influence of needle electrode arrangement on gas transportation performance of the multi-needle ionic wind pump

The ionic wind pump with multi-electrode arrangement is helpful in enlarging its application. However, the arrangement has an inherent mutual interference among the electrodes during discharging process, which have a vital influence on the transportation performance of the ionic wind pump. Meanwhile, the relevance between the mutual interference and the intensity of the ionic wind has not been clearly revealed. In this study, the gas transportation experiments of the multi-needle electrode ionic wind pump are conducted. The intensity variation of the ionic wind with mutual interference is observed in the experiments. A simulation model based on the plasma transportation is proposed to describe the multi-needle discharging process with mutual interference effect. The EHD force is used as the indicator parameter for the intensity of the ionic wind. The experimental results show that the measured mass flow rate of the ionic wind pump is enhanced under dual-row needles and weakened under triple-row needles. Based on the simulation results, the above phenomenon is attributed to variations of the space charge and electric field induced by multi-needle discharging. The added needle electrodes reduce the electric field intensity per needle while increasing the net negative charge in the space. Due to the discharging interference among the needles, the increment of the net negative charge is not proportional to the number of needles. As a result, comparing the three arrangements from the simulations, the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force of each needle, which is the electric field intensity multiplying by space charge density, increases approximately 45.8% under dual needles and decreases approximately 38.1% under triple needles. The conclusions obtained in this paper can help to guide the design and optimization of the multi-needle ionic wind pump.

Influence of Needle Electrode Arrangement on Gas Transportation Performance of the Multi-Needle Ionic Wind Pump

Influence of Needle Electrode Arrangement on Gas Transportation Performance of the Multi-Needle Ionic Wind Pump

Estimation of the Wind Energy Potential in Various North Algerian Regions

This investigation aims to model and assess the wind potential available in seven specific regions of North Algeria. These regions, i.e., Batna, Guelma, Medea, Meliana, Chlef, Tiaret, and Tlemcen, are known for their traditional agriculture. The wind data are obtained from the National Agency of Meteorology (NAM), and a Weibull distribution is applied. In the first part of this study, the wind potential available in these sites is assessed. Then, different models are used to estimate the wind system’s annual recoverable energy for these regions. We are interested in wind pumping for possible use to meet the needs of irrigation water in rural areas. Four kinds of wind turbines are explored to determine the possibility of wind energy conversion. In addition, the effects of the heights of the pylon holding the turbines are inspected by considering four cases (10, 20, 40, and 60 m). This estimation showed that the annual mean wind velocity varies from 2.48 to 5.60 m/s at a level of 10 m. The yearly values of Weibull parameters (k and c) at the studied sites varied within 1.61–2.43 and 3.32–6.20 m/s, respectively. The average wind power density ranged from 11.48 (at Chlef) to 238.43 W/m2 (at Tiaret), and the monthly wind recoverable potential varied from 16.64 to 138 W/m2.

Association between the Biophysical Environment in Coastal South China Sea and Large-Scale Synoptic Circulation Patterns: The Role of the Northwest Pacific Subtropical High and Typhoons

Synoptic weather conditions can modulate short-term variations in the marine biophysical environment. However, the impact of large-scale synoptic circulation patterns (LSCPs) on variations in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and sea surface temperature (SST) in the South China Sea (SCS) remains unclear. Using a T-mode principal component analysis method, four types of LSCP related to the Northwest Pacific subtropical high are objectively identified over the SCS for the summers of 2015–2018. Type 1 exhibits a lower chl-a concentration of &lt;0.3 mg m−3 offshore of southern Vietnam with respect to the other three types. For Type 2, the high chl-a concentration zone (&gt;0.3 mg m−3) along the coast of Guangdong exhibits the widest areas of coverage. The offshore chl-a bloom jet (&gt;0.3 mg m−3) formed in southern Vietnam is the most obvious under Type 3. Under Type 4, the high chl-a concentration zone along the coast of Guangdong is the narrowest, while the chl-a concentration in the middle of the SCS is the lowest (&lt;0.1 mg m−3). These type differences are mostly caused by the various monsoon circulations, local ocean mesoscale processes and resultant differences in localized precipitation, wind vectors, photosynthetically active radiation and SST. In particular, precipitation over land helps to transport nutrients from the land to the shore, which is conducive to the increase of chl-a. However, precipitation over ocean will dilute the upper seawater and reduce chl-a. Typhoons pump the deeper seawater with nutrients to the surface, and therefore make a positive contribution to chl-a in most offshore areas; however, they also disturb shallower water and hinder the growth of phytoplankton, making a negative contribution near the coast of Guangdong. In general, our findings will provide a better understanding of wind pump impact: the responses of marine biophysical environments to LSCPs.

The Effects of Inlet Blockage and Electrical Driving Mode on the Performance of a Needle-Ring Ionic Wind Pump.

The thermal management of microelectronics is important because overheating can lead to various reliability issues. The most common thermal solution used in microelectronics is forced convection, which is usually initiated and sustained by an airflow generator, such as rotary fans. However, traditional rotary fans might not be appropriate for microelectronics due to the space limit. The form factor of an ionic wind pump can be small and, thus, could play a role in the thermal management of microelectronics. This paper presents how the performance of a needle-ring ionic wind pump responds to inlet blockage in different electrical driving modes (direct current), including the flow rate, the corona power, and the energy efficiency. The results show that the performance of small needle-ring ionic wind pumps is sensitive to neither the inlet blockage nor the electrical driving mode, making needle-ring ionic wind pumps a viable option for microelectronics. On the other hand, it is preferable to drive needle-ring ionic wind pumps by a constant current if consistent performance is desired.

New Developed Wind Pumping System

In this paper a new wind pumping system is developed. This system is hybrid between mechanical and electrical wind pumping systems. It combines the advantages of these two systems. The developed wind pumping system consists of wind turbine, special gearbox, DC machine, battery bank, and water pump. Three wind pumping systems have been modeled and then simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results show that the developed wind pumping system has the best performance. Thus, the extracted water volume of the developed system is 984.1 m3, where mechanical and electrical systems extract 737.2 and 642.9 m3 respectively.