Wind Power Heating Research Articles

Research on the cost allocation mechanism of wind power heating in China from a cost-benefit perspective

Countries have formulated different transformation plans due to differences in resource endowments, energy strategies, and technological levels. Among them, the Chinese government has proposed continuing to increase the proportion of renewable energy generation in the field of power supply, especially the proportion of wind power, to achieve energy transition. Northern China is rich in wind energy resources, and the demand for heating in autumn and winter is high, providing favorable conditions for promoting wind power heating from the perspective of energy supply and demand. However, the costs and benefits of wind power heating for each participant greatly differ at various stages, and thus, it greatly affects their enthusiasm for participating in wind power heating projects, resulting in great difficulties in promoting and developing wind power heating. Therefore, this study takes Zhangjiakou, a pilot city of wind power heating in northern China, as an example to explore the cost allocation mechanism of wind power heating in China. First, the corresponding costs and benefits for the main participants in wind power heating are analyzed. Second, to consider the impact of the carbon emission reduction benefits and investment payback period on the cost allocation of wind power heating, four scenarios are constructed. Third, based on a cooperative game model, a new cost allocation design for the main participants is developed. Fourth, the key policy factors of the wind power heating trading mechanism and urban heating planning are analyzed. Finally, some suggestions for the promotion and sustainable development of wind power heating are proposed.

Freezing propagation between condensed droplets: Visualization and formulation of governing equation from ice bridge growth velocity

Condensation frosting causes performance degradation and other problems in various fields, such as wind power generation and heat exchangers. During the initial stage of condensation frosting, freezing propagation from frozen to supercooled water droplets is often observed, the dynamics of which must be clarified to solve these problems. A frozen droplet forms a protrusion to an adjacent supercooled droplet, known as an ice bridge; the growth velocity of the ice bridge is essential for discussing freezing propagation. In this study, we fabricated wettability-patterned surfaces on silicon wafers to obtain droplets with controlled spacing and size and visualized and evaluated the ice bridge formation process under reproducible conditions, and the local velocity change in the ice bridge growth was measured for the first time. Experiments showed the local velocity of the ice bridge growth increased as the tip of the ice bridge approached the adjacent supercooled droplet. Simple model equations for the freezing propagation velocity and ice bridge growth were proposed. The proposed model agreed well with the measured velocity and did not include any fitting or geometric parameters of the ice bridge or droplets, such as volume or shape.

Low-carbon economic analysis of a virtual power plant with wind and solar power considering the integrated flexible operation mode of a carbon capture thermoelectric unit

During the period when heating is required in North China, the task of meeting the heating needs of customers is mainly undertaken by thermoelectric units under the ”determining electricity by heat” operation mode. This heating mode leads to difficulties in incorporating renewable energy and high carbon dioxide emissions. To solve these problems, carbon capture technology and wind power heating technology are introduced in this study. Cogeneration units with a carbon capture integrated flexible operation mode are introduced into the system to reduce CO2 emissions, while making the electric output and the thermal output more flexible. Then, the cogeneration optimal scheduling model of a virtual power plant is constructed. This model includes wind power heating equipment and carbon capture cogeneration units under the integrated flexible operation mode. Due to the highly nonlinear characteristics of the model, we solve this problem by the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm, which is an algorithm that uses the nonlinear approximation value function of a neural network to make the model more robust. Finally, we propose three technical strategies and compare the results of the three strategies in terms of low carbon levels and economic value. The results show that the model can effectively improve the economic income of the system and reduce carbon emissions.

Multi-objective operation optimization analysis based on distributed energy sources

In the context of the determination and implementation of the dual carbon goal, it is an important trend of China’s energy strategy to incorporate a considerable proportion of renewable energy into the power grid. Therefore, energy consumption is gradually turning to new energy sources such as wind energy and wind energy. Considering the limitations of random, intermittent and anti-peak regulation of energy forms such as wind and light, a multi-objective optimization model of wind, light, fire and storage combined power generation and heating is built. This model can fine-tune and fill the valley by using the peak regulating capacity of thermal power plants and pumped storage devices, so that the whole system has stable power generation and heating capacity. The model is solved by multi-purpose particle swarm optimization algorithm based on maximum total generation and heating rotation and minimum generation and heating slope fluctuation. The calculation results show that the established model can effectively improve the wind and light consumption rates and reduce the peak set pressure of the thermal device.

Determinants of Investment Costs for CDM Projects in the Energy Industry

This study reviewed data from 1350 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project design documents for the energy industry; these projects were registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from the European Union Emissions Trading System’s second period (December 2012) to the present. This paper contributes to the literature on the energy industry in that it was the first attempt to directly estimate the issuance price based on CDM PDD data. This study extracted and databased effective samples for investment analysis. In addition, carbon emissions pricing analysis in the energy industry (which has the highest proportion in the CDM sector) was conducted to demonstrate which factors, including renewable energy technology, contribute to changing the investment cost per unit of carbon emissions. Cluster analysis shows that business methods and size are unimportant for classifying clusters; after multiple regression analysis, the technology variable was determined to affect investment cost. The issued price was low, in the order of biomass, wind power, hydropower, and waste heat management technology. The empirical results show that biomass technology has the highest investment efficiency, and the carbon emission issuance price of biomass technologies is lower than that of wind and solar technologies, which the Korean government is investing in actively. Therefore, if by-products and natural resources in rural areas are recycled or reused as biomass raw materials, costs can be reduced and linked to rural regeneration channels.

Study on the strategy of improving the life cycle economic sustainability of wind power heating projects in northern China.

The profitability of electric heating projects in Northern China is poor. A kind of combined market-oriented trading strategy to improve the economy of electric heating projects is put forward. The price game model for direct power purchase, compensation model for carbon emission reduction benefits and load aggregation revenue model are constructed, and the optimal proportion of clean energy and conventional energy consumed under the condition of ensuring heating reliability is analyzed. An electric heating project was analyzed as an example, the results showed that in the direct power purchase transaction, the power price is 0.2125 RMB/kWh, which is 0.0591 RMB/kWh lower than the catalogue tariff. Revenue from carbon trading and auxiliary service transaction is 469,913.87 RMB and 289,218.09 RMB, respectively, which is equivalent to reducing electricity cost of 0.0253 RMB/kWh and 0.0156 RMB/kWh, respectively. The ultimate power cost is 0.1716RMB/kWh, which is 0.1 RMB/kWh lower than the current catalogue tariff. Besides, the more clean energy an electric heating project consumes, the better its economy will be, and in this example, the best proportion of clean energy and conventional energy is 80% and 20%. The research results could help to promote the sustainable development of clean heating in northern China.

Using Thermal Energy Storage to Relieve Wind Generation Curtailment in an Island Microgrid

The uncertainty and intermittency of the available wind resource in nature would potentially cause wind generation curtailment when the flexibility of the integrated power grid is limited, especially in small-scale microgrids for islands. In this paper, an optimal configuration method is proposed to use thermal energy storage (TES) to relieve wind generation curtailment in an island microgrid. The thermal network is modeled along with the electrical network to utilize its regulation capability, while TES is introduced as an additional flexibility resource. The detailed cost models of combined heat and power (CHP) units and TES are presented to realize the objective of minimizing the overall operating cost. The performance of TES in improving wind power utilization is firstly validated by using an electrical boiler (EB) as a benchmark and further analyzed under different scenarios considering the growths of wind power capacity, electrical load, and heat load. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using real-world data obtained from the practical island microgrid.

Analysis of Combined Participation of Wind Power and Electric Heating in Power Supply System

In order to improve the serious situation of wind abandonment in the “Three North” areas, solve the problem of local consumption of large-scale wind power and improve the peak shaving capacity of power grid, this paper combines regenerative electric heating with wind power with anti-peak shaving characteristics, and analyses the benefits of power side and load side under the combined operation mode of wind power and regenerative electric heating from two aspects of cost and benefit. The analysis results show that the joint participation of wind power and electric heating in the power market can effectively “cut valley and fill peak” and promote wind power consumption. The benefit analysis theory proposed in this paper provides guidance for the research of joint operation scheduling optimization model.

Study on development potential of newly added wind power heating in Beijing–Tianjin—Hebei under carbon emission reduction

AbstractElectric heating is helpful in resolving air pollution, and also utilizes renewable energy power. However, the environmental benefits of electric heating are restrained by regional resources endowment and regional electrical energy structure. In the context of the active promotion of electric heating in Beijing—Tianjin–Hebei, the paper studied the development potential and limits of wind power electric heating under the constraints of environmental effects to provide reference for the orderly development of electric heating. A model to predict the capacity of the installed wind power improved by the fruit fly optimized ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) algorithm and an electric heating environment effect calculation model are constructed. The optimal value and critical value of the newly added heating area in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei are obtained through calculation under four scenarios of wind abandonment rate. As the wind abandonment rate increases from 4–10% (with interval of 2%), the optimal value of the newly added electric heating area in Beijing—Tianjin–Hebei will be 19.15, 29.47, 36.26, and 47.90 million m2 by the year 2030. Additionally, as the utilization rate of thermal power exceeds 41.16%, electric heating will produce more carbon emissions compared to coal‐fired heating. Therefore, if we want to develop electric heating on a large scale, we need to control the proportion of thermal power in the power supply structure and increase the proportion of new energy. This study can be used as theoretical reference to the development programme of electric energy substitution in the future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Strategy analysis about the active curtailed wind accommodation of heat storage electric boiler heating

In this paper, the model of active curtailed wind accommodation based on heat storage electric boiler heating was studied and the curtailed wind accommodation strategy of combined heat storage electric boilers and coal-fired boilers heating was proposed. This is to maximize the curtailed wind accommodation for the ever-increasing curtailed wind problem and environmental problem caused by traditional energy heating in northwest China, northcentral China, and northeast China. Different from the heat storage electric boilers with constant power operation in the past, the multi-level input/exit operation mode of the heat storage electric boilers proposed could accommodate more wind power. The simulation analysis result of a wind power heating project in northeastern China shows that the strategy proposed for active curtailed wind accommodation of heat storage electric boiler heating can effectively improve the wind power accommodation capacity.

Evaluation of offshore wind power in the China sea

With resource crisis and environmental crisis increasingly grim, many countries turn the focus to pollution-free and renewable wind energy resources, which are mainly used for offshore wind power generation, seawater desalination and heating, etc., on the premise that the characteristics of resources are fully grasped. In this study, the evaluation of offshore wind energy in offshore waters in China, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of existing studies were overviewed from four aspects: the spatial-temporal characteristics of wind energy, wind energy classification, the short-term forecast of wind energy and the long-term projection of wind energy, according to the research content and the future considerations about wind energy evaluation (evaluation of wind energy on islands and reefs, the impact of wind energy development on human health) were envisaged, in the hope of providing a scientific basis for the site selection and business operation ‘or military applications’ here (after business operation), etc. of wind energy development, ‘aritime navigation against environmental construction,’ here and also contributing to the sustainable development and health of human beings.

A Real-Time Electricity Price Decision Model for Demand Side Management in Wind Power Heating Mode

The problem of wind power curtailment (WPC) during winter heating periods in China’s “Three-North regions” is becoming worse. Wind power heating, though being an effective way to increase wind power consumptions, is constrained by high electric heating costs under a peak-to-valley electricity price pattern. This study develops a real-time price (RTP) decision model which adjusts the time-varying RTPs within an acceptable range of heating users based on the WPC distribution over a particular dispatch day. The lower RTPs accompanying the higher WPC can guide the electric heating user side equipped with regenerative electric boilers (REBs) to actively increase REB imports to absorb additional wind generation. Then, the demand side response using REBs under the RTP scheme is optimized to minimize the total heating cost met by electric heating users while assisting in the large-scale wind generation accommodation. The total heating costs and WPC reductions under different heating scenarios are compared and discussed alongside the effectiveness of the RTP-based demand side management in terms of reducing the WPC and heating costs and increasing the feasibility of wind power heating during winter heating periods.

Model to adapt fluctuating wind-power heat sources in urban district heating system with DVSP configuration

Model to adapt fluctuating wind-power heat sources in urban district heating system with DVSP configuration

Interval optimal scheduling of integrated electricity and district heating systems considering dynamic characteristics of heating network

Coordinated operation of integrated electricity and district heating system (IEDHS) has great potential to enhance the flexibility of the power system to cope with the wind power curtailment. This study proposes an interval optimal scheduling algorithm for IEDHSs, considering the dynamic characteristics of the heating network. The model of the district heating system with dynamic characteristics including transmission delay and heat losses, is established in detail, and the uncertainties of both wind power and electricity and heating loads are described with interval numbers. Then an interval optimal scheduling model of the IEDHS is formulated to minimise the IEDHS operation cost. The impacts of the transmission delay and heat losses of the heating network on the scheduling of the IEDHS are analysed. Case studies are performed on the PJM 5-bus electricity system with a 6-node district heating system and IEEE 39-bus electricity system with a 12-node district heating system to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the dynamic characteristics of the heating network can integrate more wind power and enlarge the width of the cost interval.

Optimal model for deviation penalty of electricity in joint operation of wind power retailer and heat storage electric boiler

Because of the randomness and fluctuation characteristics of wind power output, there is a deviation between the bidding output and the actual output of the wind power retailer, and it faces with a lot of penalty fees for deviated power. In order to promote clean heating in the northern heating area, the heat storage electric boiler (this article abbreviates as HSEB) have been gradually promoted. Based on the thermal storage capacity of the HSEB, the deviation of wind power output can be reduced to a certain extent. Considering the comfort range of the indoor human body, the indoor heat supply can fluctuate within a certain range, further increasing the regulation capacity of the HSEB. In this study, taking reducing the cost of deviation penalty as the objective function, and a joint operation model of wind power retailer and HSEB is established. By an example, the feasibility of using HSEB to reduce the cost of deviation penalty is verified.

Modeling and simulation of wind turbine heat recycling system

The paper aims to discuss the power supply and heat supply system of wind turbine, promote the development of wind energy in heat recycling, and expand the application of renewable energy resources in replacing fossil energy. Starting from the construction of wind power heat storage system model, first, molten salt was selected as the fluid heat storage material. Based on the realization process of two-pot molten salt electrothermal transformation, the model of two-pot molten salt heat storage (MSHS) system was established. Second, based on the model of heat storage system, the high temperature MSHS wind power heating system was simulated by using the numerical simulation analysis method. The results showed that the simulation results of the thermal storage system model were highly consistent with the actual results, and the model was accurate and reliable, which was suitable for the simulation analysis of the thermal storage system. After a day of operation, the utilization rate of wind energy of the MSHS wind power heating system could reach more than 94%. The combination of the MSHS wind power system and regional heating had obvious effect on absorbing wind power, saving resources, and solving the problems of wind curtailment. In the MSHS wind power supply heating system, the configuration of MSHS significantly improved the utilization ratio of wind energy in the wind power generation system, even up to 100% at maximum. To sum up, the configuration of MSHS can absorb most of the wind energy generated on that day, thus improving the energy utilization ratio of the wind power generation system.

Thermal performance investigation of a single medium temperature phase change microcapsule used for wind power absorption and heat storage system

Phase change microcapsules have a wide application in the heat storage system. The medium temperature heat storage systems such as medium temperature solar thermal plants, waste heat recovery systems and wind power absorption systems. In order to analyse the effects of configuration parameters and materials on phase change heat transfer process in a single medium temperature microcapsule, an enthalpy-transforming model was applied to trace the location of the solid-liquid interface and obtain the liquid fraction at different time in the melting process. Based on this model, the effects of particle size, the effects of wall thickness, the effects of wall materials and different medium temperature phase change materials were analyzed. The numerical results show that the larger particle size has a longer melting time, the melting time of 50 μm particle size and 250 μm particle size is 0.036 s and 2.48 s, respectively. In addition, the melting time of microcapsules with different wall thicknesses from the 1μm to 9μm is the same i.e., 0.14 s. Therefore, the wall thickness has little effect on the melting time of microcapsules. Besides, the microcapsule with the erythritol as inner material and the polystyrene as wall material has the longest melting time. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the wall materials is the main factor affecting the melting time. Moreover, the product of latent heat and density of phase change material is the main factor of the melting time.

Comprehensive exploration of the development status and future prospects of abandoned wind heating

As a renewable energy source, wind energy has been rapidly developed in the current exhaustion and lack of energy. However, while wind power construction is developing rapidly, the wind curtailment phenomenon caused by the difficult problem of transportation and consumption is also becoming more and more popular. Seriously, it caused a lot of waste of energy. This paper introduces the background of the cause of abandoning wind and the development status of abandoned wind power generation at home and abroad. Combined with a large number of related researches, it analyzes the prospects of abandon wind power generation operation and evaluates the development prospect of wind power heating. Finally, the development of abandoned wind heating has been prospected.

Economic Evaluation of Actively Consuming Wind Power for an Integrated Energy System Based on Game Theory

Facing the growing problem of the curtailed wind during winter heating periods in the north of China, a flexible control method of wind power heating using the integrated energy system to consume the curtailed wind is proposed. Energy storage technology is introduced to coordinate regenerative electric boilers to match the fast fluctuation of wind power. The consuming model of the curtailed wind for the integrated energy system is established under three models through the study of the consumption mechanisms for the curtailed wind. The “wind power-energy storage system” and “wind power-regenerative electric boiler” are regarded as the game’s participants, and the maximum daily benefit of the system is regarded as the objective function, an economic evaluation model of the integrated energy system to consume the curtailed wind based on game theory is established. For comparative analysis, the model is respectively solved by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the firefly algorithm (FA). The effectiveness of the model is verified by the actual operation data of a wind power heating demonstration project in China. The simulation results show that the most economy benefits of the overall system can be obtained by using energy storage systems to coordinate regenerative electric boilers, which provides a theoretical basis for the consumption of the curtailed wind.

Coordinated dispatch of multi-energy system with district heating network: Modeling and solution strategy

This paper proposes a dispatch strategy for the multi-energy system (MES) that utilizes the district heating network (DHN) to realize the heat power interaction of multi cogeneration system, so as to improve the operational flexibility. A novel model for the DHN that couples multi heat sources and is under quantity regulation is proposed, based on which an optimal coordinated dispatch model (OCDM) for the MES is presented comprehensively. The DHN model comprises dispatch constraints (DCs) and linear system of temperature correction equations (TCEs). The DCs form part of the OCDM constraints, where the mass flow temperatures are treated as constants and the mass flow rates and heat power are decision variables. The TCEs are employed to update the mass flow temperatures in DCs. Subsequently, an iterative solving strategy for the OCDM is proposed. The convergence of the solving strategy is analyzed and an effective method is introduced to ensure the convergence. A modified system based on an actual MES in Changchun, China is researched in the case study. Three cases are given to verify the effectiveness of the dispatch strategy and the solution method as well as study the influence of wind power penetration and heating level to the results.